Asymmetric hydrogenation of enol phosphinates by iridium catalysts having N,P ligands

[reaction: see text] Enol phosphinates, which are structural analogues of enol acetates, have for the first time been employed as substrates for Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. A number of enol phosphinates have been synthesized and reduced successfully with up to and above 99% ee.     

Asymmetric hydrogenation of itaconic acid and enol acetate derivatives with the Rh-TangPhos catalyst

[reaction: see text] The Rh-TangPhos catalyst has been used for asymmetric hydrogenation of itaconic acid and enol acetate derivatives. A variety of chiral 2-substituted succinic acids and chiral acetates have been obtained in excellent ee values (up to 99% ee).     

Enantioselective RH-catalyzed hydrogenation of enol acetates and enol carbamates with monodentate phosphoramidites

[reaction: see text] Monodentate phosphoramidites, in particular PipPhos and its octahydro analogue, are excellent ligands for the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic enol acetates, enol carbamates, and 2-dienol carbamates up to 98% ee. These latter substrates were hydrogenated selectively to the carbamates of the allyl alcohol.     

Asymmetric hydrogenation of di and trisubstituted enol phosphinates with N,P-ligated iridium complexes

The iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of various di- and trisubstituted enol phosphinates has been studied. Excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) and full conversion were observed for a range of substrates with both aromatic and aliphatic side chains. Enol phosphinates are structural analogues of enol acetates, and the hydrogenated alkyl phosphinate products can easily be transformed into the corresponding alcohols with conservation of stereochemistry. We have also hydrogenated, in excellent ee, several purely alkyl-substituted enol phosphinates, producing chiral alcohols that are difficult to obtain highly enantioselectively from ketone hydrogenations.     

Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Cyclic Enol Acetates Catalyzed by a Rh–PennPhos Complex

The electron‐rich and conformationally rigid (R,S,R,S)‐Me‐PennPhos ligand (shown schematically) appears to chelate rhodium and form well‐defined chiral pockets. This allows, for example, efficient differentiation between the two enantiotopic approaches available to a substrate in a hydrogenation reaction. The Rh–Me‐PennPhos complex is the first catalyst for the highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation of cyclic enol acetates. For example, 3,4‐dihydronaphth‐1‐yl acetate can be hydrogenated with up to 99% ee.     

Synthesis of (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetates based on a ‘cyclization/hydrogenation/enzymatic kinetic resolution’ strategy

A variety of (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetates and (pyrrolidin-2-yl)acetates have been prepared by hydrogenation of 2-alkylidenetetrahydrofurans and 2-alkylidenepyrrolidines, which are readily available by cyclization reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl dianions (‘free dianions’) or 1,3-bis-silyl enol ethers (‘masked dianions’) with 1,2-dielectrophiles. The enzymatic kinetic resolution of (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetates with recombinant esterase Est56 proceeded with excellent enantioselectivities (E>100).     

Amidation of silyl enol ethers and cholesteryl acetates with chiral ruthenium(II) schiff-base catalysts: catalytic and enantioselective studies

Chiral ruthenium(II)-salen complexes [RuII(salen)(PPh3)2] catalyse asymmetric aziridination of alkenes with up to 83% ees, asymmetric amidation of silyl enol ethers with up to 97% ees, and allylic amidation of cholesteryl acetates with good regioselectivity.     

Asymmetric hydrolysis of enol esters with two esterases from Marchantia polymorpha

Two esterases participating in the asymmetric hydrolysis of α-alkylated enol acetates to α-chiral ketones were isolated from the cultured cells of Marchantia polymorpha. These two esterases had opposite enantioselectivities and both of them reversed the stereoselectivity of protonation into the enol intermediate in the hydrolysis when the chain length and the bulkiness of α-substituents were increased.     

Carbonization of alumina-based catalysts in propionitrile ammonolysis

Summary The asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl 2-acetoxyacrylate (EtA) by cinchonidine modified Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is described (ee up to 60 %). This is the first example of asymmetric hydrogenation of an enol esters in heterogenized conditions.     

Enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation of enol carbamates in the presence of monodentate phosphines

The rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of different acyclic and cyclic enol carbamates to give optically active carbamates has been examined in the presence of chiral monodentate ligands based on a 4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphthophosphepine motif 4. The enantioselectivity is largely dependent upon the reaction conditions, the nature of substituents on the phosphorus ligand and structure of the enol carbamate. By applying the optimized reaction conditions, enantioselectivities of up to 96% ee have been achieved.     

Rh(I)/DpenPhos catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of enol esters and potassium (E)-3-cyano-5-methylhex-3-enoate

Rh(I) complexes of a class of modular chiral monodentate phosphoramidites were highly efficient for the asymmetric hydrogenation of enol esters bearing α-aryl or α-alkyl groups, to afford the corresponding hydrogenation products in high enantioselectivities (87–95% ee) and reactivities (turnover number up to 10,000). These ligands were also shown to be effective in Rh(I)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of the potassium salt of (E)-3-cyano-5-methylhex-3-enoate, to give the corresponding product (a precursor to CI-1008) with up to 95% ee and complete conversion of substrate.     

Stereoselective substitution of α-aminoalkylferrocenes with diorganozincs. A fast synthesis of new chiral FERRIPHOS ligands for asymmetric catalysis

A direct stereoselective substitution of α-aminoalkylferrocenes of type 3 with organozinc reagents provides chiral ferrocenes which can be converted to the FERRIPHOS ligands of type 1 in a one-pot procedure. These FERRIPHOS ligands have been used for the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of an enol acetate with 94.9% ee.     

Facile access to chiral 4-substituted chromanes through Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation

Rh/ZhaoPhos-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a series of (E)-2-(chroman-4-ylidene)acetates was successfully developed to prepare various chiral 4-substituted chromanes with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, 98% ee). Moreover, the gram-scale hydrogenation could be performed well in the presence of 0.02 mol% catalyst loading (TON = 5000), the hydrogenation product was easily converted to access other important compounds, which demonstrated the synthetic utility of this asymmetric catalytic methodology.     

Electroreductive crossed hydrocoupling of aromatic ketones with enol acetates

Cathodic reduction of aromatic ketones in the presence of enol acetates afforded crossed hydrocoupling products, that is, unsymmetrical pinacols, in which the new carbon-carbon bond formation took place between the carbonyl carbon of aromatic ketones and the carbon bearing acetoxyl group in enol acetates.     

Liquid enol ethers and acetates as gaseous alkyne equivalents in rh-catalyzed chemo- and regioselective formal cross-alkyne cyclotrimerization

A cationic rhodium(I)/rac-BINAP complex catalyzes chemo- and regioselective formal cross-cyclotrimerizations of alkynes with enol ethers or acetates. Commercially available and cheap liquid enol ethers and acetates could be used as convenient gaseous alkyne equivalents in the present rhodium catalyses.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 2-alkyl-3-phosphonopropanoic acids via P-C bond formation and hydrogenation

Allylic acetates, formed by the acetylation of Baylis Hillman adducts, undergo addition of phosphorus nucleophiles to give stereoselectively the Z-unsaturated esters. TFA cleavage of the tert-butyl ester and asymmetric hydrogenation of the unsaturated acid yields the phosphono alkyl propanoic acid moiety, commonly found in phosphonate- and phosphinate-based enzyme inhibitors.     

Commercially available liquid enol ethers and acetates as gaseous alkyne equivalents in cationic Rh(I)/BINAP-catalyzed chemo- and regioselective formal cross-alkyne cyclotrimerizations

A cationic rhodium(I)/BINAP complex catalyzes partial intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloadditions of 1,6- and 1,7-diynes with enol ethers or a ketene acetal giving substituted benzenes in good yields. The same catalyst also catalyzes complete intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloadditions of two different monoynes with enol acetates giving tri- and tetrasubstituted benzenes in good yields with complete regioselectivity. Commercially available liquid enol ethers and acetates can be used as versatile equivalents for gaseous alkynes in the present rhodium-catalyzed formal cross-alkyne cyclotrimerizations.     

Palladium-catalyzed coupling of haloalkynes with allyl acetate: a regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-β-haloenol acetates

A Pd-catalyzed coupling of haloalkynes with allyl acetate has been reported, providing a convenient method for the stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-β-haloenol acetates in good yields. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by the formation of functionalized enol acetates via the Suzuki-Miyaura or Sonogashira coupling of the resulting (Z)-β-haloenol acetate products.     

Asymmetric hydrogenation of enol phosphinates catalyzed by a chiral ferrocenylphosphine-rhodium complex. Asymmetric synthesis of optically active secondary alkyl alcohols

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of secondary alkyl alcohols (up to 78% ee) was accomplished by asymmetric hydrogenation of enol diphenylphosphinates, derived from prochiral ketones such as acetophenone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, and 2-octanone, in the presence of a cationic rhodium complex of (R)-1-[(C)-1′,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethanol (BPPFOH).     

Practical ruthenium/lipase-catalyzed asymmetric transformations of ketones and enol acetates to chiral acetates

Ketones were asymmetrically transformed to chiral acetates by one-pot processes using a lipase and an achiral ruthenium complex under 1 atm of hydrogen gas in ethyl acetate. Molecular hydrogen was also effective for the transformation of enol acetates to chiral acetates without additional acyl donors with the same catalyst system.