Malliavin calculus for infinite-dimensional systems with additive noise

We consider an infinite-dimensional dynamical system with polynomial nonlinearity and additive noise given by a finite number of Wiener processes. By studying how randomness is spread by the dynamics, we develop in this setting a partial counterpart of Hörmander's classical theory of Hypoelliptic operators. We study the distributions of finite-dimensional projections of the solutions and give conditions that provide existence and smoothness of densities of these distributions with respect to the Lebesgue measure. We also apply our results to concrete SPDEs such as a Stochastic Reaction Diffusion Equation and the Stochastic 2D Navier-Stokes System.     

Qualitative properties of stationary measures for three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

The paper is devoted to studying the distribution of stationary solutions for 3D Navier-Stokes equations perturbed by a random force. Under a non-degeneracy assumption, we show that the support of such a distribution coincides with the entire phase space, and its finite-dimensional projections are minorised by a measure possessing an almost surely positive smooth density with respect to the Lebesgue measure. Similar assertions are true for weak solutions of the Cauchy problem with a regular initial function. The results of this paper were announced in the short note [A. Shirikyan, Controllability of three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and applications, in: Sémin. Équ. Dériv. Partielles, 2005-2006, École Polytech., Palaiseau, 2006].     

Isoperimetric inequality for radial probability measures on Euclidean spaces

We generalize the Poincaré limit which asserts that the n-dimensional Gaussian measure is approximated by the projections of the uniform probability measure on the Euclidean sphere of appropriate radius to the first n-coordinates as the dimension diverges to infinity. The generalization is done by replacing the projections with certain maps. Using this generalization, we derive a Gaussian isoperimetric inequality for an absolutely continuous probability measure on Euclidean spaces with respect to the Lebesgue measure, whose density is a radial function.     

Projections in weighted spaces,skew projections and inversion of Toeplitz operators

In many cases the self-adjoint projection of a Lebesgue space L²(dx) onto a closed subspace is also bounded on a weighted space L²(wdx) . Our main result is that in this case certain self-adjoint projections on weighted spaces are bounded on L²(dx) . The analysis also produces an invertibility criterion for certain Toeplitz operators. The proof is based on analysis of a perturbation series and hence is valid in fairly general circumstances.Both authors supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation.     

A note on alternating projections for ill-posed semidefinite feasibility problems

We observe that Sturm’s error bounds readily imply that for semidefinite feasibility problems, the method of alternating projections converges at a rate of \(\mathcal {O}\Big (k^{-\frac{1}{2^{d+1}-2}}\Big )\), where d is the singularity degree of the problem—the minimal number of facial reduction iterations needed to induce Slater’s condition. Consequently, for almost all such problems (in the sense of Lebesgue measure), alternating projections converge at a worst-case rate of \(\mathcal {O}\Big (\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}\Big )\).     

On Well-Posedness of 2D Dissipative Quasi-Geostrophic Equation in Critical Mixed Norm Lebesgue Spaces

We establish local and global well-posedness of the 2D dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation in critical mixed norm Lebesgue spaces. The result demonstrates the persistence of the anisotropic behavior of the initial data under the evolution of the 2D dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation. The phenomenon is a priori nontrivial due to the nonlocal structure of the equation. Our approach is based on Kato's method using Picard's iteration, which can be adapted to the multi-dimensional case and other nonlinear non-local equations. We develop time decay estimates for solutions of fractional heat equation in mixed norm Lebesgue spaces that could be useful for other problems.     

Lebesgue constant for Lagrange interpolation on equidistant nodes

Properties of Lebesgue function for Lagrange interpolation on equidistant nodes are investigated. It is proved that Lebesgue function can be formulated both in terms of a hypergeometric function 2F1 and Jacobt polynomials. Moreover, an integral expression of Lebesgue function is also obtained and the asymptotic behavior of Lebesgue constant is studied.     

On finite-dimensional projections of distributions for solutions of randomly forced 2D Navier-Stokes equations

The paper is devoted to studying the image of probability measures on a Hilbert space under finite-dimensional analytic maps. We establish sufficient conditions under which the image of a measure has a density with respect to the Lebesgue measure and continuously depends on the map. The results obtained are applied to the 2D Navier-Stokes equations perturbed by various random forces of low dimension.     

On the Solvability of Singular Integral Equations with Reflection on the Unit Circle

The solvability of a class of singular integral equations with reflection in weighted Lebesgue spaces is analyzed, and the corresponding solutions are obtained. The main techniques are based on the consideration of certain complementary projections and operator identities. Therefore, the equations under study are associated with systems of pure singular integral equations. These systems will be then analyzed by means of a corresponding Riemann boundary value problem. As a consequence of such a procedure, the solutions of the initial equations are constructed from the solutions of Riemann boundary value problems. In the final part of the paper, the method is also applied to singular integral equations with the so-called commutative and anti-commutative weighted Carleman shifts.     

Local behaviour of solutions to doubly nonlinear parabolic equations

We give a relatively simple and transparent proof for Harnack’s inequality for certain degenerate doubly nonlinear parabolic equations. We consider the case where the Lebesgue measure is replaced with a doubling Borel measure which supports a Poincaré inequality.     

A criterion on a repeller being a null set of any limit measure for stochastic differential equations

This paper studies limit behaviors of stationary measures for stochastic ordinary differential equations with nondegenerate noise and presents a criterion to guarantee that a repeller with zero Lebesgue measure is a null set of any limit measure. Using this criterion, we first provide a series of nontrivial concrete examples to show that their repelling limit cycles or quasi-periodic orbits are null sets for all limit measures, which deduces that all their limit measures are concentrated on stable equilibria and stable limit cycles or quasi-periodic orbits,and saddles. Interesting open questions on exact supports of limit measures are proposed.     

Boundedness of the gradient for a doubly nonlinear parabolic equation

We prove the local boundedness of the gradient for positive solutions to a doubly nonlinear parabolic equation in the case when the standard Lebesgue measure has been replaced by a doubling measure which supports a weak Poincaré inequality.     

Existence of densities for the 3D Navier–Stokes equations driven by Gaussian noise

We prove three results on the existence of densities for the laws of finite dimensional functionals of the solutions of the stochastic Navier–Stokes equations in dimension $3$ . In particular, under very mild assumptions on the noise, we prove that finite dimensional projections of the solutions have densities with respect to the Lebesgue measure which have some smoothness when measured in a Besov space. This is proved thanks to a new argument inspired by an idea introduced in (Fournier and Printems. Bernoulli 16(2):343–360, 2010).     

On Elliptic Homogeneous Differential Operators in Grand Spaces

We give an application of so-called grand Lebesgue and grand Sobolev spaces, intensively studied during last decades, to partial differential equations. In the case of unbounded domains such spaces are defined using so-called grandizers. Under some natural assumptions on the choice of grandizers, we prove the existence, in some grand Sobolev space, of a solution to the equation Pm(D)u(x) = f(x), x ∈ ℝn, m < n, with the right-hand side in the corresponding grand Lebesgue space, where Pm(D) is an arbitrary elliptic homogeneous in the general case we improve some known facts for the fundamental solution of the operator Pm(D): we construct it in the closed form either in terms of spherical hypersingular integrals or in terms of some averages along plane sections of the unit sphere.     

Global solutions of the super-critical 2D quasi-geostrophic equation in Besov spaces

In this paper we study the super-critical 2D dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation. We obtain some regularization effects allowing us to prove a global well-posedness result for small initial data lying in critical Besov spaces constructed over Lebesgue spaces Lp, with p∈[1,∞]. Local results for arbitrary initial data are also given.     

Extremal Convex Planar Sets

Each convex planar set K has a perimeter C, a minimum width E, an area A, and a diameter D. The set of points (E,C, A^1/2, D) corresponding to all such sets is shown to occupy a cone in the non-negative orthant of R⁴with its vertex at the origin. Its three-dimensional cross section S in the plane D = 1 is investigated. S lies in a rectangular parallelepiped in R³. Results of Lebesgue, Kubota, Fukasawa, Sholander, and Hemmi are used to determine some of the boundary surfaces of S, and new results are given for the other boundary surfaces. From knowledge of S, all inequalities among E, C ,A, and D can be found.     

谱与Tilings关系中的测度估计和平移对

本文将在两种特有的情形下研究谱与tilings之间的关系.首先,估计和比较谱与tilings关系中集合的Lebesgue测度,这包括一些不能直接用密度方法所得结果的推广,以及在正交对、填充对与覆盖对中集合的Lebesgue测度的比较.其次,明确了平移对(D,∧+Г)与(D+Г,∧)之间的一些谱与tilings关系.这里的研究是基于谱与tilings的基本性质,与共轭Fuglede猜想密切相关.     

Lebesgue numbers and Atsuji spaces in subsystems of second-order arithmetic

We study Lebesgue and Atsuji spaces within subsystems of second order arithmetic. The former spaces are those such that every open covering has a Lebesgue number, while the latter are those such that every continuous function defined on them is uniformly continuous. The main results we obtain are the following: the statement “every compact space is Lebesgue” is equivalent to ; the statements “every perfect Lebesgue space is compact” and “every perfect Atsuji space is compact” are equivalent to ; the statement “every Lebesgue space is Atsuji” is provable in ; the statement “every Atsuji space is Lebesgue” is provable in . We also prove that the statement “the distance from a closed set is a continuous function” is equivalent to . Received: February 2, 1996     

Taylor's theorem for a function of several variablesClassroom notes

In this note the measure problem for the Lebesgue measure is discussed in terms of metric space theory. It is illuminated that under the axiom of choice most of the subsets of [0, 1) with positive outer measure are non‐Lebesgue measurable. This fact is adequate to emphasize the significance of Lebesgue measurability as well as the essentiality of the axiom of choice.     

An efficient and reliable quadrature algorithm for integration with respect to binomial measures

In this work numerical methods for integration with respect to binomial measures are considered. Binomial measures are examples of fractal measures and arise when multifractal properties are investigated. Interpolatory quadrature rules are considered. An automatic integrator with local quadrature rules that generalize the five points Newton Cotes formula and error estimates based on null rules is then described. Numerical tests are performed to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the method. These tests confirm that the automatic integrator turns out to be as good as one of the best known quadrature algorithms with respect to the Lebesgue measure. AMS subject classification (2000)  28A25, 60G18, 65D30, 65D32, 68M15