Semilocal Smoothing Splines

The paper is aimed at periodic and nonperiodic semilocal smoothing splines, or S-splines of class C p, formed by polynomials of degree n. The first p?+?1 coefficients of each polynomial are determined by the values of the preceding polynomial and its first p derivatives at the glue-points, while the remaining n???p coefficients of the higher derivatives of the polynomial are found by the method of least squares. These conditions are supplemented with the initial conditions (nonperiodic case) or the periodicity condition on the spline-function on the segment where it is defined. A linear system of equations is obtained for the coefficients of the polynomials constituting the spline. Its matrix has a block structure. Existence and uniqueness theorems are proved and it is shown that that the convergence of the splines to the original function depends on the eigenvalues of the stability matrix. Examples of stable S-splines are given.     

A deficient spline function approximation to systems of first-order differential equations: part 2

The problem of stability was discussed in part 1 of this paper (Appl. Math. Modelling 1983, 7, 380). This part looks at the convergence of the spline approximation of deficiency 3 to systems of first-order differential equations. Convergence is shown for m = 4 and 5. In addition, global error bounds of the form: ∥S⁽ⁱ⁾(x) ? y⁽ⁱ⁾(x)∥∞ = 0(h^m+1?i), i = 0(1)m are presented, together with a computational example which illustrates the convergence of the proposed method.     

The best quadrature based on given Hermite information for the Sobolev class KW r[a, b]

As usual, denote by KW ^r[a, b] the Sobolev class consisting of every function whose (r ? 1)th derivative is absolutely continuous on the interval [a, b] and rth derivative is bounded by K a.e. in [a, b]. For a function f ∈ KW ^r [a, b], its values and derivatives up to r ? 1 order at a set of nodes x are known. These values are said to be the given Hermite information. This work reports the results on the best quadrature based on the given Hermite information for the class KW ^r [a, b]. Existence and concrete construction issue of the best quadrature are settled down by a perfect spline interpolation. It turns out that the best quadrature depends on a system of algebraic equations satisfied by a set of free nodes of the interpolation perfect spline. From our another new result, it is shown that the system can be converted in a closed form to two single-variable polynomial equations, each being of degree approximately r/2. As a by-product, the best interpolation formula for the class KW ^r [a, b] is also obtained.     

High accuracy cubic spline approximation for two dimensional quasi-linear elliptic boundary value problems

We report a new 9 point compact discretization of order two in y- and order four in x-directions, based on cubic spline approximation, for the solution of two dimensional quasi-linear elliptic partial differential equations. We describe the complete derivation procedure of the method in details and also discuss how our discretization is able to handle Poisson’s equation in polar coordinates. The convergence analysis of the proposed cubic spline approximation for the nonlinear elliptic equation is discussed in details and we have shown under appropriate conditions the proposed method converges. Some physical examples and their numerical results are provided to justify the advantages of the proposed method.     

On the convergence of interpolating periodic spline functions of high degree

Let the spline functionS _m of degree 2m?1 and period 1 be the unique solution of the interpolation problem in § 1. An interesting question was posed by Schoenberg [1], p. 125: What happens toS _m if we letm→∞? In this paper, we prove that the spline functionsS _m and their derivatives converge form→∞ to a well determined trigonometric polynomial and its derivatives. Estimates for the rate of convergence are given.     

On the divergence of Fourier series of functions in several variables

The paper deals with the problems of divergence of the series from absolute values of the Fourier coefficients of functions in several variables. It is proved that as the dimension of the space increases, the absolute convergence of Fourier series with respect to any complete orthnormal system (ONS) of functions with continuous partial derivatives becomes worse. For instance, for any ? ∈ (0, 2) there exists a function in variables $k > \frac{{2(2 - \varepsilon )}} {\varepsilon }$ having all the continuous partial derivatives, however the series of absolute values of its coefficients with respect to any complete orthnormal system diverges in power 2 ? ?.     

Existence and stability of planar diffusion waves for 2-D Euler equations with damping

To study the non-linear stability of a non-trivial profile for a multi-dimensional systems of gas dynamics, the combination of the Green function on estimating the lower order derivatives and the energy method for the higher order derivatives is shown to be not only useful but sometimes maybe also essential. In this paper, we study the stability of a planar diffusion wave for the isentropic Euler equations with damping in two-dimensional space. By introducing an approximate Green function for the linearized equations around the planar diffusion wave and by applying the energy method, we prove the global existence and the L₂ convergence rate of the solution when the initial data is a small perturbation of the planar diffusion wave. The decay rates of the perturbation and its lower order spatial derivatives obtained are optimal in the L₂ norm. Furthermore, the constructed approximate Green function in this paper can be used for the pointwise and the Lp estimates of the solutions concerned. In fact, the approach by combining of the Green function and energy method can be applied to other system especially when the derivatives of the coefficients in the system have certain time decay properties.     

Minimal splines and wavelets

This paper is dedicated to the memory of the prominent mathematician S.G. Mikhlin. Here, Mikhlin’s idea of approximation relations is used for construction of wavelet resolution in the case of spline spaces of zero height. These approximation relations allow one to establish the embedding of the spline spaces corresponding to nested grids. Systems of functionals which are biorthogonal to the basic splines are constructed using the relations; then the systems obtained are used for wavelet decomposition. It is established that, for a fixed pair of grids of which one is embedded into the other and for an arbitrary fixed (on the coarse grid) spline space, there exists a continuum of spline spaces (on the fine grid) which contain the aforementioned spline space on the coarse grid. The wavelet decomposition of such embedding is given and the corresponding formulas of decomposition and formulas of reconstruction are deduced. The space of ( , φ)-splines is introduced with three objects: the full chain of vectors, prescribed infinite grid on real axis and the preassigned vector-function φ with m + 1 components (m is called the order of the splines). Under certain assumptions, the splines belong to the class C ^{m ? 1}. The gauge relations between the basic splines on the coarse grid and the basic splines on the fine grid are deduced. A general method for construction of a biorthogonal system of functionals (to basic spline system) is suggested. In this way, a chain of nested spline spaces is obtained, and the wavelet decomposition of the chain is discussed. The spaces and chains of spaces are completely classified in the terms of manifolds. The manifold of spaces considered is identified with the manifold of complete sequences of points of the direct product of an interval on the real axis and the projective space ? ^m ; the manifold of nested spaces is identified with the manifold of nested sequences of points of the direct product mentioned above.     

Nonlinear differential equations satisfied by certain classical modular forms

A unified treatment is given of low-weight modular forms on ?? ₀(N), N = 2,3,4, that have Eisenstein series representations. For each N, certain weight-1 forms are shown to satisfy a coupled system of nonlinear differential equations, which yields a single nonlinear third-order equation, called a generalized Chazy equation. As byproducts, a table of divisor function and theta identities is generated by means of q-expansions, and a transformation law under ?? ₀(4) for the second complete elliptic integral is derived. More generally, it is shown how Picard?CFuchs equations of triangle subgroups of PSL(2, R), which are hypergeometric equations, yield systems of nonlinear equations for weight-1 forms, and generalized Chazy equations. Each triangle group commensurable with ??(1) is treated.     

A deficient spline function approximation to systems of first order differential equations

The stability of the vector-valued spline function approximations S(x) of degree m deficiency 3, i.e., S∈C^m?3, to systems of first order differential equations are investigated. The method will be shown to be A-stable for m=4, unstable and hence divergent for m?6. The method is stable form=5.     

On interpolation variants of Newton’s method for functions of several variables

A generalization of the variants of Newton’s method based on interpolation rules of quadrature is obtained, in order to solve systems of nonlinear equations. Under certain conditions, convergence order is proved to be 2d+1, where d is the order of the partial derivatives needed to be zero in the solution. Moreover, different numerical tests confirm the theoretical results and allow us to compare these variants with Newton’s classical method, whose convergence order is d+1 under the same conditions.     

Rates of convergence of a one-dimensional search based on interpolating polynomials

In this study, we derive the order of convergence of line search techniques based on fitting polynomials, using function values as well as information on the smoothness of the function. Specifically, it is shown that, if the interpolating polynomial is based on the values of the function and its firsts?1 derivatives atn+1 approximating points, the rate of convergence is equal to the unique positive rootr _n+1 of the polynomial $$D_{n + 1} (z) = z^{n + 1} - (s - 1)z^n - s\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {z^{n - j} } .$$ For alln, r _n is bounded betweens ands+1, which in turn implies that the rate can be increased by as much as one wishes, provided sufficient information on the smoothness is incorporated.     

Cubic spline functions and initial value problems

A numerical process is presented which provides a cubic spline function approximation for the solution of initial value problems in ordinary differential equations. With interpolate cubic spline functions we can achieveO(h ⁴) convergence.     

О БАжИсАх В пРОстРАНс тВАх ОРлИЧА

The expansion of a given function with respect to a certain basis depends both on the properties of the function and on the metric in which the expansion is considered. Conditions are obtained in the paper that ensure the unconditional convergence of the expansions with respect to the spline systems which were introduced byZ. Ciesielski. In particular, the solution of a problem raised by P. L. Ul'janov is obtained: There exists no functionΩ(u) ↑ ∞ (u ↑ ∞) such that the condition $$\mathop \smallint \limits_0^1 \Phi (f)\omega (f)dt< \infty $$ implies the unconditionalΦ-convergence of the Haar—Fourier series of the functionf.     

On the uniform complete convergence of density function estimates

Letf be a uniformly continuous density function. LetW be a non-negative weight function which is continuous on its compact support [a, b] and ∫ _a ^b W(x)dx=1. The complete convergence of $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{ - \infty< s< \infty } \left| {\frac{1}{{nb\left( n \right)}}\sum\limits_{k - 1}^n {W\left( {\frac{{s - X_k }}{{b\left( n \right)}}} \right)} - f\left( s \right)} \right|$$ to zero is obtained under varying conditions on the bandwidthsb(n), support or moments off, and smoothness ofW. For example, one choice of the weight function for these results is Epanechnikov's optimal function andnb ²(n)>n ^δ for some δ>0. The uniform complete convergence of the mode estimate is also considered.     

Stability of Classes of Mappings and Holder Continuity of Higher Derivatives of Elliptic Solutions to Systems of Nonlinear Differential Equations

Nirenberg published the following well-known result in 1954: Let a function z be a twice continuously differentiable solution to a nonlinear second-order elliptic equation. Suppose that the function F defining the equation is continuous and has continuous first-order partial derivatives with respect to all of its arguments (i.e., independent together with z and the symbols of all first- and second-order partial derivatives of z). Then the partial derivatives of z are locally Holder continuous. Simultaneously with Nirenberg, Morrey obtained an analogous result for elliptic systems of second-order nonlinear equations. In this article, we get the same result for the higher derivatives of elliptic solutions to systems of nonlinear partial differential equations of arbitrary order and a rather general shape. The proof is based on the results of the author's recent research on the study of the stability phenomena in the C ^l-norm of classes of mappings.     

Error estimates for Hermite interpolation on spheres

In this paper, we prove convergence rates for spherical spline Hermite interpolation on the sphere S^d−1 via an error estimate given in a technical report by Luo and Levesley. The functionals in the Hermite interpolation are either point evaluations of pseudodifferential operators or rotational differential operators, the desirable feature of these operators being that they map polynomials to polynomials. Convergence rates for certain derivatives are given in terms of maximum point separation.     

Moving finite element methods for time fractional partial differential equations

With the aim of simulating the blow-up solutions, a moving finite element method, based on nonuniform meshes both in time and in space, is proposed in this paper to solve time fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). The unconditional stability and convergence rates of 2-α for time and r for space are proved when the method is used for the linear time FPDEs with α-th order time derivatives. Numerical examples are provided to support the theoretical findings, and the blow-up solutions for the nonlinear FPDEs are simulated by the method.     

A uniformly convergent hybrid scheme for singularly perturbed system of reaction-diffusion Robin type boundary-value problems

This paper deals with the study on system of reaction diffusion differential equations for Robin or mixed type boundary value problems (MBVPs). A cubic spline approximation has been used to obtain the difference scheme for the system of MBVPs, on a piecewise uniform Shishkin mesh defined in the whole domain. It has been shown that our proposed scheme, i.e., central difference approximation for outer region with cubic spline approximation for inner region of boundary layers, leads to almost second order parameter uniform convergence whereas the standard method i.e., the forward-backward approximation for mixed boundary conditions with central difference approximation inside the domain leads to almost first order convergence on Shishkin mesh. Numerical results are provided to show the efficiency and accuracy of these methods.     

Stability of undercompressive viscous shock profiles of hyperbolic-parabolic systems

Extending to systems of hyperbolic-parabolic conservation laws results of Howard and Zumbrun for strictly parabolic systems, we show for viscous shock profiles of arbitrary amplitude and type that necessary spectral (Evans function) conditions for linearized stability established by Mascia and Zumbrun are also sufficient for linearized and nonlinear phase-asymptotic stability, yielding detailed pointwise estimates and sharp rates of convergence in Lp, 1?p?∞.