“油青种”翡翠的矿物学特征及颜色成因

采用X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱及扫描电镜等现代测试方法,对“油青种”翡翠的矿物学特征及颜色成因进行了深入研究。X射线衍射分析结果显示,“油青种”翡翠“肉”的矿物组成为较纯的硬玉,而“皮”由硬玉、绿泥石及纤蛇纹石等三种矿物组成。红外吸收光谱分析所揭示的矿物组成与X射线衍射较为一致,同时发现“油青种”翡翠“肉”及“皮”具有~2 956,~2 919和~2 850 cm-1等三个典型有机质的特征吸收峰。“油青种”翡翠“肉”中硬玉呈现明显的柱状,结晶程度明显好于“皮”中的硬玉,但“皮”中硬玉比“肉”中硬玉明显富含Mg,说明“皮”中硬玉发生过强烈的水/岩反应。纤蛇纹石仅在“油青种”翡翠的“皮”中出现,晶面呈现明显的弯曲状。在“油青种”翡翠“肉”的裂隙处及“皮”中均发现片状绿泥石的存在,可能为“油青种”翡翠致色的主要原因。形成于还原性水/岩反应的绿泥石,会吸附或者包裹一定量的有机质,导致“油青种”翡翠出现有机质的特征吸收峰。     

常见翡翠产地的激光拉曼光谱特征研究

缅甸是商业性翡翠主要产地,危地马拉、俄罗斯也有翡翠产出。不同产地的翡翠价值差异较大,其他产地的翡翠冒充缅甸翡翠以获取价格上涨。迫切需要一种可靠方法来确定地理起源,翡翠的产地研究具有重要的宝石学意义,目前主要在翡翠生成时代、矿物组合、硬玉组分含量等方面探讨不同产地翡翠,缺乏快速有效鉴别产地的方法,以缅甸、俄罗斯、危地马拉翡翠为研究对象,对不同产地翡翠样品的激光拉曼光谱特征研究发现：缅甸翡翠矿物为硬玉、绿辉石、透闪石;危地马拉翡翠矿物相对复杂,为硬玉、绿辉石、绿泥石、榍石;俄罗斯翡翠矿物为硬玉、钠长石、绿辉石。对比不同产地硬玉矿物拉曼特征发现,缅甸翡翠硬玉矿物分别在1 037,988,697,372和201 cm-1等处显示硬玉的典型光谱特征。在1 020,679,369和216 cm-1处附近显示为绿辉石特征拉曼峰,在215,332,394,680和1 073 cm-1 处有明显透闪石吸收峰,为翡翠中的次生矿物。危地马拉翡翠硬玉矿物多叠加680和218 cm-1拉曼峰值,为绿辉石特征的峰值,还含有603,537和306 cm-1附近绿泥石特征拉曼光谱峰值,表明危地马拉翡翠硬玉矿物多被Fe,Mg和Ca元素的类质同像替换,形成硬玉-绿辉石固溶体矿物,硬玉矿物表面检测出603,537和306 cm-1绿泥石特征拉曼光谱峰值,硬玉矿物表面发生绿泥石蚀变。俄罗斯翡翠硬玉拉曼峰值,多叠加1 100,507,473和164 cm-1附近钠长石特征拉曼峰值,俄罗斯翡翠硬玉颗粒普遍被钠长石交代,表面多分布灰绿色网脉,显示1 025,669,366和219 cm-1绿辉石矿物拉曼峰值。     

拉曼光谱在危地马拉翡翠矿物组成中的应用研究

危地马拉是缅甸之外的另一个翡翠的商业性产地,危地马拉翡翠通常是多种矿物成分的集合体,其矿物组成具有特色,与缅甸翡翠的不同。以危地马拉紫色和灰绿色翡翠为研究对象,通过激光拉曼光谱测试分析,对其结构特征及共生矿物组成特点进行了研究。结果表明,危地马拉翡翠中的主要组成矿物为硬玉,并伴有多种共生矿物。危地马拉翡翠的共生矿物包括五类,其中深色共生矿物为角闪石,白云石,绿辉石和绿泥石,浅色共生矿物为磷灰石。其中角闪石,白云石,绿辉石和绿泥石也是缅甸翡翠中常见的共生矿物,而磷灰石在缅甸翡翠中几乎不可见。     

缅甸翡翠中黑色条带的表征研究

在缅甸矿区发现一种具有黑色条带的翡翠,外观呈现灰黑色至黑色。X射线粉晶衍射物相分析表明,该种翡翠的主要矿物成分为硬玉与少量的绿辉石。扫描电子显微镜观察到该翡翠的硬玉晶粒间隙与张性裂隙中密布着大量细小的黑色矿物包体,拉曼光谱观测到1 582 cm-1的特征峰,部分包体同时出现1 346 cm-1的峰,表明该矿物包体为石墨,根据其拉曼特征进一步标识为石墨单晶与无定形石墨。这些黑色石墨包体以各种形式结合成尺寸不一的组合,在3 000 nm至可见光波长范围区间造成极大的光散射损耗,导致包体密集区域透明度大大降低,形成黑色条带的外观。通过显微观察在样品中还发现两组锆石包体,经拉曼光谱测试证实其结晶度高,未出现明显的蜕晶化,属于高型锆石。     

缅甸翡翠化学成分的变化对其红外光谱的影响

缅甸翡翠是以硬玉为主要矿物的多晶集合体,硬玉的晶体化学成分可以用NaAlSi₂O₆来表示,天然产出的硬玉常常存在类质同象替代,Na被Ca替代,Al被Mg,Fe,Cr等元素替代,形成不同的翡翠类型,使得翡翠的化学成分变得更加复杂,而且其物理性质也产生变化,这种变化包括颜色、透明度、折射率、比重、结晶程度以及红外吸收光谱的特征。探索了翡翠的化学成分对其红外光谱的影响及规律,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR）对10个含不同化学成分的缅甸翡翠样品进行漫反射法测量,分析结果表明,翡翠的红外吸收峰的位置随着样品的Na/Na+Ca的摩尔比例增加而向高波数发生位移;在低波数区域,在424, 576和658 cm-1附近的吸收峰位的波数与Na/Na+Ca比值存在很好的线性相关,相关系数依次为R2₁=0.944 2,R2₂=0.928 3,R2₃=0.909 7。采用红外光谱测试技术结合所建立的线性模型可以推断未知翡翠样品的Na/Na+Ca的摩尔比例,当翡翠样品的Na/Na+Ca比值等于0.8时,红外吸收峰应该在658.7, 574.5, 422.5 cm-1处;如果翡翠样品的红外吸收峰波数＜658.7,＜574.5 cm-1,＜422.5 cm-1,则翡翠样品的Na/Na+Ca比值小于0.8,为绿辉石质翡翠;如果翡翠样品的红外吸收峰波数＞658.7,＞574.5,＞422.5 cm-1,则翡翠样品的Na/Na+Ca比值大于0.8,为硬玉质翡翠。该工作为红外光谱技术测量翡翠样品,分析翡翠化学成分,确定翡翠矿物种属提供了一种快捷、省时、方便的无损测量分析方法。     

高压合成翡翠微结构的研究

利用溶胶凝胶法制备高压合成翡翠的初级料,对初级料进行多次高温熔融处理以减少其内部的气泡,最后淬火得到具有翡翠化学成分(NaAlSi_2O_6)的透明玻璃料。采用带温加压及卸压的方法对玻璃料进行高温高压处理,以促进样品的塑性形变并减少残余应力,防止样品开裂。高压合成的翡翠样品块体完整,X射线衍射及扫描电镜检测表明,合成样品具有与天然翡翠高度一致的相组成与微结构。研究发现,影响高压合成翡翠样品品质的主要因素是初始玻璃料晶化后硬玉的微结构,即样品中硬玉晶粒的大小、形貌、排列取向和致密性等。     

名义上无水硬玉矿物中“水”的热变异行为研究

以硬玉岩中名义上无水硬玉矿物为研究对象,通过常温和变温红外光谱测量,确定硬玉矿物结构水表征及变温过程热变异行为。研究结果显示：由M-OH伸缩振动所致的红外吸收谱带集中于3 700～3 600,3 570～3 520,3 500～3 300及3 230～3 140 cm-1波数范围内,但在不同的硬玉岩中具有不同的红外吸收。变温过程中,该吸收谱带基本在500 ℃左右相对吸收强度出现较为明显的减弱,且结构水含量也逐渐下降,进一步表征硬玉矿物中的“水”是以结构水的形式进入晶格。但此M-OH伸缩振动所致的吸收谱带、结构水含量和指纹谱均在850 ℃附近出现较为明显的变化,预示该温度硬玉矿物的成分已出现变异。硬玉矿物中“水”的热变异行为为进一步了解水分子的赋存状态与结合方式及其成岩机制提供一定的佐证。     

高温高压合成翡翠的谱学特征初探

通过电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、傅里叶变化红外光谱、激光拉曼光谱、紫外-可见光吸收光谱和光致发光光谱对合成翡翠矿物谱学特征及呈色机理进行系统的测试与分析。研究结果显示,合成翡翠与天然翡翠外观、矿物成分、拉曼光谱及光致发光光谱表征基本一致,但红外吸收光谱、紫外光谱以及化学成分均出现较为明显的差异,具体表现为:较低的Fe含量导致可见光区域内437nm吸收谱带缺失;由于微量元素的含量和形成环境差异,导致红外光谱表征中ν(M/Cr—O)和ν_(as)(M—OH)伸缩振动所致的红外吸收谱带表征出与天然翡翠较大的差异。     

不同产地翡翠的紫外-可见吸收光谱特征研究

翡翠为一种珍贵的玉石。不同产地的翡翠价值差异较大,有些不法商人以某些产地的翡翠冒充缅甸翡翠以获取高价。迫切需要一种可靠方法来确定宝石地理起源,翡翠的产地研究具有重要的宝石学意义,目前主要在翡翠生成时代、矿物组合、硬玉组分含量等方面探讨不同产地翡翠,缺乏快速有效鉴别产地的方法,以缅甸、俄罗斯、危地马拉翡翠为研究对象,对不同产地相同厚度翡翠样品的谱学研究发现：不同产地翡翠紫外-可见吸收光谱中都存在两个明显的吸收峰,紫区437 nm的吸收峰为Fe3+的吸收,430 nm处的吸收峰为Ｍn２＋的自旋禁阻跃迁所致,但是三个产地翡翠紫外-可见吸收光谱的吸收系数范围不同,430 nm处吸收系数峰值范围小于0.62,437 nm处吸收系数峰值小于0.66时,为缅甸翡翠,430 nm处吸收系数峰值范围大于1.1,437 nm处吸收系数峰值大于1.1,为危地马拉翡翠,430 nm处吸收系数峰值范围0.62~1.14,437 nm处吸收系数峰值范围0.66~1.1时,俄罗斯、危地马拉及缅甸翡翠紫外吸收波段重合,为三个产地翡翠共同区域。采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)确定MnO和FeO元素含量,发现不同翡翠产地紫外-可见430和437 nm吸收峰值与MnO和FeO元素含量呈正相关关系,该研究为紫外-可见吸收光谱技术应用于翡翠产地快速鉴别,有一定的实用性和可行性。     

苯并三氮唑对变压器绕组硫腐蚀抑制机理的分子模拟研究

硫腐蚀现象对变压器绝缘性能的破坏不容忽视,其中腐蚀性硫化物与铜绕组作用产生的硫化亚铜是导致绝缘性能降低的一个重要原因.在变压器内部无氧和有氧的情况下,硫化亚铜的生成主要是因为腐蚀性硫化物与铜或者与氧化亚铜发生了一系列反应.为深入研究铜缓蚀剂苯并三氮唑(BTA)对铜绕组的缓蚀机理,采用分子模拟技术分析了BTA分子与铜晶体的电荷密度分布和态密度分布;同时利用过渡态搜索、红外光谱研究了BTA分子与氧化亚铜的反应过程.结果表明:加入BTA分子前后的铜表面态密度分布发生了变化,并且利用电荷密度分布图说明BTA分子与铜晶体形成了配位键;同时分析了BTA与氧化亚铜反应前后红外光谱的差异,发现BTA分子的结构已发生改变,与氧化亚铜形成了共价键.以上模拟结果说明BTA分子对铜和氧化亚铜有保护作用,能够抑制腐蚀性硫化物对铜绕组的腐蚀.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.