Infrasound signal classification based on spectral entropy and support vector machine

The operation speed of the algorithm is the critical factor in the real-time monitoring of infrasound signals. The existing methods mainly focus on how to improve the accuracy of classification and can’t be used in real time monitoring because of their slow running speed. We adopt spectral entropy into the feature extraction of infrasound signals. Combined with the support vector machine algorithm, the proposed method effectively extracted the signal features meanwhile greatly improved the operation efficiency. Experimental results show that the running speed of the proposed method is 1.0 s, which is far less than 4.7 s of the comparison method. So the proposed method can be applied in real-time monitoring of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and other infrasound events.     

Real and spurious contributions for the Shannon, Rényi and Tsallis entropies

A two-parameter probability distribution is constructed by dilatation (or contraction) of the escort probability distribution. This transformation involves a physical probability distribution P associated with the system under study and an almost arbitrary reference probability distribution P^′. In contrast to the Shannon and Rényi entropies, the Tsallis entropy does not decompose as the sum of the physical contribution due to P and the reference or spurious part owing to P^′. For solving this problem, a slight modification to the relation between Tsallis and Rényi entropies must be introduced. The procedure in this paper gives rise to a nonconventional one-parameter Shannon entropy and to two-parameter Rényi and Tsallis entropies associated with P. It also contributes to clarify the meaning and role of the escort probabilities set.     

Multifractal diffusion entropy analysis on stock volatility in financial markets

This paper introduces a generalized diffusion entropy analysis method to analyze long-range correlation then applies this method to stock volatility series. The method uses the techniques of the diffusion process and Rényi entropy to focus on the scaling behaviors of regular volatility and extreme volatility respectively in developed and emerging markets. It successfully distinguishes their differences where regular volatility exhibits long-range persistence while extreme volatility reveals anti-persistence.     

Role of information theoretic uncertainty relations in quantum theory

Uncertainty relations based on information theory for both discrete and continuous distribution functions are briefly reviewed. We extend these results to account for (differential) Rényi entropy and its related entropy power. This allows us to find a new class of information-theoretic uncertainty relations (ITURs). The potency of such uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics is illustrated with a simple two-energy-level model where they outperform both the usual Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation and Shannon entropy based uncertainty relation. In the continuous case the ensuing entropy power uncertainty relations are discussed in the context of heavy tailed wave functions and Schrödinger cat states. Again, improvement over both the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty principle and Shannon ITUR is demonstrated in these cases. Further salient issues such as the proof of a generalized entropy power inequality and a geometric picture of information-theoretic uncertainty relations are also discussed.     

Fuzzy logic classifier design for air targets recognition based on HRRP

The paper describes a fuzzy logic classifier (FLC) to achieve the recognition for air targets. We first acquire the high range resolution profiles (HRRP) of three types of air targets from the measurements. We extract two typical features, namely, the length of the air targets and the difference between adjacent two HRRP based on HRRP from the measurements. Then we design the FLC to synthesize the two characters and identify the type of air targets. Simulation results show that our FLC can achieve the function of target recognition with a high ratio of recognition and also show a robust performance to some extent.     

Comment on “Critique of multinomial coefficient method for evaluating Tsallis and Rényi entropies” by A.S. Parvan

Parvan [A.S. Parvan, Critique of multinomial coefficients method for evaluating Tsallis and Rényi entropies, Physica A 389 (2010) 5645] has recently presented some calculations in order to demonstrate the incorrectness of the results obtained from the generalized multinomial coefficients (GMC) presented in Oikonomou (2007) [1]. According to Parvan, the aforementioned approach of studying maximum entropy probability distributions is erroneous. In this comment I demonstrate that Parvan’s arguments do not hold true and that the obtained results from GMC do not present either mathematical or physical discrepancies.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的水声信号特征提取及分类技术

水下目标噪声信号是一种典型的非线性非平稳随机信号，Hilbert-Huang变换较传统方法在处理此类信号时具有很大优势，据此本文提出了一种基于Hilbert-Huang变换的水下目标噪声特征提取方法。本文将环境噪声当作一类目标，利用上述方法对涉及两种航行船舶、海洋生物和海洋环境噪声的四类目标信号的特征进行了详细分析，最后对各类目标噪声信号进行了分类识别实验。实验结果表明基于Hilbert-Huang变换提取的特征对各类目标具有较好的可分性，达到了较高的识别率。     

Entropy and complexity analysis of Dirac-delta-like quantum potentials

The Dirac-delta-like quantum-mechanical potentials are frequently used to describe and interpret numerous phenomena in many scientific fields including atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter and quantum computation. The entropy and complexity properties of potentials with one and two Dirac-delta functions are here analytically calculated and numerically discussed in both position and momentum spaces. We have studied the information-theoretic lengths of Fisher, Rényi and Shannon types as well as the Cramér-Rao, Fisher-Shannon and LMC shape complexities of the lowest-lying stationary states of one-delta and twin-delta. They allow us to grasp and quantify different facets of the spreading of the charge and momentum of the system far beyond the celebrated standard deviation.     

基于符号熵特征提取方法的特种品质鸡蛋近红外光谱鉴别分析

特种品质鸡蛋的快速、无损、准确鉴别是目前急需解决的问题。提出利用符号熵特征提取方法进行特种品质鸡蛋的近红外光谱鉴别。选择普通鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋、富硒蛋和富锌蛋作为研究对象,测得其在12 000～4 000cm-1范围内近红外漫反射光谱,基于符号聚合近似算法进行符号化表示,提取符号光谱序列的符号熵作为特征向量,然后设计纠错编码支持向量机多类分类器对光谱进行定性鉴别。算法参数变化时,符号熵特征表现出很好的鲁棒性,最高识别率达100%。研究结果表明利用近红外方法鉴定特种品质鸡蛋是可行的,同时符号熵可作为一种新的近红外光谱特征提取方法。     

Spherical-Symmetry and Spin Effects on the Uncertainty Measures of Multidimensional Quantum Systems with Central Potentials

The spreading of the stationary states of the multidimensional single-particle systems with a central potential is quantified by means of Heisenberg-like measures (radial and logarithmic expectation values) and entropy-like quantities (Fisher, Shannon, Rényi) of position and momentum probability densities. Since the potential is assumed to be analytically unknown, these dispersion and information-theoretical measures are given by means of inequality-type relations which are explicitly shown to depend on dimensionality and state’s angular hyperquantum numbers. The spherical-symmetry and spin effects on these spreading properties are obtained by use of various integral inequalities (Daubechies–Thakkar, Lieb–Thirring, Redheffer–Weyl, ...) and a variational approach based on the extremization of entropy-like measures. Emphasis is placed on the uncertainty relations, upon which the essential reason of the probabilistic theory of quantum systems relies.     

基于听觉特性的舰船辐射噪声信号仿真

针对工程应用中对舰船辐射噪声信号仿真结果在听觉感受上模拟度欠佳的问题,建立了一种基于音色参量谱质心的辐射噪声仿真方法。采用基于实测谱的连续谱仿真模拟,并且通过整体对比实测信号的听觉特性来搜索符合特征样本音色的线谱族幅值参量,在一定程度上改善了仿真信号的听觉特征。通过仿真最优匹配度趋势来寻求最优搜索次数,用以缩短仿真时间,得到了符合工程应用的结果。     

基于Adaboost及谱回归判别分析的近红外光谱固态发酵过程状态识别

为了实现固态发酵过程状态的快速监测,以饲料蛋白固态发酵为实验对象,开展了基于近红外光谱分析技术的饲料蛋白固态发酵过程状态定性识别研究。首先利用Antaris Ⅱ型傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪采集140个固态发酵物样本的近红外光谱,并采用标准正态变换(SNV)光谱预处理方法对获得的原始光谱进行预处理;其次,采用谱回归判别分析(SRDA)法对预处理后的近红外光谱进行特征提取;最后,采用最近邻(NN)分类算法作为弱分类器建立固态发酵过程状态识别模型,并对测试集样本进行识别。结果显示,与利用主成分分析(PCA)法和线性判别分析(LDA)法提取的光谱特征建立的识别模型结果相比较,SRDA-NN识别模型获得的结果最佳,在测试集中的正确识别率达到94.28%;为了进一步提高识别模型的准确率,将自适应提升法(Adaboost)与SRDA-NN方法结合,提出了Adaboost-SRDA-NN集成学习算法来建立饲料蛋白固态发酵过程状态的在线监测模型。通过Adaboost算法提升后的SRDA-NN模型预测性能得到了进一步增强,Adaboost-SRDA-NN模型在测试集中的正确识别率达到100%。试验结果表明：在近红外光谱定性分析模型校正过程中,SRDA方法能有效地对近红外光谱数据进行特征提取,以实现维数约简;另外,Adaboost算法能很好地提升最终分类模型的预测精度。     

基于特征约束的谱线自动提取

已有的谱线自动提取方法均采用整体阈值约束或局部阈值约束进行谱线识别,因而谱线提取结果中普遍存在谱线遗失或伪谱线过多的缺点。文章在谱线识别时加入了2个特征约束,第1个特征约束是： 谱线线心的强度必须大于局部阈值和整体下阈值,并且如果某一点的强度大于整体上阈值,则可认为在该点存在谱线;第2个特征约束是： 谱线的起始波长和终止波长处的强度必须小于谱线线心的强度。这2个特征约束使得该文的谱线提取效果较之已有方法有显著的提高。通过实验对该文方法和已有的方法进行了比较,实验结果充分体现了该文方法的优势。     

基于集成树的M型星光谱分类

在赫罗图中,M巨星位于红巨星的顶端,是由类太阳的主序星逐渐演化而成的最明亮的一类恒星。M巨星的研究对于理解银河系,特别是银河系晕的性质至关重要。中低分辨率的M巨星光谱,常因为特征不显著、噪声影响等因素而与M矮星的光谱混在一起,不易区分。现有研究一般利用CaH₂+CaH₃ vs. TiO₅分子谱指数初步筛选M巨星光谱候选体,再通过人眼检查确认。但这种方法仅利用了三个巨星相关的分子带指数,没有利用识别M巨星的其他光谱特征,可能会由于噪声对指数的污染而导致分类错误。而且,人眼检查数量众多的光谱不仅耗时而且检查质量依赖于人的经验,可靠性无法得到保证。LAMOST望远镜自2011年开始先导巡天到2017年6月,已经发布了900多万天体的光谱,最新释放的光谱数据DR5包含了52万的M型星光谱数据,需要采用自动、准确、有效的方法来区分其中不同光度级的M子样本。本研究利用集成树模型分类M巨星和M矮星光谱,分别采用随机森林、GBDT、XGBoost和LightGBM算法,构建区分M巨星和M矮星的光度分类器。四种分类器的测试准确率分别达到97.23%,98%,98.05%和98.32%。实验表明LightGBM模型比其他三种集成树模型准确率更高,训练时间更少,分类效率更高。对分类器模型获取到的重要特征分析的结果表明,集成树算法有效提取并表达了用于区分M巨星和M矮星的结构性特征,模型提取到的重要特征不仅包括原子线或分子带吸收的波长位置,还包含了它们相邻的伪连续谱,这与传统上计算指数所需要特征波长和伪连续谱是一致的。相比于传统M巨星和M矮星分类方法,集成树模型能够采用光谱中的多个重要特征组合进行分类,避免仅依赖某一种特征易受噪声影响而得出错误的分类结果。研究结果表明集成树算法在巨星识别过程中具有显著优势,完全可以替代传统上只利用CaH和TiO指数的巨星光谱判别方法。基于集成树模型对M型星光谱的分类研究,为LAMOST高效、准确地处理海量天体光谱提供了有效的方法。随着LAMOST巡天项目不断开展,积累的M巨星和M矮星样本将为研究银河系的结构和演化提供重要的数据基础。     

基于计算机视觉的微球缺陷检测及分类方法

惯性约束聚变试验中,对大批量的聚变靶球的表面质量进行检测和分类是一项重要的工作。传统的人工检测分类方法效率低,精度差,难以满足实际需要。提出了一种基于计算机视觉的缺陷检测及分类方法。该方法在获取待测微球的显微图像之后,通过设置兴趣区域提取圆内部的像素点,并以此绘制灰度直方图。然后计算其累积分布函数,经归一化处理之后对分布函数进行分段线性拟合。最终根据拟合后的分布函数,提出均匀性和透光性两个参数用于定量表示微球的表面质量,很好地实现了光滑、粗糙和畸形三种类型的微球的分类。实验结果表明,该检测分类方法的准确率均在90%以上,处理1280960分辨率的包含20个微球的图像平均只需300 ms,准确高效,可扩展性强。     

Erdös Rényi随机网络上爆炸渗流模型相变性质的数值模拟研究

基于改进的Newman和Ziff算法以及有限尺寸标度理论, 通过对表征渗流相变特征物理量的序参量、平均集团尺寸、二阶矩、标准偏差及尺寸不均匀性的数值模拟, 分析研究了Erdös Rényi随机网络上Achlioptas爆炸渗流模型的相变性质.研究表明: 尽管序参量表现出了不连续相变的特征, 但序参量以及其他特征物理量仍具有连续相变的幂律标度行为.因此严格地说, Erdös Rényi随机网络中的爆炸渗流相变是一种奇异相变, 它既不是标准的不连续相变, 又与常规随机渗流表现出的连续相变处于不同的普适类. 关键词： Erdös Rényi随机网络 爆炸渗流模型 相变 幂律标度行为     

基于LIBS的山药饮片产地溯源研究

山药为薯蓣科植物薯蓣的根茎,其中的多糖、多酚、皂苷、黏蛋白和维生素C等成分使山药具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎症、降血糖和降血脂等作用。不同产地的山药由于生长条件存在差异,致使药用成分含量显著不同,结合独特的炮制工艺,进而导致市场价格差别大,所以山药饮片的产地识别至关重要。为对山药饮片进行产地溯源,本文基于激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术提出多元散射矫正-改进遗传算法-支持向量机(MSC-IGA-SVM)模型对山药产地进行精确识别。使用八个不同产地的山药饮片进行LIBS实验,八种产地的山药饮片磨粉过筛后制成粉末压片,通过采集山药饮片的LIBS光谱,分别使用单一分类器与使用光谱预处理、特征提取及模式识别算法的模型对光谱的识别结果进行对比。将光谱信号按2∶1的比例划分为训练集和测试集,使用5次交叉验证K-邻近算法(KNN)模型的测试集准确率作为预处理参数优化的评价指标。各类药材的平均光谱整体趋势一致,所含谱峰基本相同,但因产地不同导致峰值强度各不相同,道地山药对一些金属元素(K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al)的富集能力大于非道地产区山药,其中,K元素特征谱线(769.90 nm)的峰值最高,即...     

基于线性预测倒谱的被动声纳目标特征提取技术

从声纳员的角度出发，被动声纳目标可以被看作为一个发声体，利用线性预测倒谱从声纳目标噪声中分离出目标作为发声体的冲激响应在倒谱域中的表示，提取一组识别特征，设计神经网络分类器，对三类目标进行分类。实测数据验证了基于线性预测倒谱的被动声纳目标特征提取方法是可行的。