Parameters influencing low frequency impact sound transmission in dwellings

As sound and vibration fields in dwellings exhibit modal behaviour at frequencies below 200 Hz, a systematic investigation of measurement and prediction uncertainty associated with impact sound transmission at low frequencies must include the effects of: location of the impact, type of floor, edge conditions, floor and room dimensions, room absorption and position of the receiver. Experimentally validated analytical models, described in a companion paper, have been used in an extensive investigation of impact sound transmission through rectangular homogeneous concrete floors and floating floors. The models were used to describe the effect of modal coupling and then to perform parametric and statistical studies aimed to identify the main factors affecting low frequency impact sound transmission.     

环境因素对海-气界面低频异常声透射的影响研究

针对海中声源在海-气界面低频异常声透射问题, 根据两层媒质声传输模型, 分析了大气声速和密度与气压、气温、湿度及海水中声速和密度与海温、盐度间的关系, 研究了低频声透射和传输受温度、气压、盐度、湿度等因素的影响, 分析了各因素对声透射和传输的影响程度. 结果表明: 1) 声透射到大气中的声功率与气温、湿度负相关, 与海温、盐度、气压正相关; 2) 单极子与水平偶极子声源辐射到海中的声功率与海温、盐度负相关, 而垂直偶极子声源辐射到海中的声功率与海温、盐度正相关; 3) 声透射指向性与海温正相关, 与气温负相关; 4) 低频声透射受温度影响最大, 其次是盐度, 受气压和湿度影响较小, 垂直偶极子声源的声透射受温度影响大于水平偶极子和单极子声源.     

磁力负刚度薄膜结构低频吸声特性

针对背腔深度较小的薄膜吸声结构难以实现低频吸声的问题,提出了磁力负刚度的解决方法。采用传递矩阵法,建立了负刚度薄膜吸声结构理论模型,分析得出该结构的声阻抗等同与大背腔常规薄膜吸声结构的声阻抗;阻抗管实验验证得出,在一定磁场条件下,不同背腔的负刚度薄膜吸声结构与无负刚度结构相比其共振频率显著下降,吸声系数曲线与理论结构吻合。负刚度机制能够降低薄膜吸声结构的共振频率,用较小背腔实现低频吸声,从而实现薄型低频吸声结构设计。     

Non-resonant sound transmission through double walls using statistical energy analysis

Although SEA is a suitable framework for predicting sound transmission through double walls it has been found that the standard method of computing the non- resonant coupling loss factor from a room to cavity underestimates the coupling. A revised model for computing this coupling loss factor is presented which gives much better agreement with measured data. This allows better predictions to be made of sound transmission through lightweight double walls.     

住宅建筑中相邻房间的侧向传声预测

侧向传声作为建筑中声传递的组成部分,对住宅的整体隔声效果具有重要的影响,通过将建筑中相邻房间的各建筑构件划分为若干子系统,应用统计能量分析(Statistical Energy Analysis,SEA)理论,从系统的声功率平衡的角度建立侧向传声的预测模型,在描述各路径的传声规律的同时确定主要传声路径。研究结果表明:当外围护结构为重质结构,且为匀质单一材料构造时,(1)在低频处,全程通过两相邻房间的侧墙或楼板的非通过隔墙的侧向路径成为主要侧向传声路径;(2)在中高频,各侧向路径的声压级差趋于一致,此时的建筑隔声性能取决于通过隔墙的直接路径上的声传递;(3)采用重质隔墙可以缩小侧向传声影响的频率范围。本研究为改善住宅的声环境质量及建筑隔声设计提供了理论依据。     

低频大孔径线列阵声纳在海底反射区的测向性能分析*

与深海直达声探测、会聚区探测不同,在海底反射声探测模式下,低频大孔径线列阵声纳采用常规阵列信号处理方法,会产生测向误差增大和方位分裂等测向性能下降现象。目前,关于海底反射声探测模式下测向性能下降程度的预报、测向性能下降现象出现的区域位置预报等方面尚缺乏研究。本文针对该问题,提出一套海底反射区声纳测向性能预报方法。该方法以深海声场存在“简正波簇”现象及高阶“简正波簇”在角谱域分布具有稳定性等分析结论为支撑,提出高阶“简正波簇”角谱域分布向空域分布的转换方法、高阶简正波簇引起的测向误差量值预报方法、不同高阶简正波簇干涉产生多目标现象的条件的计算方法,实现了对低频大孔径线列阵声纳在深海海底反射区不同位置的测向误差预报、目标方位分裂现象产生的位置和目标角度范围要求预报。结合典型条件下的预报结果,本文提出了下一步开展低频大孔径线列阵声纳深海海底反射区环境适配信号处理方法的研究方向。     

冲击声的稀疏特征提取及声源类型识别

针对低信噪比下声源材料类型的细分任务,将稀疏表达用于冲击声信号的声源类型识别,提取的稀疏特征相比传统的MFCC特征有效改善了识别性能。分别基于3种预定义词典和一组根据训练信号学习的词典,利用正交匹配追踪(OMP)方法对录制冲击声进行稀疏表达,提取稀疏特征用于不同信噪比下冲击声信号的声源辨识,并与MFCC特征进行比较。对包含12类材料的冲击声数据库的分类结果显示,在几乎所有情况下,稀疏特征比MFCC特征具有更好的识别效果。特别是在信噪比较低的情况下,稀疏特征具有更好的抗噪性能。     

半波长管传声损失分析

1/4波长管和Herschel-Quincke(HQ)管具有良好消声潜力,在其固有频率附近具有很高的消声量级,为了将这种消声潜力在更小的安装空间内和更宽的频带上发挥出来,设计了一种新的半波长管,通过对多管传声损失理论模型的推导,运用数值计算的方法,分析了传声损失的影响因素并对多分支管模型进行宽频带尺寸设计,最终实现在3...     

空气中声源激发浅海水下声场传播特性的实验研究

为了获得空气中远距离声源激发水下声场的精细结构,2013年3月,声场声信息国家重点实验室在南海海域进行了一次空气中声源激发水下声场的实验。采用汽笛作为空气声源,海底放置水听器作为接收,在实验过程中,发射船由距离水听器2.4 km处行驶至9.8 km。本文对该次实验数据进行分析,获得了收发距离远达9.8 km、频率分别为128 Hz和256 Hz的声传播损失曲线,该曲线随传播距离变化存在清晰的震荡结构.利用波数积分方法计算实验环境下的水下声场理论值,并对获得的声场传播特性进行了较好的物理解释。     

The effect of construction material, contents and room geometry on the sound field in dwellings at low frequencies

An experimentally validated finite element method is used to model the sound level in rooms at low frequencies. It is demonstrated that the dimensions of rectangular rooms strongly influence the sound pressure level difference. Additional factors were investigated which are not normally considered in the frequency range where diffuse sound field conditions can be assumed. Three effects were investigated: room damping due to wall vibrations, furniture, the effect of small deviations from simple rectangular shapes. It is confirmed by field measurements that the vibrations of masonry walls and floors introduce less damping than surfaces of lightweight construction. Assigning to the FE model a damping equivalent to a surface absorption of 0.02 reproduces the effect of walls of heavyweight construction. Damping equivalent to a surface absorption of 0.15 reproduces the effects of plastered timber-frame walls, floors and ceilings. The work was briefly extended to a room pair built with heavyweight and lightweight material of construction. The modification of the shape of the room frequency response highlights well the effect of material of construction. In-situ and laboratory measurements show that furniture has little effect on steady-state room response below 100 Hz. Modelling a wall recess smaller than 0.5 m improved the agreement between prediction and measurements but the assumption of a simple rectangular room remains appropriate.     

Studies of sound transmission in various types of stored grain for acoustic detection of insects

In developing passive acoustic systems for detecting insect infestations in bulk-stored grain, it is advantageous to understand the transmission of sound in the grain between the insects and the sensors. In the work presented here grain is shown to be a strong acoustical absorber, the attenuation coefficient increasing roughly as the square root of the frequency. Tests with soft wheat immersed in three different gases: air, argon and carbon dioxide, support an earlier conclusion that sound is transmitted principally through the gas in the passageways between the grain kernels. The speed of sound and the attenuation coefficient were measured as a function of frequency for six different types of grain: hard and soft wheat, brown rice, soybeans, corn and sorghum. It was determined that sound is transmitted over longer distances in grains with a larger inter-kernel spacing, such as corn and soybeans. Grain depth, up to several meters, appears to have little effect on sound transmission.     

初探声波裂杯实验

利用中学实验室现有的器材和自制装置演示了声波裂杯实验。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of floating floor resonance and its effect on impact sound transmission

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the dependence of low frequency impact sound transmission through floating floor systems on in situ matched resonances. The evidence for the floating floor matched resonances has been found previously considering laboratory and numerical tests for one concrete slab and floating floor with varying resilient layers. In the present paper, considering laboratory and field tests for concrete slabs and floating floors with different plan configurations, this evidence is strengthened as differences between laboratory and field measurements of the impact sound level were negligible for the bare concrete slab but not with the floating floor installed. These results were also confirmed numerically. The analysis indicates that the dependence of low frequency impact sound transmission through floating floor systems on in situ matched resonances should be considered in addition to the conventional single degree of freedom models in order to improve accuracy.     

A review of research progress in air-to-water sound transmission

International and domestic research progress in theory and experiment and applications of the air-to-water sound transmission are presented in this paper. Four classical numerical methods of calculating the underwater sound field generated by an airborne source, i.e., the ray theory, the wave solution, the normal-mode theory and the wavenumber integration approach, are introduced. Effects of two special conditions, i.e., the moving airborne source or medium and the rough air-water interface, on the air-to-water sound transmission are reviewed. In experimental studies, the depth and range distributions of the underwater sound field created by different kinds of airborne sources in near-field and far-field, the longitudinal horizontal correlation of underwater sound field and application methods for inverse problems are reviewed.     

Justification of standardized level differences in rating of airborne sound insulation between dwellings

It has long been recognized that single-number quantities R′_w, D_nT,w or D_n,w result in different conclusions in objective rating of airborne sound insulation between dwellings. The difference between the values of these single-number quantities (SNQ), however, does not prove which of them describes the sound transmission between rooms most correctly. The main object of this article was to study which SNQ correspond best with transmitted living sound levels in buildings when reverberation time, volume of receiving room and sound insulation are taken into account. Data of 100 field measurements of airborne sound insulation were collected as well as 207 reverberation times of furnished rooms. The transmitted sound levels of living sounds were evaluated on the basis of known living sound spectra and measured level differences D. The results show that the SNQs standardized to reference reverberation time of 0.5 s lead in all cases to best correlation between the SNQs and the sound levels of transmitted living sounds. It was also checked whether the rating by D_nT,w would lead to higher transmitted sound levels of living sounds in larger rooms, but this was not detected. The use of D_nT,w makes rooms of different volumes equal in regard to required sound insulation between them. It is thus justified to replace R′_w with D_nT,w as the SNQ for rating the airborne sound insulation. Widening the frequency range down to 50 Hz or up to 5000 Hz did not give noteworthy improvement in the correlation.     

空间频率对透射式全息图衍射率的影响

为研究干涉条纹空间频率与透射式全息图衍射率的关系,在相同条件下,拍摄以平面波、发散的和会聚的球面波分别作参考光、物光的透射式全息图,通过实验测量其衍射效率,同时计算了干涉条纹的空间频率。然后以会聚的球面波为物光,平面波为参考光,分别改变入射角和球面波会聚点到记录面的距离制作另外4块透射式全息图,并计算了它们的空间频率,测量了其衍射效率。结果表明：在相同条件下制作透射式全息图时,衍射效率只由空间频率决定,与使用何种参考光和物光无关,空间频率仅随参考光和物光的夹角变化而变化。     

主变压器噪声特性分析及复合隔声结构设计*

超高压变电站的主变压器的噪声影响已引起广泛关注。以某典型化设计的500kV变电站A的主变压器为例,进行了现场测试,得到其主变压器噪声能量主要集中在中低频范围内,且具备明显的线谱噪声特征。针对该噪声特点,提出了一种内插微穿孔板的双层带孔板型声学超材料的复合隔声结构。使用传递矩阵理论对该复合结构进行了分析,并在阻抗管中进行了实验验证。实验结果表明：该复合隔声结构具备针对性隔声要求,理论与实验传递损失曲线基本吻合。     

线性调频Z变换在舱音背景声的特征频率分析中的应用

舱音背景声特征频率的确定是调查失事飞机事故原因的重要依据之一。基于舱音译码辨听和音频分析的传统方法难以准确获得舱音背景声的特征频率。本文提出采用基于FFT的线性Z变换(CZT)来获取舱音背景声的特征频率的新方法,该方法适用于高采样频率的信号,计算中可以调整频率的分辨率,增加了FFT和频谱分析的灵活性。通过仿真和对用舱音记录器测录的真实舱音背景声计算分析得出:CZT方法是一种适合于确定舱音背景声特征频率的实用、有效方法,用以区分不同舱音在频率上的差别,满足飞机事故原因调查的需要。     

The effect of workmanship on the transmission of airborne sound through light framed walls

A study of the airborne sound transmission in a multi-tenanted building has shown that elements of the building which are nominally identical do not have the same acoustic performance. It was seen that some of this variation in performance could be attributed to visually-observable differences in the constructions. Some of the variation could not be explained however, and it was concluded that this variation was due to workmanship. The level of this variation was seen to be approximately 1 dB for a light steel framed construction. This variation is considerably less than that measured previously for a monolithic construction.     

Prediction of airborne sound and impact sound insulation provided by single and multilayer systems using analytical expressions

In this work, the authors use analytical solutions to assess the airborne sound and impact insulation provided by homogeneous partitions that are infinite along their plane. The algorithm uses Green’s functions, derived on the basis of previous work by the authors on the prediction of airborne sound insulation provided by single and double panels. The model is now extended to handle multilayer systems, allowing the simulation of three-dimensional loads applied in both the acoustic and solid media.The model is validated against experimental results and compared with simplified expressions for single, double and triple panels. The results provided by the analytical model were found to provide a good agreement with the experimental results, except in the vicinity of the coincidence effect in the presence of thicker panels.The applicability of the proposed tool is then illustrated by analyzing the acoustic behavior provided by single layers and by a suspended ceiling. Different variables are studied, such as the mass, the stiffness of the layers, the position and direction of the load within the elastic medium and the presence of porous material in the fluid layers. It was found that the model is able to simulate the acoustic phenomena involved in single and multilayer systems.