一个纳入活化络合非平衡效应的TST公式体系

在唯象理论的层次上评述了活化络合体系的非平衡性引起的非平衡统计问题;通过分析活化络合过程的耗散与涨落对反应速度的影响,提出了一个纳入了活化络合过程非平衡效应的TST公式体系代替活化络合平衡常数,建立了活化络合耗散函数与反应速度的关系.同时讨论了影响反应活化络合进程耗散-涨落的诸因素所导致的速度常数统计漂移     

大黄的非线性化学指纹图谱研究

通过别洛索夫-扎鲍京斯基(B-Z)振荡反应对不同来源大黄进行定性分析,将大黄粉末加入H2SO4-MnSO4-CH3COCH3-NaBrO3中,组成化学振荡体系,用电化学工作站记录数据,并对化学试剂的浓度、反应温度、大黄用量等条件进行了考察,确定体系的最佳实验条件,获得了不同来源大黄的非线性化学指纹图谱.通过对大黄非线性化学指纹图谱的研究,发现不同来源的大黄的指纹图谱主要参数有较大区别.该方法简便,准确,可靠,可方便地用于不同来源大黄的定性分析.     

介观化学体系中的动力学尺度效应

以生命和表面催化体系为对象,研究了介观化学体系中内涨落对体系非线性动力学行为的调控作用。内涨落可以诱导随机振荡,其强度在体系处于最佳尺度时会出现一个甚至多个极大值,并且在耦合体系中会得到进一步增强,表现为尺度共振效应、尺度选择效应和双重尺度效应,揭示了介观化学体系中尺度效应的新机制。     

介观化学体系中的动力学尺度效应

以生命和表面催化体系为对象,研究了介观化学体系中内涨落对体系非线性动力学行为的调控作用.内涨落可以诱导随机振荡,其强度在体系处于最佳尺度时会出现一个甚至多个极大值,并且在耦合体系中会得到进一步增强,表现为尺度共振效应、尺度选择效应和双重尺度效应,揭示了介观化学体系中尺度效应的新机制.     

反应NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的非线性化学动力学Ⅱ.固相振荡燃烧的化学模型

建立了NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7固相振荡燃烧体系的非吸热三变量立方自催化化学模型,应用非线性数学分析方法,研究了固相振荡燃烧的非线性化学动力学机理,并对此进行了数值模拟,结果反映了这一振荡燃烧体系所具有的非线性化学动力学特性.     

介观化学体系中的动力学尺度效应

以生命和表面催化体系为对象,研究了介观化学体系中内涨落对体系非线性动力学行为的调控作用。内涨落可以诱导随机振荡,其强度在体系处于最佳尺度时会出现一个甚至多个极大值,并且在耦合体系中会得到进一步增强,表现为尺度共振效应、尺度选择效应和双重尺度效应,揭示了介观化学体系中尺度效应的新机制。     

多定态转变化学反应体系与环境传热-扩散耦合导致的环面型化学振荡

以Schlögl模型作为多定态转变化学反应体系的范例, 研究了通过传热及扩散与环境耦合的多定态转变化学反应体系中诱发的新动力学行为, 其中特别重要的是沿慢变量方向的环面型化学振荡的出现. 建立了慢流型上的准定态的线形化稳定性分析法, 揭示了由极限环振荡蜕变为环面型振荡的动力学机制, 不同于小寄生参数存在引起的非连续极限环振荡. 通过以慢流型上准定态稳定性分区为基础的定性分析, 进一步揭示了该类体系中可能出现间歇性、反复持续式和骤发式3种亚类环面振荡. 最后以第三亚类作为示例, 以相应的计算机模拟证实理论分析的正确性.     

化学振荡与生物自组织过程

本文介绍了H2O2、CH2(COOH)2、KIO3、HClO4与MnSO4体系的振荡反应,测定了封闭系统和开放系统的振荡曲线,化学振荡可应用于生物自组织现象的研究。     

反应NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的非线性化学动力学Ⅰ.固相振荡燃烧的实验现象

在外界环境条件恒定的情况下,反应体系NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的燃烧过程是不均匀的,燃烧和光强呈周期性的强弱变化,给出了典型的化学振荡现象.本文介绍了NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7体系的固相振荡燃烧配方,对新配方进行了实验,研究了这个体系的固相振荡燃烧现象的非线性特性,分析了固相化学振荡的非线性化学反应动力学机理.     

盐卤硼酸盐化学——XⅦ.MgO-B_2O_3-28%MgCl_2-H_2O体系20℃热力学非平衡态液固相关系研究

用动力学方法对MgO·nB_2O_3在28%MgCl_2-H_2O浓盐溶液中形成的过饱和溶液的结晶过程进行研究,首次得到MgO-B_2O_3-MgCl_2-H_2O体系过饱和区内的液固相关系图,即热力学非平衡态液固相关系图.该相图有六个相区:H_3BO_3,MgO·3B_2O_3·7.5H_2O,MgO·3B_2O_3·7H_2O,2MgO·2B_2O_3·MgCl_2·14H_2O,3Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O和5Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O.拟合得到各结晶过程的动力学方程,同时对结晶机制进行了探讨.     

超分子体系的物理化学研究进展

本文介绍了超分子化学领域的研究进展, 评述了其中与物理化学有关的研究成果, 并从化学热力学、电化学、化学动力学、胶体与界面化学等几个主要方面加以讨论, 描述了超分子物理化学的基本框架。     

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach to the Brönsted relation

A correlation between the rate of a chemical reaction and the generalized thermodynamic force can be elucidated using the principle of correspondence for the reaction rate expressed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic variables, The Bronsted relation follows from the dependence obtained.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp, 2898–2901, December, 1996.     

Numerical Modeling of an Ar–H<Subscript>2</Subscript> Radio-Frequency Plasma Reactor under Thermal and Chemical Nonequilibrium Conditions

The species densities and the thermal and chemical nonequilibrium phenomena in an Ar–H₂ radio frequency inductively coupled plasma reactor used for hydrogenation of materials have been investigated through numerical simulation. The mathematical model consists of a two-temperature fluid dynamics model and a chemical kinetics model that takes into account the effect of local chemical nonequilibrium. Computations are carried out for the rf plasma running at 11.7 kW and 27 kPa for different Ar–H₂ mixtures and for pure argon. Predicted results for the electron and heavy-species temperatures, the species densities, as well as the degree of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium, are presented in detail. It is found that the electron and hydrogen atom densities in the reactor and in the near-wall region of the torch are strongly altered by nonequilibrium effects. The hydrogen atom density remains high in the reactor zone, and peaks in a region that has been found to be attractive for material processing. Deviations from thermal and chemical equilibrium are greatly reduced by the addition of hydrogen to an argon plasma.     

有序分子聚集体化学研究展望

本文对有序分子聚集体领域的最新进展作了评述, 并展望了有序分子聚集体化学的发展动向。     

Fluctuation theorem for entropy production in a chemical reaction channel

Fluctuation theorem for entropy production in a mesoscopic chemical reaction network is discussed. When the system size is sufficiently large, it is found that, by defining a kind of coarse-grained dissipation function, the entropy production in a reversible reaction channel can be approximately described by a type of detailed fluctuation theorem. Such a fluctuation relation has been successfully tested by direct simulations in a linear reaction model consisting of two reversible channels and in an oscillat...     

Multiple steady states in a CSTR with total condenser: Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models

Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models of a CSTR with total condenser focused on the multiple steady states and dynamic behaviour was carried out. The steady-state behaviour of the model system, MTBE synthesis from methanol and isobutene in a reactive distillation column, was studied in terms of the input parameters, i. e. feed flow rate of methanol or butenes, reflux ratio, and mass of catalyst. The dynamic behaviour of the system during the start-up was investigated and perturbations of manipulated variables were found to cause transitions between the parallel steady states. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

Supramolecular Chemistry in Microflow Fields: Toward a New Material World of Precise Kinetic Control

Constructing new and versatile self‐assembling systems in supramolecular chemistry is much like the development of new reactions or new catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. As one such new technology, conventional supramolecular assembly systems have been combined with microflow techniques to control intermolecular or interpolymer interactions through precise regulation of a flowing self‐assembly field. The potential of the microflow system has been explored by using various simple model compounds. Uniform solvent diffusion in the microflow leads to rapid activation of molecules in a nonequilibrium state and, thereby, enhanced interactions. All of these self‐assembly processes begin from a temporally activated state and proceed in a uniform chemical environment, forming a synchronized cluster and resulting in effective conversion to supramolecules, with precise tuning of molecular (or polymer) interactions. This approach allows the synthesis of a variety of discrete microstructures (e.g., fibers, sheets) and unique supramolecules (e.g., hierarchical assemblies, capped fibers, polymer networks, supramolecules with time‐delayed action) that have previously been inaccessible.     

Optical Properties of New Third-Order Nonlinear Materials Modified by Click Chemistry

A high-yielding click reaction was used to synthesize a series of highly conjugated, symmetrical, as well as asymmetrical compounds with a benzene core. Cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy were carried out, and proved that the side groups of the benzene derivatives played an important role in the energy gaps, and affected the third-order non-linear optical response. The maximum absorption wavelength of the series of benzene derivatives showed an obvious red-shift. Moreover, the addition of resilient electron-withdrawing groups significantly narrowed the energy levels as compared with precursors. The third-order nonlinear properties of this benzene derivative were tested by the Z-scan technique. The expected properties of this series of molecules were obtained, and it was found that the series of molecules undergoes a transition from reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption, which has certain reference significance for a nonlinear optical field.     

Dynamic Environments as a Tool to Preserve Desired Output in a Chemical Reaction Network

Current efforts to design functional molecular systems have overlooked the importance of coupling out-of-equilibrium behaviour with changes in the environment. Here, the authors use an oscillating reaction network and demonstrate that the application of environmental forcing, in the form of periodic changes in temperature and in the inflow of the concentration of one of the network components, removes the dependency of the periodicity of this network on temperature or flow rates and enforces a stable periodicity across a wide range of conditions. Coupling a system to a dynamic environment can thus be used as a simple tool to regulate the output of a network. In addition, the authors show that coupling can also induce an increase in behavioural complexity to include quasi-periodic oscillations.     

KIO_3-KSCN-H~+反应体系的非线性动力学研究

研究了 KIO3-KSCN-H+反应体系在连续搅拌流动反应器 ( CSTR)中的非线性动力学行为 .在 CSTR中 ,该反应体系的 Pt电极电位显示出持续振荡现象 ,振荡的浓度范围非常宽 .通过酸度及各种金属离子对体系振荡行为影响的研究发现 ,对振荡体系具有催化作用的可能物种是 H+ 离子而不是金属离子