近年来我国商业银行范围经济及其影响因素研究

关于我国商业银行范围经济的研究文献中,所得结论不完全相同,而且也没有进一步研究银行范围经济的影响因素。本文通过对我国16家上市商业银行2007-2012年的范围经济进行分析,发现在所研究期间,我国的上市商业银行普遍存在成本、利润和收入范围经济,但平均来看,成本范围经济最小。在上市银行范围经济的影响因素中,银行规模、经营范围、经营管理水平、产品或服务种类等都有较显著的影响,银行规模与经营范围的对成本范围经济的影响方向不完全相同,经营管理水平对范围经济有正的影响,在产品和服务种类中,投资银行业务对范围经济有显著的影响,而保险业和租赁没有显著的影响。另外,银行的平均利息收入和平均利息支出对范围经济没有显著的影响。     

基于差异化产品动态寡头博弈的系统动力学分析

以寡头企业具有有限理性和简单理性的产量调整行为和非线性成本函数为基础,论证了当横向产品差异度在一定范围内时,纳什均衡可作为稳定的动态均衡而实现.当超过一定范围时,利用数值模拟可观测到系统出现的周期性和混沌的复杂现象.在企业具有二次成本的假设条件下,研究了产品差异程度对纳什均衡稳定性的影响,得到了产品差异度越大,或市场竞争程度越低,系统的纳什均衡越不稳定的结论,表明了经济周期波动产生于非线性系统的内生性.与线性成本的对比说明,非线性成本缩小了纳什均衡的稳定域,增加了寡头市场的复杂性.研究也表明规模不经济的寡头厂商想通过增加产品差异度来减少竞争是有一定难度的.     

能源回购补偿机制下的联合生产与定价策略

世界经济的快速发展和工业化进程的推进促使各国电力需求激增,电力供需矛盾为能源回购项目的发展提供了条件.考虑能源回购补偿机制下企业生产定价联合决策问题,建立了相应的具有线性需求函数的企业生产定价联合决策模型,研究了引入启动成本和参与能源回购项目得到的经济补偿对企业生产与定价策略性质的影响,并利用k凸函数的概念证明了在线性需求函数的假设下,(s,S,P*)策略为最优生产定价策略.     

基于半参数随机成本前沿方法的道路运输企业成本无效率研究——以山西公路客运企业为例

传统参数方法在模型设定上过于严格,不贴近现实,忽视了政策等环境变量对我国道路运输企业成本效率的柔性影响,造成估计的偏差。本文结合参数与非参数方法,将传统的柯布道格拉斯随机成本前沿函数模型拓展为一个柔性的、半参数随机成本前沿面板数据模型,应用到考察道路运输企业成本效率这一关键指标研究中。该模型充分考虑到企业异质性和时间等变量对成本边界造成的非中性移动,其技术参数都设定为企业异质效应和时间效应的光滑函数,无效率项被分解为企业特质和时间特质两部分,生产率变化被分解为无效率变化,技术变革和规模变化三部分。通过对山西省公路客运企业成本效率的实证分析发现半参数模型较参数模型估计结果良好。无效率变化指数随时间普遍降低,表明在研究期间效率普遍提高。输入价格的变化,在样本期间下降的趋势大于增加的趋势,技术变革的速度随时间变化非常大,在道路客运环境不成熟完善的环境中,山西道路运输行业经历了快速的技术进步(成本降低)。学习效应导致的技术无效率以及技术进步,有助于生产率的增长(成本降低),而这些促进是以柔性的方式展现的,并随时间变化。     

不等式约束优化基于新型积极识别集的SQCQP算法

本文提出一个新的求解非线性不等式约束优化问题的罚函数型序列二次约束二次规划(SQCQP)算法.算法每次迭代只需求解一个凸二次约束二次规划(QCQP)子问题,且通过引入新型积极识别集技术,QCQP子问题的规模显著减小,从而降低计算成本.在不需要函数凸性等较弱假设下,算法具有全局收敛性.初步的数值试验表明算法是稳定有效的.     

不确定参数下群体博弈均衡的存在性与通有稳定性

本文在已知不确定参数变化范围的假设下,研究了不确定参数下群体博弈均衡的存在性与通有稳定性.首先,基于经典非合作博弈NS均衡概念提出了不确定参数下群体博弈NS均衡的定义;其次,在支付函数连续性与凸性的一定假设下,利用Ky Fan不等式证明了均衡的存在性;最后,给出了不确定参数下群体博弈模型NS均衡集通有稳定性的相关结论,运用Fort引理证明了在Baire分类的意义下,当支付函数发生扰动时,大多数不确定参数下群体博弈的NS均衡点集都是稳定的.     

规模不经济下基于一致定价和促销努力的双渠道供应链协调策略

在制造商存在规模不经济环境下,分别针对集中决策模式和分散决策模式,建立了基于一致定价和促销努力的双渠道供应链协调策略模型,分析了规模不经济和服务负溢出效应对供应链运营决策的影响,得到了集中和分散决策下各企业最优运作策略和收益。研究指出,规模不经济的双渠道供应链在分散决策批发价契约下无法实现供应链协调;而分散决策网络渠道收益共享契约能够实现双渠道总收益等于集中决策模式下供应链收益,但无法保证各主体始终获得高于批发价合同下的收益;进一步,设计了带有固定补偿的网络渠道收益共享契约,通过对固定补偿值的有效设计,不仅可以保证双渠道总收益等于集中决策模式下供应链收益,且可以始终保证各主体收益不低于分散决策批发价契约下其所得收益,从而实现各主体利益双赢以及供应链的有效协调。     

基于模糊神经网络我国仓储运输业上市公司企业规模实证研究

一个行业或企业的规模大小处于一种什么状态,是否合适,这是企业所关心的问题.在交易成本等规模经济理论及西方经济学生产函数理论的基础上,构建了企业规模函数指标,通过模糊神经网络对中国仓储运输业上市公司的企业规模的发展状态进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,我国仓储运输业上市公司的企业规模普遍偏小.     

农户监督下的畜牧企业环境行为演化分析及动态优化

针对畜牧企业的废弃物环境污染问题,利用演化博弈理论,对缺少当地政府主动检查下的畜牧企业和下游农户的演化过程进行了研究。在构建农户、企业博弈模型的基础上,分析发现该模型在静态赔偿策略下不存在演化稳定策略;进而提出了动态赔偿系数优化措施,并证明了在动态赔偿系数的优化下,该模型存在了演化稳定策略;最后再次求解并分析演化稳定策略。研究表明:该动态赔偿系数优化措施是有效的;要增加企业群体中采取完全治污策略的比例,提高赔偿力度、降低农户举报成本均是有效的促进措施;对于治污力度较高以及养殖规模较小的企业群体,农户应该更加注意其环境行为。     

应用随机前沿成本模型对我国大型综合医院成本效率的研究

为了精确考察我国大型医院医疗服务和管理的成本效率,采用随机前沿成本模型对我国73所大型综合医院的医疗服务的成本效率进行了评价研究,同时在3种不同低效率误差分布的假设下,对各评价单元所得的效率值进行了比较.结果显示,我国大型综合医院医疗服务的成本效率平均得分在0.9以上,表明它们的医疗服务和管理水平是比较高的,与其发展规模是相匹配的.并且在3种不同的低效率误差分布假设下各评价单元所得效率值也基本一致.     

Computing economies of vertical integration,economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods

So far, in the nonparametric literature only full frontier nonparametric methods have been applied to search for economies of scope and scale, particularly the data envelopment analysis method (DEA). However, these methods present some drawbacks that might lead to biased results. This paper proposes a methodology based on more robust partial frontier nonparametric methods to look for scope and scale economies. Through this methodology it is possible to assess the robustness of these economies, and in particular to assess the influence that extreme data or outliers might have on them. The influence of the imposition of convexity on the production set of firms was also investigated. This methodology was applied to the water utilities that operated in Portugal between 2002 and 2008. There is evidence of economies of vertical integration and economies of scale in drinking water supply utilities and in water and wastewater utilities operating mainly in the retail segment. Economies of scale were found in water and wastewater utilities operating exclusively in the wholesale, and in some of these utilities diseconomies of scope were also found. The proposed methodology also allowed us to conclude that the existence of some smaller utilities makes the minimum optimal scales go down.     

Estimating scale economies in non-convex production models

The literature on nonparametric frontier technologies lacks a method for the measurement of scale economies in non-convex settings. This paper proposes a general procedure which is based on the minimization of the ray average cost and requires the solution of a single programming problem. Our approach allows for multiple optima to introduce the case of global sub-constant scale economies, and it also permits the estimation of scale economies at a local level. The empirical application investigates the role of replicability and the relationship between global and local indicators. It also points out the managerial implications for companies operating in the Italian public transit industry.     

Compact bidding languages and supplier selection for markets with economies of scale and scope

Combinatorial auctions have been used in procurement markets with economies of scope. Preference elicitation is already a problem in single-unit combinatorial auctions, but it becomes prohibitive even for small instances of multi-unit combinatorial auctions, as suppliers cannot be expected to enumerate a sufficient number of bids that would allow an auctioneer to find the efficient allocation. Auction design for markets with economies of scale and scope are much less well understood. They require more compact and yet expressive bidding languages, and the supplier selection typically is a hard computational problem. In this paper, we propose a compact bidding language to express the characteristics of a supplier’s cost function in markets with economies of scale and scope. Bidders in these auctions can specify various discounts and markups on overall spend on all items or selected item sets, and specify complex conditions for these pricing rules. We propose an optimization formulation to solve the resulting supplier selection problem and provide an extensive experimental evaluation. We also discuss the impact of different language features on the computational effort, on total spend, and the knowledge representation of the bids. Interestingly, while in most settings volume discount bids can lead to significant cost savings, some types of volume discount bids can be worse than split-award auctions in simple settings.     

政府补贴下考虑规模效应的动力电池梯次利用闭环供应链决策与协调

针对零售商主导的考虑政府补贴和规模效应的动力电池闭环供应链,研究成员最优决策及协调问题。分别在无补贴、补贴零售商、补贴制造商、补贴第三方回收商四种情形下,分析了补贴对象、规模效应、再制造动力电池比例对成员最优决策及利润的影响,并实现了闭环供应链的协调。研究表明:政府补贴能够降低零售价,提高回收率以及各成员利润;补贴第三方回收商相比补贴零售商和补贴制造商而言,回收率以及第三方回收商利润提高更为明显,补贴零售商和补贴制造商相比补贴第三方回收商而言,零售价降低、制造商和零售商利润提高更为明显;可用于再制造的废旧动力电池比例增大能够降低动力电池销售价格,提高动力电池回收率;第三方回收商规模效应的增大有利于降低零售价格,提高动力电池产品回收率及闭环供应链各成员收益。     

Cost efficiency and scale economies in general dental practices in the US: a non-parametric and parametric analysis of Colorado data

This paper uses both the non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the econometric method of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to study the production technology and cost efficiency of the US dental care industry using practice level data. The American Dental Association 2006 survey data for a number of general dental practices in the state of Colorado in the US are used for the empirical analysis. The findings suggest that the cost efficiency score is between 0.79 and 0.87, on average, and the cost inefficiency is mostly due to allocative rather than technical inefficiency. The optimal output level for a dental practice to fully exploit the economies of scale is estimated to be at $1.68 million. Average cost at this level of output is 50.6 cents for each dollar of gross billing generated. The DEA and SFA approaches provide generally consistent results.     

Recent models in data envelopment analysis: Theory and applications

A critical review of the recent models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is attempted here. Three new lines of approach involving dynamic changes in parameters, the error correction models and a stochastic sensitivity analysis are discussed in some detail. On the applications side, two new formulations are presented and discussed, e.g. a model of technical change and a cost frontier for testing economies of scale and adjustment due to risk factors. Thus the critical review of recent DEA models of productivity measurement provides new insight into the frontier of research in this field.     

A note on competitive supply chains with generalised supply costs

This note generalises models from two influential papers in the theory of supply chain outsourcing under competition: 9 and 1. The first paper studies the impact of competitive intensity on the outsourcing decision from the supplier’s point of view for linear supply cost; the second paper examines the impact of supply economies of scale from the retailer’s point of view when selling perfectly substitutable products. By considering competitive intensity and supply economies of scale simultaneously, we find that equilibrium channel structures are primarily determined by the competitive intensity, which is true even under supply diseconomies of scale; the key message in the second paper of scale economies driving retailer’s outsourcing supply decision is highly dependent on the assumption of perfect substitutes. Our finding has no qualitative difference when either the suppliers or the retailers are modeled as the channel leader and make the outsourcing decisions.     

Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Cost Function Using Data Envelopment Analysis: an Application to the AT&T Divestiture

This study develops a new use of data envelopment analysis for estimating a stochastic frontier cost function that is assumed to have two different error components: a one-sided disturbance (representing technical and allocative inefficiencies) and a two-sided disturbance (representing an observational error). The two error components are handled by data envelopment analysis in combination with goal programming/constrained regression. The approach proposed in this study can avoid several statistical assumptions used in conventional methods for estimating a stochastic frontier function. As an important application, this study uses the estimation technique to obtain an AT&T stochastic frontier cost function. As a result, this study measures technical and allocative efficiencies of AT&T production process and review its natural monopoly issue. The estimated stochastic frontier cost function is also compared with the other cost function models used for previous studies concerning the divestiture of the telephone industry.     

Supply chain design considering economies of scale and transport frequencies

In this paper we consider a 3-echelon, multi-product supply chain design model with economies of scale in transport and warehousing that explicitly takes transport frequencies into consideration. Our model simultaneously optimizes locations and sizes of tank farms, material flows, and transport frequencies within the network. We consider all relevant costs: product cost, transport cost, tank rental cost, tank throughput cost, and inventory cost. The problem is based on a real-life example from a chemical company. We show that considering economies of scale and transport frequencies in the design stage is crucial and failing to do so can lead to substantially higher costs than optimal. We solve a wide variety of problems with branch-and-bound and with the efficient solution heuristics based on iterative linearization techniques we develop. We show that the heuristics are superior to the standard branch-and-bound technique for large problems like the one of the chemical company that motivated our research.     

Farrell revisited–Visualizing properties of DEA production frontiers

The contributions of the paper are threefold: (i) compare with mathematical rigour the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model of Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes and the Farrell model exhibiting constant returns to scale, (ii) reinterpret the contribution of Farrell and Fieldhouse that extended the analysis to variables returns to scale and establish the connection with the approach in Banker, Charnes, and Cooper, and (iii) provide graphical visualization of properties of the frontier function. Both papers by Farrell emphasized the importance of graphical visualization of non-parametric frontier functions, but, to our knowledge, this is seldom followed up in the literature. We use a graphical package (EffiVision) with a numerical representation of the frontier functions, representing the contemporary development of visualization. By making suitable cuts through the DEA frontier in multidimensional space, various graphical representations of features of economic interest can be done. Development of ray average cost function and scale elasticity plots are novel illustrations.