低维俘获原子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中的有限粒子数效应

基于Thomas-Fermi近似,通过对配分函数的高温展开确定了体系的有效态密度，得到了在忽略相互作用下，低维受俘获原子玻色爱因斯坦凝聚的临界温度,并计算出了临界温度附近体系的比热容随温度的变化行为.研究结果表明：二维情况下，体系的比热容c正比于T²;而在一维情况下，c随温度呈线性增加. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 有限粒子数 低维束缚势 Thomas-Fermi近似     

超冷钠原子弹性散射特性的精确计算

基于精确的原子之间相互作用势,系统研究了钠原子在超冷温度下的弹性散射特性,精确计算了钠原子间碰撞时的s波散射长度、有效力程、p波散射长度以及束缚态数目等散射参数.超冷温度下单重态和三重态原子间的弹性散射截面主要为s波贡献,随着碰撞能量的增加散射截面有丰富的形状共振出现,计算发现单重态和三重态散射截面分别存在显著的f波和i波形状共振.应用简并内态近似方法获得了超精细态相互作用时的s波散射长度,所得结果与精确值比较符合.     

势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚气体的势场有效性和粒子数极限判据

基于最小动量态上的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(简称BEC)，给出了指数吸引势场中超冷玻色原子气体的势场有效性和势阱中所装载的原子数目极限判据.此判据给出了当所装载的原子数确定时，所需要的势场强度；或势场给定时，所装载的原子数目的极限. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 临界温度 最小动量态     

具有在位势的一维双原子链晶格振动的色散关系

在简谐近似下,求解具有在位势的一维双原子链晶格振动运动方程,得到了具有在位势的晶格振动的色散关系.在位势使色散关系声频支在布里渊区中心的振动频率不再为零,并且随在位势的增大而增大.对于原子之间相互作用势不随在位势大小变化的情况下,晶格振动的色散关系的频隙随在位势的增大而变宽.讨论了原子链由只有在位势的不连续极限(AC极限),通过在位势逐渐减弱而原子间相互作用势逐渐增强,最后演变到只有原子间相互作用势的原子链的情况.随着在位势减弱和相互作用势增强,色散关系的频隙由AC极限的孤立轻、重原子简谐振动频率之差逐渐变化到通常的无在位势的色散关系频隙.     

原子间相互作用对光场和原子激光压缩性质的影响

对文献中给出的光场与二能级原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体(BEC)相互作用系统的哈密顿量进行分析，表明文献中对原子间相互作用部分的处理有不合理之处，文献中的处理过高估计了原子间相互作用的贡献，从而对该哈密顿量作出了改进.用改进的哈密顿量解析地求解了非旋波近似下光子和原子算符的运动方程，并结合BEC的有关实验条件对哈密顿量中的有关参数作出了估计，研究了光场与原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体相互作用系统中，光场和耦合输出相干原子束的压缩性质.结果表明：光场两正交分量的涨落均随时间按余弦规律周期性地变化，原子激光的两正交分量 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 压缩相干态 光场的正交压缩 压缩原子激光     

原子间相互作用势对中Al浓度Ni75AlxV25-x合金沉淀序列的影响

基于微观相场模型与反演算法,研究了中Al浓度及温度对Ni₇₅Al_xV_25-x合金沉淀过程的影响：在相同浓度下,L1₂与DO₂₂结构的第一近邻原子间相互作用势随温度升高呈线性增加,两者呈正比的关系;但在同一温度下,L1₂（DO₂₂）结构的第一近邻原子间相互作用势随Al原子浓度的增加而增加（减少）.同时将反演得出的原子作用势代入微观相场模拟中,探讨中Al浓度合金沉淀序列与原子作用势的关系,即当L1₂的第一近邻原子间相互作用势大于（小于）DO₂₂时,L1₂（DO₂₂）优先析出;当L1₂和DO₂₂的第一近邻原子间相互作用势相等时,两者同时析出.特别地,当Al原子的浓度等于0.0589时,发现L1₂和DO₂₂同时析出.利用微观相场法反演原子间相互作用势,为判断中Al浓度合金的沉淀序列增加了可信度.     

两维有限深势阱中BEC的稳定性分析

研究两维轴对称有限深势阱中BEC的稳定性,利用变分法分别讨论了系统的基态和激发态特性。研究表明系统存在塌缩态、束缚态和扩散态三种状态,并计算出系统状态发生变化的耦合常数的两个临界值,发现势阱的形状与系统的稳定性紧密相关。同时在激发态下进一步讨论了原子间相互作用发生周期性调制的BEC的动力学特性,分析发现有限深势阱中BEC的塌缩可以通过周期性调制散射长度来控制。本文最后讨论了涡旋态下BEC的稳定性,发现系统的塌缩点由于涡旋态的存在而降低。     

K-Li冷碰撞散射特性的理论研究

本文应用量子方法和半经典方法计算了表征锂(6Li,7Li) 原子和钾(39K,40K,41K) 原子间超冷碰撞特性的散射参数,如s波散射长度,有效力程,p波散射长度等。超冷温度下6Li-39K单重态和三重态原子间的弹性散射截面主要为s波贡献,随着碰撞能量的增加散射截面有丰富的形状共振出现,计算发现单重态和三重态散射截面均存在显著的i波形状共振. 此外,本文应用简并内态近似获得了超精细态相互作用时的s波散射长度.     

超低温下钠原子散射特性研究

超低温下钠原子的散射特性对原子间的相互作用势非常敏感.本文基于构造精确的原子间相互作用势,详细研究了在超冷温度下处在超精细态|F=2,mF=2〉下23Na原子的弹性散射特性.我们分别用Numerov和半经典方法计算了散射长度和有效程,得到了较满意的结果.低能散射截面有丰富的共振现象产生,我们发现并给出了d-波和g-波形状共振的能级位置和共振宽度;此外,我们还对仅两个分波有贡献情况下的微分散射截面进行了理论计算.     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的双孤子相互作用操控

考虑周期性驱动线性势, 利用Darboux变换法解析地研究了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体(BEC)中的双孤子相互作用, 得到了S-波散射长度的临界值. 结果表明: 当S-波散射长度高于临界值时, BEC中的两个亮孤子相互吸引并融合; 而当S-波散射长度低于临界值时, 两个亮孤子保持局域稳定. 此外, 在外部势阱的驱动下, 两个稳定的亮孤子产生周期性振荡行为.     

Bose–Einstein condensation of atomic hydrogen

The recent creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate of atomic hydrogen has added a new system to this exciting field. The differences between hydrogen and the alkali metal atoms require other techniques for the initial trapping and cooling of the atoms and the subsequent detection of the condensate. The use of a cryogenic loading technique results in a larger number of trapped atoms. Spectroscopic detection is well suited to measuring the temperature and density of the sample in situ. The transition was observed at a temperature of 50 μK and a density of 2×10¹⁴ cm^-3. The number of condensed atoms is about 10⁹ at a condensate fraction of a few percent. A peak condensate density of 4.8×10¹⁵ cm^-3 has been observed. Received: 22 June 1999 / Published online: 3 November 1999     

Laser cooling of thulium atoms

We demonstrated laser cooling and trapping of thulium atoms at sub-Doppler temperatures in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Up to 3 × 10⁶ thulium atoms were trapped in the MOT at temperatures down to 25(5) μK which is approximately 10 times lower than the Doppler limit. The lifetime of atoms in the MOT varied between 0.3–1.5 s and was restricted mostly by optical leaks from the upper cooling level. The lower limit for the leaking rate was estimated to be 22(6) s⁻¹. Due to a big magnetic moment of Tm atoms, a part of them were trapped in a magnetic trap from the quadrupole field of the MOT. We observed about 3 × 10⁴ purely magnetically trapped atoms at temperature of 25 μK with a lifetime in the trap of 0.5 s. Also we set up a “dark” MOT consisting of six crossed hollow beams which increased the number of trapped atoms by a factor of 5 leading to 1.5 × 10⁷ atoms at the expense of higher temperature.     

Investigation of sub-Doppler cooling effects in a cesium magneto-optical trap

We present an investigation of sub-Doppler effects in a cesium magneto-optical trap. First, a simple one-dimensional theoretical model of the trap is developed for aJ _g = 1 J _e = 2 transition. This model predicts the size of the trapped atom cloud and temperature as a function of laser intensity and detuning. In the limit of small magnetic field gradients, the trap temperature is found to be equal to the molasses temperature and a minimum size for the trap is calculated. We then describe several experiments performed in a three-dimensional cesium trap to measure the trap parameters, spring constant, friction coefficient, temperature and density. Whilst the temperature of the trapped atoms is found to be equal to the molasses temperature, in agreement with theory, the trap spring constant is found to be two orders of magnitude smaller than the one-dimensional prediction, a value close to that predicted by Doppler models. The maximum density is found to be on the order of 10¹² atoms/cm³ or one atom per optical wavelength on average. When the number of trapped atoms becomes large, the temperature begins to increase dramatically. This excess temperature depends in a very simple way on the atom number, laser intensity and detuning, suggesting that its origin lies in multiple photon scattering within the trap.     

Resonance enhancement of two photon absorption by magnetically trapped atoms in strong rf-fields

Applying a many mode Floquet formalism for magnetically trapped atoms interacting with a polychromatic rf-field, we predict a large two photon transition probability in the atomic system of cold ⁸⁷Rb atoms. The physical origin of this enormous increase in the two photon transition probability is due to the formation of avoided crossings between eigen-energy levels originating from different Floquet sub-manifolds and redistribution of population in the resonant intermediate levels to give rise to the resonance enhancement effect. Other exquisite features of the studied atom-field composite system include the splitting of the generated avoided crossings at the strong field strength limit and a periodic variation of the single and two photon transition probabilities with the mode separation frequency of the polychromatic rf-field. This work can find applications to characterize properties of cold atom clouds in the magnetic traps using rf-spectroscopy techniques.     

Buffer-gas loaded magnetic traps for atoms and molecules: A primer

Over the past three years we have developed the technique of buffer-gas cooling and loading of atoms and molecules into magnetic traps. Buffer-gas cooling relies solely on elastic collisions (thermalization) of the species-to-be-trapped with a cryogenically cooled helium gas and so is independent of any particular energy level pattern. This makes the cooling technique general and potentially applicable to any species trappable at the temperature of the buffer gas (as low as 240 mK). Using buffer-gas loading, paramagnetic atoms (europium and chromium) as well as a molecule (calcium monohydride) were trapped at temperatures around 300 mK. The numbers of the trapped atoms and molecules were respectively about 10¹² and 10⁸. The atoms and molecules were produced by laser ablation of suitable solid precursors. In conjunction with evaporative cooling, buffer-gas loaded magnetic traps offer the means to further lower the temperature and increase the density of the trapped ensemble to study a large variety of both static (spectra) and dynamic (collisional cross-sections) properties of many atoms and molecules at ultra-low temperatures. In this article we survey our main results obtained on Cr, Eu, and CaH and outline prospects for future work. Received 2 November 1998 and Received in final form 19 February 1999     

Decay rate measurement of lithium in a magneto-optical trap

A detailed account of various experimental techniques developed during the study on the decay rate coefficient of laser trapped ⁷Li atoms are presented. The frequency of a dye laser is stabilized using a simple sealed-off cell specially designed for Li vapor. The accurate number of trapped atoms are obtained by measuring the fluorescence intensity and the population ratio between the ground and the excited states by absorption coefficient measurement. The absolute value of the collisional lossrate coefficient of trapped ⁷Li atoms is determined by analyzing the temporal change of the fluorescence intensity when the supply of the Li beam is turned off.     

Bose–Einstein condensation versus Dicke–Hepp–Lieb transition in an optical cavity

We provide an exact solution for the interplay between Bose–Einstein condensation and the Dicke–Hepp–Lieb self-organization transition of an ideal Bose gas trapped inside a single-mode optical cavity and subject to a transverse laser drive. Based on an effective action approach, we determine the full phase diagram at arbitrary temperature, which features a bi-critical point where the transitions cross. We calculate the dynamically generated band structure of the atoms and the associated suppression of the critical temperature for Bose–Einstein condensation in the phase with a spontaneous periodic density modulation. Moreover, we determine the evolution of the polariton spectrum due to the coupling of the cavity photons and the atomic field near the self-organization transition, which is quite different above or below the Bose–Einstein condensation temperature. At low temperatures, the critical value of the Dicke–Hepp–Lieb transition decreases with temperature and thus thermal fluctuations can enhance the tendency to a periodic arrangement of the atoms.     

Environmental perturbations on foreign atoms and molecules in solid argon,krypton and xenon

Perturbations which are responsible for the shifts of electronic and vibrational spectra of species trapped in a solid are considered in terms of the intermolecular potential which describes interactions between these species and neighbouring atoms. It is shown that in certain instances London's theory can give an adequate approximation to the dispersion energy between an electronically excited species and a rare gas atom. The experimental shifts in the electronic absorption spectra of Hg, NH and C₂ at lattice sites in rare gas crystals at 4·2°k are explained quantitatively on the basis of a Lennard-Jones (6-12) or (6-8-12) potential between the trapped species and the rare gas atoms. The theory does not adequately explain the shifts in those cases where strong angular dependent forces differing appreciably in the two electronic states are present, data on trapped NH₂ free radicals being presented as a case in point. The interaction of sodium atoms with argon at 4·2°k is very complex, the data being consistent with multiple trapping sites for the atoms, a large repulsive interaction between the excited state of sodium and the rare gas, and apparent removal of the three-fold orbital degeneracy in the excited state by the environmental perturbation. The three-fold orbital degeneracy in the ³P₁ state of mercury was found also to be removed. The blue shift of 1281 cm^-1 for the ³P₁ ← ¹S₀ transition of mercury in solid argon at 4·2°k corresponds almost exactly with the position of one of the two prominent features in the spectrum of mercury in argon gas at comparable densities and illustrates the similarity of structure in the two physical states. The interesting perturbations on the vibrational states of NH and C₂ suggest a close similarity to the effect which causes environmental variations of coupling constants for hyperfine interactions in trapped hydrogen atoms.     

用吸收法对铯原子磁光阱中冷原子数目的测量

介绍了吸收法测量冷原子数的原理以及对铯原子气室磁光阱中俘获的冷原子数目的测量过程及结果. 与通常的荧光收集法相比，在原理上与静止二能级原子同共振单模光场作用的模型更加接近，同时大大减小了测量中的误差累积，提高了测量精度. 测得的冷原子数为(8±0.3)×10⁶，同时还利用测得的阱中俘获的稳态冷原子数和磁光阱中冷原子的寿命间接获得了磁光阱的俘获率. 关键词： 激光冷却与俘获 磁光阱 冷原子数目 俘获率     

Liquid-glass transition as the freezing of characteristic acoustic frequencies

Half-quantum interpretation is proposed for the liquid-glass transition as the freezing of characteristic acoustic frequencies (degrees of freedom) that are related to the molecular mobility of delocalized excited kinetic units, namely, linear quantum oscillators. There exists a correlation between the energy quantum of an elementary excitation (atom delocalization energy) and the glass transition temperature, which is proportional to the characteristic Einstein temperature. By analogy with the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of solids, the temperature range of the concentration of excited atoms in an amorphous medium is divided into the following two regions: a high-temperature region with a linear temperature dependence of this concentration and a low-temperature region, where the concentration of excited atoms decreases exponentially to the limiting minimum value (about 3%). At this value, the viscosity increases to a critical value (about 10¹² Pa s), which corresponds to the glass transition temperature, i.e., the temperature of freezing the mobility of excited kinetic units. The temperature dependence of the free activation energy of viscous flow in the glass transition range is specified by the temperature dependence of the relative number of excited atoms.