地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法在土壤重金属污染中的应用及探讨

将近年常用于重金属污染的地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法进行了对比分析,并对西南某铅锌矿矿区表层土壤中重金属(Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu)污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,该区Cd为极严重污染,Pb为中等污染,Zn和Cu为轻微污染。地积累指数评价法和生态危害指数评价法两者各有侧重点,对于重金属污染的系统评价各具合理性;但两种方法都是基于沉积学理论提出,在对土壤重金属污染进行评价时,有其局限性,建议在对其参数修正后综合应用。     

金华市区公园表层土壤铅污染分析及预防措施

对金华市区10个典型公园的表层土壤Pb含量做了调查分析,运用地积累指数法对公园表层土壤Pb污染进行了评价。结果表明,市区公园表层土壤Pb的平均含量为41.37 mg/kg,超半数公园为轻度污染至中等污染,即金华市区的公园表层土壤Pb含量污染并不是很严重。通过对土壤Pb含量的空间分布分析发现,金华市区公园土壤中Pb主要来源于交通和工业污染。     

长沙市公园土壤重金属调查与评价

根据对长沙市公园土壤的重金属含量测定结果,采用内梅罗综合污染指数对其进行了评价,并运用相关分析、聚类分析进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,岳麓山公园、烈士公园土壤重金属含量较低,月亮岛土壤重金属含量较高。通过内梅罗综合污染指数评价,认为岳麓山公园土壤属于安全级别,未发生重金属污染;烈士公园土壤中Cr、Hg、Cd属轻污染,其余重金属无污染;月亮岛中土壤重金属污染相对严重,其中Zn、Cd属重污染。通过相关分析表明,与pH值呈正相关的为Cr、Zn、Pb、As;聚类分析研究表明,在距离为20分为两大类Cr、Zn;Hg、Cd、Cu、As、Pb、pH。     

山西省马铃薯主产区土壤重金属含量状况评价与膳食暴露评估

【目的】探明山西马铃薯种植区域土壤重金属污染状况,并对马铃薯进行重金属摄入健康风险评价。【方法】选取山西省境内马铃薯优势产业基地县(区)作为调查研究对象,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了马铃薯产地土壤及产品中铅、镉、砷、铬、镍、铜、锌等七种重金属元素含量状况,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属进行生态风险评价,采用目标危险系数法对马铃薯进行重金属摄入健康风险评价。【结果】山西省马铃薯主产区土壤中7种重金属单项污染指数均小于1,综合污染指数小于0.5,潜在生态危害为轻微,土壤环境质量总体属于非污染水平,成人和儿童因食用马铃薯而摄入重金属的健康风险指数均小于1。【结论】山西省马铃薯主产区土壤中重金属污染程度较低,而马铃薯中重金属的残留对人体健康存在隐患,建议制定预防性手段,加强对马铃薯及其他蔬菜等土壤中重金属的跟踪与监测,确保农产品产地环境质量,从而确保农产品质量安全。     

冶炼厂烟囱降尘农田土壤重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价

摘要：为了研究冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘对农田土壤重金属污染影响程度,以济源市某一冶炼厂工业烟囱下风向降尘覆盖农田土壤为研究对象,依次对距离该厂烟囱大约为750m-3000m的7个农田研究区（P1-P7）土壤中重金属（Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、）含量进行污染状况分析,采用了单项潜在生态风险指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法对冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：在3 km2研究区域范围内,距离冶炼厂越近土壤重金属含量越高,Pb、Cd为重度污染,超过了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）农用地土壤污染风险管制值的1.2倍,距离冶炼厂烟囱下风向P1区土壤中重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险筛选值,Cd 在浓度值均超过农用土壤污染风险管制值1.8倍,As元素平均浓度值超农用土壤污染风险管制值1.7倍,Pb、Cu和Zn污染较严重,Cd、Hg对综合指数（RI）贡献值较大分别为68.63和22.4。单项潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示Cd存在极严重的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,冶炼厂下风向土壤中综合潜在生态风险指数评价显示,冶炼厂下风向降尘土壤重金属具有较强的生态风险。     

Fuzzy概率法在土壤重金属污染综合评价中的应用

系统采集惠楼山药种植地及其周边对照区的土壤样品53个,分析样品中的Pb,Zn,Cu,Cr,Cd,Ni等重金属元素的含量.在对区域环境内的各单项污染指标进行分级评价的基础上,考虑到各单项污染指标在总评价中的地位,将各单项污染指标的作用综合起来,建立了Fuzzy概率模型,对土壤重金属污染进行了综合评价.结果表明:惠楼山药种...     

环江县大环江下游沿岸重金属污染区农作物污染评价

采样分析了广西环江县大环江河下游沿岸受重金属污染的4块农田土壤及农作物可食用部分重金属含量,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,4块受污染农田土壤重金属污染级别均为轻污染,受污染农田土壤上种植的油麦菜、茼蒿、生菜、小白菜、稻米等农作物可食用部分为重污染,污染水平远远超过国家食品卫生限值标准。建议在未经改良的情况下,不宜在重金属污染的土壤上种植此类农作物。     

吸管法和比重计法测定土壤机械组成的比对研究

土壤机械组成是土壤的基本属性,也是第三次全国土壤普查(“三普”)的重要指标。参照“三普”规定的测定土壤机械组成的吸管法和比重计法的分析规范对来自河南封丘、江西鹰潭和新疆乌鲁木齐等地区的3种土壤试样进行分析,讨论平行测定的精密度和测定过程中的关键点,进而对两种测定方法进行评价。结果表明,吸管法和比重计法的分析过程中存在一些影响分析结果的重点步骤,这些关键细节对提升“三普”土壤机械组成结果准确性和分析效率至关重要。吸管法和比重计法测定获得的土壤质地类型结果基本一致。通过平行试样测定结果允许的绝对相差分析发现吸管法的精密度较比重计法稍差,但两者都能达到土壤普查的要求。通过两种土壤机械组成测定方法的比对研究,为基层实验室顺利开展本项目的测定提供借鉴,为第三次全国土壤普查工作提供技术支撑。     

土壤样品采集和化学元素分析全过程质量控制比较研究

利用SAX模型，对于中国南方3个省共计13个茶园的土壤中的可提取态P元素的测定实验进行了全程质量控制。通过计算实例以及与相关文献计算结果的对比分析，给出了SAX过程的评价标准，并对于ASX模型的评价过程中的一些问题进行了深入探讨。指出SAX模型评价标准在使用过程中要注意与实验设计和任何改进措施的费用效益分析相结合。     

仪器和放化中子活化分析法测定环境土壤标样中的定值元素

一、引言测定环境土壤中的微量元素对于环境质量评价、环境污染发展趋势的预测等均是不可缺少的重要依据。同时,对土壤学、植物学、地球化学及地方病因研究也有一定参考价值。然而,土壤基体成分复杂,元素含量低,种类繁多,这就要求研制土壤标样进行分析质量监控以及用于各实验室不同分析方法的相互比较。中子活化分析法由于灵敏度高、可同时测定多种元素等优点,目前已成为各种标准参考物定值分析中有效的分析方法之一。仪器和放化中子活化分析法相结合可充分发挥中子活化分析的优势,对于基体复杂和元素含量很低的试样,进行简单、快速的放化组分离可提高分析的灵敏度,尤其是对汞、砷、硒、铜、     

宜宾市江安县桐梓地区土壤元素背景值研究及其意义

在研究区表层土壤系统采样调查的基础上,应用统计学方法得出了宜宾市江安县桐梓镇土壤元素地球化学背景值,对研究区与不同区域土壤元素地球化学背景值、基准值作了对比研究。结果显示了研究区土壤元素地球化学的基本特征,为研究区土壤资源利用、环境质量评价和农业经济发展规划等提供了实用的基础地球化学信息。     

模糊综合评判法在台州市地表水评价中的应用

应用模糊综合评判法,以长潭等9个水库为研究对象,对台州地区水质进行厂评价：结果表明,台州地区总体水质较好,除东湖属Ⅳ类水外,其它全为Ⅲ类,适合人们生存及生产需要。根据评价提出了相心的建议     

河口昵博铜镍矿土壤地球化学测量数据处理及找矿

昵博铜镍多金属矿位于滇东南地区,大地构造位置属于特提斯―喜马拉雅构造域和环太平洋构造域的交接部位。该区域土壤次生晕测量结果表明,Cu、Fe、Ti、Co、Ni、Cr、V元素背景含量较高,Au、As、Sb、Hg元素背景含量偏低,Au可能来自深源,其分布与反应基性、超基性岩的元素相似。结合矿区地质背景分析并进一步处理土壤次生晕数据,确定区域地球化学背景、元素富集区域及化学异常带,结合地质背景,共划分出两处化学异常带为成矿有利区域,其找矿前景良好。测量数据可为今后进一步的勘查工作提供可靠依据。     

Heavy metals assessment in the hair of street children by INAA method,Isfahan

The street children phenomenon is an increasing problem in most cities of the world including Isfahan, which is a fast growing town. The number of street children with the growth of the town is increased. It is therefore important to have baseline data on their health problems. Hair element analysis remains an important tool in the nutritional and environmental assessment of them. A measurement of the elemental concentration in recently-grown hair provides an integrated view of the element status in the follicular cells and their blood supply, unaffected by short term fluctuations in the nutrient intake of the subject. This study aimed to assess heavy metals concentrations in the hair of street children in Isfahan using neutron activation analysis method. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, and Zn) of 17 Iranian street children (Isfahan) was examined. Data analysis found that different profiles of the concentrations of Cr, Hg, Mn, and Zn were seen in each sample. These results were discussed with reference to show of environmental effects.     

广东省高州石鼓地区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

富硒土壤是一种稀缺的土壤资源,具有重要的农业经济价值。以每1 km 8~16个点的表层(0~20 cm)、10条剖面的深层(100~220 cm)土壤以及6件岩石样品数据对广东省高州市石鼓地区硒分布特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明,石鼓地区表层土壤以高硒为主,高硒面积达59.06%,适量硒土壤面积占40.94%,没有硒缺乏和硒过剩区域。深层土壤在硒含量适量区随深度变化不大,而在高硒区域硒富集于浅表层约60 cm处。表层土壤高硒含量位于北西侧及中部第四系冲积平原区,其次为北东部、中部新近系盆地相含油含煤地层,在南部白垩系河湖相砂泥岩硒含量基本呈自然状态―弱富集特征。土壤硒含量与土壤p H之间的关系不大,而与成土母质和有机质含量有关,富有机质的细粒土壤更有利于硒的富集。     

Determination of Occurrence Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil and Water Environments in Tianshan Mountains,Central Asia

China has one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, but this economic development has important implications for environmental changes in this country. Our research was to quantify the presence of heavy metals in soil and water environments in the Tianshan Mountains region of China, associated with the economic development of this region. We used anomaly analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis to assess the occurrence characteristics of heavy metals in this area. Results showed that Co, Cr, As, and Ni are more prevalent in water environments than in soil environments; in contrast, Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, and Mn are more prevalent in soil samples than in water samples. This analysis grouped 10 heavy metals in soil and water environments into three principal components. In soil environments, the prevalence order was Co, Ni, Cr, As > Mn, Zn, Pb > Hg, Cd, Cu. In water environments, the order was Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, As > Hg, Mn, Zn > Cd, Pb. It is possible to distinguish between the natural and the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in the Tianshan Mountains. With the current rapid economic development in the Tianshan Mountains, anthropogenic sources are playing principal roles in serious heavy metal accumulations in this region. This problem warrants immediate and widespread attention to prevent further deterioration of the soil and water environments.     

A Review: Studies on Uranium Removal Using Different Techniques. Overview

The presence of uranium in soil and underground water generate an important issue against public perception on the risk, which the contamination poses to the environmental and human health. Uranium is the dangerous element found in nature, it found in all rocks with different ratios. As nuclear science developed, nuclear waste containing uranium increased. Contamination reached to soil, underground water and in some cases drinking water which has increased public health concerns due to the chemical toxicity of depleted uranium at elevated dosages. For this reason this review concerned to develop methods for uranium removal from low-grade and contaminated sources. There are several stationary phases and solvents used in uranyl separation process as amines in different type (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine), phosphates, acetates, alcohols, phenols and amidoxime resins. The article addresses the main features of the following techniques for uranium: found on soil, chemical processes for separation from contaminated soils and liquor by various suitable solvent, removal by chelating resins, impregnated, and imprinted ones.     

The application of INAA in a study of environment geochemistry on the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau,China

INAA as a routine analysis method has been used in a study of environment geochemistry on the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau in China, and 34 elements in soil samples were determined by INAA with both short and long irradiations. This paper presents some primary results from the study, including mean element concentrations in Tibetan soil, paterns of element distribution in soils developed from main types of parent materials on the plateau. The results confirm the expectation that soil formed in such cold and dry environment on the plateau retained the main geochemical characteristics of the parent materials. However, the results still imply the possible migration of some elements in different bio-climatic environments during the soil formation. The elements in the top soils, mainly the alkalis and alkaline earths, and also As, Br, etc., were enriched or depleted in varying degrees in proportion to their abundance in the parent materials.     

Model for the study of the impact of atmospheric heavy metals on soil microbial biomass

In the Castelporziano (Rome) protected area the inputs of atmospheric heavy metals on the soil-plant system were evaluated by the analysis of stem-flowing water from Quercus ilex L. The heavy metals detected in the soil under the canopies exhibited higher concentrations near to the tree trunks, highlighting the tree's capacity to concentrate such polluting substances. Microbial biomass, its specific respiration and the biomass calculated as a percentage of total soil organic matter, were utilised as indicators of the state of the soil and consequently also its quality with respect to heavy metal contamination.     

A comparison of sequential extraction procedures for fractionation of arsenic,cadmium, lead,and zinc in soil

Twelve soil samples differing in physicochemical properties and total element contents were extracted by three sequential extraction procedures to determine As, Cd, Pb, and Zn bound to individual soil fractions and are defined by individual operational procedures. In the case of arsenic, two additional sequential extraction schemes were designed entirely for fractionation of soil containing arsenic were tested. The results confirmed that determination of element proportions bound to individual soil fractions is strongly dependent on the extracting agent and/or procedure applied within individual extracting schemes. As expected, absolute values of the elements released among the individual extracting procedures are weakly comparable. More reliable results were determined for the more mobile soil elements i.e. cadmium and zinc, in the fractions characterizing the most mobile proportions of investigated elements where significant correlations with basic soil characteristics were observed. In contrast, ambiguous results were observed for As and Pb, for both the individual extraction procedures and the effect of the soil characteristics. Regardless of the studied element, the poorest results were determined for reducible and oxidizable soil fractions. The application of at least two independent procedures or modification of the extraction scheme according to element investigated and/or particular soil characteristics can also be helpful in definition of element pattern in soils in further research.