金属硫化物在可充电电池中的研究进展

低成本、长寿命、高安全性、高性能且易于大规模生产的锂/钠离子电池已被证实为重要的二次储能设备。 电极材料对锂/钠电池性能与循环寿命影响极大,金属硫化物由于具有高比容量和低电势而极具潜力成为锂/钠离子电池负极材料。 在电化学循环过程中,由于金属硫化物容易产生穿梭效应和体积变化,从而电极材料结构被破坏,进一步导致电池容量衰退、稳定性降低。 本文总结了多种金属硫化物的微观结构调控策略,从三维空间构建到与其它材料的复合,增强了电极的导电性和减缓体积变化带来的负面影响,进而获得性能优异的金属硫化物负极材料。 通过对金属硫化物的结构与性能的讨论,对其研究前景进行了积极的展望。     

有机硫化物在可充电电池中的研究进展

近年来,有机硫化物因具有结构灵活、种类繁多、资源丰富和环境友好的特点而在储能领域得到广泛应用,并展示出较大的发展前景.有机硫化物在充放电过程中会发生硫-硫(S—S)键的可逆断裂和形成,分子中S—S键的数目决定了电子转移的多少,而有机基团可以影响电池的电化学行为.本文综合评述了有机硫化物在可充电电池中的研究进展,主要包括有机硫小分子和聚合物正极材料在可充电锂电池中的应用,有机硫电解液添加剂对锂-硫(Li-S)和锂-硒(Li-Se)电池性能的影响及有机硫材料在其它可充电电池中的应用等4个方面.这些结构可调的有机硫化物展示出优异的循环稳定性,改变了传统Li-S和Li-Se电池的氧化-还原路径,参与正负极固体电解质界面的形成,能抑制多硫化物的穿梭效应,阻止锂枝晶的生长.最后,讨论了有机硫化物在可充电电池领域未来研究发展中面临的挑战.     

黄铜矿及其复合材料在电化学储能领域的研究进展

黄铜矿(CuFeS₂)是一种具有特殊金色光泽的天然矿物,具有四方结构,其中Fe、Cu离子与晶格中的硫形成四面体配位,相较于其他硫化物和其相对应的氧化物,CuFeS₂具有较高的电导率和优异的电化学性能,且拥有成本低廉、存在天然矿物且自然储量丰富、无毒等优势,使其具有应用于电化学储能体系电极材料的潜能。本文详细介绍了CuFeS₂的物理化学性质、几种简单的不同形貌的合成方法以及其作为电化学储能电极材料方面的研究,并对CuFeS₂材料未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

石墨炔在电化学储能器件中的应用

当今社会,电化学储能器件在人类的社会活动中变得越来越重要。电极材料作为电化学储能器件的核心部分,一直是人们研究的焦点。石墨炔是一种新型的二维平面结构的全碳材料,它宽的层间距、大的比表面积、独特的三维孔隙结构和好的导电性使其在能源存储器件电极材料应用中具有巨大的潜力。基于石墨炔温和的制备方法与独特的结构特征,本文详细介绍了近年来石墨炔在储能方面的理论分析和实验进展。通过研究锂/钠在单层、多层石墨炔上的迁移率和存储,理论分析石墨炔基电池具有很好的储锂储钠性能。实验方面,石墨炔作为电极材料在储钠储锂方面的容量与理论值相近。此外石墨炔作为电极材料成功应用于超级电容器和金属-硫电池,并表现出了优异的容量存储性能。石墨炔纳米形貌的调控、石墨炔的热处理,以及异原子的掺杂等均可以有效地提高石墨炔在这些储能器件中的性能。     

化学结合力载体在锂硫电池中的应用

在环境问题日益严峻,化石能源日益枯竭的今天,开发具有高比能的二次电池系统显得尤为重要。锂硫电池以其高理论能量密度和低环境影响的优势成为最有潜力的下一代电化学储能系统之一。然而受制于硫的绝缘性质以及由多硫化锂的溶解所引起的穿梭效应,锂硫电池的实用化进程还面临着诸多困难。为弥补常用的碳质载体对稳定硫电极的物理限制作用的不足,近年来对多硫化物具有强烈化学结合作用的载体材料的应用,显著提升了复合硫电极的综合性能,为锂硫电池正极材料的设计提供了新的思路。本文综述了各种具有化学吸附特性的载体材料在复合硫电极中的应用进展,具体包括:基于极性-极性作用固定多硫化物的金属氧化物、改性的碳质材料、能够与硫发生硫化作用的有机聚合物以及对多硫化物具有路易斯酸碱作用的金属有机骨架,重点阐述了这类载体材料与多硫化物的作用机理,并展望锂硫电池的发展方向。     

非水体系锂/钠离子电容器研究进展

将超级电容器和锂/钠离子电池进行"内部交叉",即在双电层电容器中加入锂/钠离子电池材料,或在锂/钠离子电池中添加以双电层储能的活性炭电极材料,将两者的优点有机结合于一体,构筑锂/钠离子混合电容器,已引起了广泛的研究和开发.本文对锂/钠离子电容器的工作原理、发展状况、瓶颈问题和改进方法进行了简要介绍,结合近几年的文献报道,按照电极材料的类别,重点对比评述了同一类电极材料的储锂/钠性能及对应的锂/钠离子电容器的主要研究结果.钠离子的半径较大,导致同一电极材料在有机钠盐电解液中的初始比容量和倍率性能低于其在有机锂盐电解液中的性能.通过开发具有大层间距、分级多孔、表面掺杂、3D结构或多组分复合结构来提高电容型多孔炭材料的比容量,以及构筑特殊形貌(纳米片/棒、同轴纳米电缆、核壳、海胆、中空等)、金属掺杂、二元或三元复合结构来提高储锂/钠电极材料的动力学特性,可弥补正负电极储能容量和动力学的差异,从而实现高的能量密度、功率密度和长循环稳定性.最后,本文还对锂/钠离子电容器的发展进行了总结和展望.     

钾离子电池负极的高性能潜在材料:锑

近年来随着对储能器件的需求增加,钾离子电池受到越来越多的关注。钾的物理化学性质与锂相似,且在地壳中的储量丰富,在储能领域中具有广阔的发展前景。但由于电极材料实际容量远小于理论容量等问题的存在导致应用在钾离子电池的性能仍有不足。金属锑(Sb)具有较高的理论容量被广泛应用在电极材料上,然而在充放电过程体积变化过大导致稳定性较差,需要通过形貌控制、合金化、与碳材料复合等形式来提高结构稳定性。本文主要介绍了Sb材料在钾离子电池负极材料的研究进展,并展望了Sb电极材料的应用前景。     

静电纺丝纳米纤维基超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

静电纺丝纳米纤维具有比表面积大、孔隙率高及密度低等优势,是电化学储能材料的理想候选者之一.本文综述了近年来静电纺丝碳纳米纤维、金属氧化物/硫化物/氮化物、导电聚合物及其复合材料在超级电容器领域的研究及应用进展,探讨了材料组成、结构与电化学电容性能之间的关系,并对静电纺丝纳米纤维基电极材料的发展前景进行了展望.这将为新型高性能超级电容器电极材料的结构设计与可控制备提供新思路.     

磷基复合负极在二次电池中的研究进展

电池作为电能与化学能的高效转化装置,在能源存储及应用方面具有重要作用。锂/钠离子等二次电池作为绿色高能电池,是便携式电子设备、电动汽车及新能源储能的理想电源。研究新型电极材料是研制新一代高性能电池的基础。磷资源丰富,理论比容量高,可用于电池负极材料。目前对磷材料的认知还存在很多不足,阻碍了磷材料的发展和应用,尤其是在储能方面。本文综述了磷各种同素异形体的性质,介绍了近几年磷作为电极材料在储能领域的研究进展,包括复合材料的制备、材料结构对电化学性能的影响等,重点介绍了载体材料结构对磷电化学性能的调控作用,并展望了储能磷材料的未来发展方向。     

有机电极材料固定化策略

有机电极材料因其理论比容量高、低成本、环境友好以及分子结构可设计性强等特点,有望成为下一代可持续和多功能能量储存设备的有效电极材料。然而,根据“相似相溶”原理,该类材料极易溶解在有机电解液中,导致电池容量衰减快、循环稳定性和倍率性能也较差。目前已有许多研究致力于通过“固定化”过程解决有机电极材料的溶解问题。本综述针对有机电极材料的固定化策略展开评述,介绍了有机电极材料的固定化机理,以及各种固定化策略在不同种类有机电极材料中所起的作用,指出了有机电极材料面临的挑战,并对未来的研究和改进方向进行展望。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.