Relationship between the molybdenum phases and the conversion of n-butane over Mo/HZSM-5

The conversion of n-C₄H₁₀ was undertaken on MoO₃/HZSM-5 catalyst at 773–973 K and the phases of molybdenum species were detected by XRD. The XRD results show that bulk MoO₃ on HZSM-5 can be readily reduced by n-C₄H₁₀ to MoO₂ at 773 K and MoO₂ can be gradually carburized to molybdenum carbide above 813 K. The molybdenum carbide formed from the carburization of MoO₂ with n-C₄H₁₀ below 893 K is -MoC_1−x with fcc-structure, while hcp-molybdenum carbide formed above 933 K. During the evolution of MoO₃ to MoO₂ (>773 K) or the carburization of MoO₂ to molybdenum carbide (>813 K), deep oxidation, cracking and coke deposition are serious, in particular at higher reaction temperatures, these lead to the poor selectivity to aromatics. Aromatization of n-C₄H₁₀ can proceed catalytically on both Mo₂C/HZSM-5 and MoO₂/HZSM-5, the distribution of the products for the two catalysts is similar below 813 K, but the activity for Mo₂C/HZSM-5 is much higher than that for MoO₂/HZSM-5.     

Investigation of various polymeric materials for set-point temperature calibration in pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS)

The precision and long-term stability of pyrolysis probe set-point temperature calibration of a commercially available coiled-filament pyrolyzer were assessed for a variety of polymers, including Kraton^® D1107, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). While plots of peak area ratios for Kraton^® and HDPE versus pyrolysis set-point temperatures produced statistically significant linear curves at the 95% confidence level, poor precision was observed at each of the set-point temperatures. Plots of peak area ratios for LDPE, in particular for n-C₁₆ alkyldiene/n-C₁₆ alkene peak area ratios, also exhibited good linearity but showed significant improvements in precision at each set-point temperature. In addition, replicate analysis over a 10-month period of peak area ratios for polymers pyrolyzed at a set-point temperature of 900 °C confirmed the improved method precision obtained from pyrolysis of LDPE and analysis of the n-C₁₆ alkyldiene/n-C₁₆ alkene ratio when compared to the precision obtained from pyrolysis of Kraton^® D1107 or high-density polyethylene.     

The synthesis and liquid crystalline behaviour of alkoxy-substituted derivatives of 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene

Despite the prevalence of organised 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene derivatives in molecular electronics, the interest in the photophysics of these systems and the common occurrence of phenylethynyl moeties in molecules that exhibit liquid crystalline phases, the phase behaviour of simple alkoxy-substituted 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene derivatives has not yet been described. Two series of 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene derivatives, i.e. 1-[(4'-alkoxy)phenylethynyl]-4-(phenylethynyl)benzenes (5a-5f) and methyl 4-[(4'-alkoxy)phenylethynyl-4'-(phenylethynyl)] benzoates (18a-18f) [alkoxy = n-C₄H₉ (a), n-C₆H₁₃ (b), n-C₉H₁₉ (c), n-C₁₂H₂₅ (d), n-C₁₄H₂₉ (e), n-C₁₆H₃₃ (f)] have been prepared and characterised. Both series have good chemical stability at temperatures up to 210°C, the derivatives featuring the methyl ester head-group (18a-18f) offering rather higher melting points and generally stabilising a more diverse range of mesophases at higher temperatures than those found for the simpler compounds (5a-5f). Smectic phases are stabilised by the longer alkoxy substituents, whereas for short and intermediate chain lengths of the simpler system (5a-5c) nematic phases dominate. Diffraction analysis was used to identify the SmB_hex phase in (5d-5f) that is stable within a temperature range of approximately 120-140°C. The relationships between the organisation of molecules within these moderate temperature liquid crystalline phases and other self-organised states (e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett films) remain to be explored.     

Etude du comportement thermique des n-alcanes dans des milieux hydrocarbones complexes par analyse calorimetrique differentielle. I. Etude du comportement thermique des n-alcanes en programmation lineaire de temperature

Middle distillates contain various amounts of n-alkanes which are responsible for low temperature properties. The thermal behavior of 14 alkanes ranging from n-C₁₂H₂₆ to C₂₅H₅₂ has been studied by means of a Mettler TA 2000 B heat flow DSC. Different hydrocarbon matrices such as gas oil (diesel) where n-alkanes have previously been removed, kerosene and gas oil containing a known distribution of n-alkanes have been used. A comparative study of the values of the enthalpy of dissolution obtained for each n-alkane in a gas oil with or without a distribution of n-alkanes has been carried out.     

Tertiary amine-mediated synthesis of microporous carbon membranes

Microporous carbon membranes were prepared on an -alumina support by a pyrolysis of cationic tertiary amine/anionic polymer composites. The precursor solutions contain a thermosetting resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) polymer and a cationic tertiary amine. Three types of cationic tertiary amines with different chain lengths were used, such as tetramethlammonium bromide (TMAB), tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). A porous structure was produced by a decomposition of the amine and the resulting pores assisted the further gasification of the RF polymer at high temperature. The carbon/alumina membranes have thin and continuous carbon top layers with a thickness of 1 μm. Gas permeation tests were performed using single gases of CO₂, O₂, N₂, CF₄, n-C₄H₁₀ and i-C₄H₁₀, as well as binary mixtures of CH₄/n-C₄H₁₀ and N₂/CF₄ at different temperatures between 23 and 150 °C. The carbon membrane prepared using TMAB showed separation factors higher than 650 for the CH₄/n-C₄H₁₀ mixtures and higher than 8100 for the N₂/CF₄ mixture. From the permeation of pure gases with different molecular sizes, the pore sizes of the carbon membrane prepared using TMAB, TPAB and CTAB are estimated to be 4.0, 5.0 and larger than 5.5 Å, respectively, indicating that the micropore size of the carbon membranes is controllable by using different amines.     

Desorption kinetic detection of different adsorption sites on opened carbon single walled nanotubes: The adsorption of n-nonane and CCl4

We show that thermal desorption kinetics clearly resolve adsorbates bound in different sites on single walled carbon nanotube bundles. The molecules n-C₉H₂₀ and CCl₄ were compared and it was found that the nanotube internal sites exhibited the highest desorption temperature, whereas external groove sites exhibited the next highest desorption temperature for both molecules. When n-C₉H₂₀ and CCl₄ coadsorb, the more strongly bound n-C₉H₂₀ quantitatively displaces CCl₄ from internal sites to groove sites. Molecular shape governs the capacity of the different sites for the two molecules.     

Structure and stability of closo-BnHn−2(CO)2 (n = 5–12)

Closo-B_nH_n−2(CO)₂ (n = 5–12), isolobal analogues of closo-C₂B_n−2H_n, have been investigated at the B3LYP/6-311+G^**density functional level of theory. The most stable isomers of closo-B_nH_n−2(CO)₂ are similar to those of closo-C₂B_n−2H_n in geometric patterns apart from closo-B₆H₄(CO)₂, and closo-B_nH_n−2(CO)₂ is much less strained than closo-C₂B_n−2H_n. Energetic analysis identifies closo-B₆H₄(CO)₂, closo-B₁₂H₁₀(CO)₂ and closo-B₁₀H₈(CO)₂ to be most stable, of which the latter two cages have been prepared experimentally. On the basis of the negative and rather large nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS), closo-B_nH_n−2(CO)₂ are aromatic. To aid further experimental study, the CO stretching frequencies have been computed.     

直线型l-CnH(n=5,6)自由基与氧气反应机理的理论研究

为了探索更长的碳链自由基l-C_nH与O₂反应的机理, 在CCSD(T)/CC-PVTZ+ZPVE//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)的计算水平下, 讨论了当n=5,6时, l-C_nH+O₂的各个异构化反应通道. 当n=5时, 主要反应通道为碳迁移过程, 生成主要产物为P2(CO₂+C₄H); 当n=6时, 碳-氧交换[产物为P1(CO+HC₅O)]和氧迁移过程[产物为P3(³O+HC₆O)]均为主要通道, 并具有很高的竞争性. 将所得结构与l-C_nH(n≤4)+O₂的反应机理进行了对比.     

Exchange reactions of distibines

Distibines of the type R₂SbSbR′₂ with R = CH₃, R′ = C₂H₅ (1), R = CH₃, R′= n-C₃H₇ (2), R = CH₃, R′= C₆H₅ (3), R = C₂H₅, R′= C₆H₅ (4), R = n-C₃H₇, R′ = C₆H₅ (5), and R = CH₃, R′ = 2,4,6-(CH₃)₂C₆H₂ (6) are formed in equilibria by exchange reactions of the respective distibines of the type R₄Sb₂ and R′₄Sb₂.     

Lubrication of the mixed system of Triton X-100/n-C10H21OH/H2O lamellar liquid crystal and ZnS nanoparticles

ZnS nanoparticles could be synthesized, when two kinds of Triton X-100/n-C₁₀H₂₁OH/H₂O lamellar liquid crystal were mixed, in which Zn(CH₃COO)₂ and Na₂S were dissolved in the solvent layer, respectively. The size of ZnS nanoparticles was about 10 nm and limited by the thickness of the solvent layer of the lamellar liquid crystal. The lubrication properties of the mixed system of Triton X-100/n-C₁₀H₂₁OH/H₂O lamellar liquid crystal and ZnS nanoparticles were determined. The results showed that the presence of ZnS nanoparticles could improve the anti-wear ability of the Triton X-100/n-C₁₀H₂₁OH/H₂O lamellar liquid crystal and decrease its friction coefficient.     

Kinetics study of the gas-phase reactions of C2F5OC(O)H and n-C3F7OC(O)H with OH radicals at 253–328 K

The rate constants, k₁ and k₂ for the reactions of C₂F₅OC(O)H and n-C₃F₇OC(O)H with OH radicals were measured using an FT-IR technique at 253–328 K. k₁ and k₂ were determined as (9.24 ± 1.33) × 10⁻¹³ exp[−(1230 ± 40)/T] and (1.41 ± 0.26) × 10⁻¹² exp[−(1260 ± 50)/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. The random errors reported are ±2 σ, and potential systematic errors of 10% could add to the k₁ and k₂. The atmospheric lifetimes of C₂F₅OC(O)H and n-C₃F₇OC(O)H with respect to reaction with OH radicals were estimated at 3.6 and 2.6 years, respectively.     

Velocity map imaging of the photolysis of n-C4H9Br in UV region

Using velocity map ion imaging technique, the photodissociation of n-C₄H₉Br in the wavelength range 231–267 nm was studied. The results and our ab initio calculations indicated that the absorption of n-C₄H₉Br in the investigated region originated from the excitations to the lowest three repulsive states, as assigned as 1A″, 2A′ and 3A′ in C_s symmetry. Dissociations occurred on the PES surfaces of the three states, terminating in C₄H₉+Br (²P_3/2) or C₄H₉ + Br^* (²P_1/2) as two channels, and being impacted by an avoided crossing between the PES surfaces of the 2A′ and 3A′ states. The transition dipole to the 1A″ state was perpendicular to the symmetry plane, so perpendicular to the C–Br bond. The transitions to the 3A′ state was polarized parallel to the symmetry plane, and also parallel to the C–Br bond. While the transition dipole to the 2A′ state was in the symmetry plane, but formed an angle of about 53.1° with the C–Br bond. We have also determined the avoided crossing probabilities, which affected the relative fractions of the individual pathways, for the photolysis of n-C₄H₉Br near 234 nm and 267 nm.     

高效液相色谱-气相色谱在线联用同时测定土壤中饱和烃和芳香烃

为加强对土壤中石油烃类污染物的风险管控,生态环境部已将石油烃类列为土壤中的重点监测项目.石油烃源于石油与合成油,是涵盖一定碳数范围的碳氢化合物,主要分为饱和烃和芳香烃两大类.芳香烃通常是高度烷基化的单环、双环与多环芳烃,其对人和动物的毒性较饱和烃大很多,因此,仅仅测定土壤中总石油烃含量难以准确评估其环境毒性.目前环境领...     

Self-assembled monolayers for liquid crystal alignment: simple preparation on glass using alkyltrialkoxysilanes

A simple procedure for the preparation of octadecylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on float glass substrates is described. The method utilizes commercial octadecyltriethoxysilane, OTE: n-C₁₈H₃₇Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, as the SAM precursor, with deposition accomplished in toluene solution using n-butylamine as catalyst. This synthetic approach obviates the use of the problematic trichlorosilanes typically required for the preparation of high quality SAMs, and is characterized by a wide 'process window,' utilizing off-the-shelf reagents without special handling.     

Ce促进Ni/SAPO-11催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化

通过浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂, 并进一步通过分步浸渍法制备了Ni-Ce /SAPO-11双金属催化剂, 对其晶相结构和表面酸性进行了表征. 实验结果表明, Ce的引入导致比表面积和孔容增大, 总酸量升高而酸强度降低, 金属Ni在载体SAPO-11表面的分散度提高. 通过对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应研究发现, 引入Ce可以显著提高异庚烷的选择性. 在n(H₂)/n(n-C₇H₁₆)=12, MHSV=3.52 h^-1, 催化剂量0.3 g, 反应温度300 ℃条件下, Ni-2%Ce/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率可达25.4%, 异庚烷的选择性可达90.4%.     

VO1-4+阳离子与n-CmH2m+2 (m = 3, 5, 7)烷烃的反应性研究：氧含量和碳链长度的影响

Vanadium oxides are one of the most important heterogeneous catalysts that are widely used to oxidize hydrocarbon molecules into value-added chemicals. In order to reveal the mechanisms and the nature of active sites, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been reported on the reactivities of gas-phase vanadium oxide clusters toward small molecules. However, there has been very limited research on the chemical reactivity changes associated with the oxygen contents of vanadium oxides and the carbon chain lengths of alkanes. In this work, the reactions of vanadium oxide ions VO₁₋₄⁺ with alkanes (n-C_mH_2m+2, m = 3, 5, 7) were systematically investigated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the reactions of VO₁₋₃⁺ with pentane were further studied by density functional theory calculations. Experimental results show that in the reactions of VO⁺, VO₃⁺, and VO₄⁺ with n-C₅H₁₂, in addition to the major adsorption processes, the activation of the C―H and C―C bonds of n-C₅H₁₂ was observed. The activation of both the bonds was observed experimentally during the reaction of VO₂⁺ with n-C₅H₁₂ with large branching ratios. Among the vanadium oxide cations studied, VO₂⁺ shows the strongest oxidizability and the generation of lighter alkanes and alkenes dominates the reactions; VO⁺ is more reactive than VO₃⁺. VO₄⁺ pocesses only one η²-O₂ unit. Due to the weak bond between VO₂⁺ and η²-O₂, the η²-O₂ unit is released in VO₄⁺/n-C₅H₁₂ system leading to the formation of VO₂⁺; thus VO₄⁺ cations reflect some reactivity of VO₂⁺. Although the oxidation states in the vanadium oxide clusters increase from +Ⅲ in VO⁺ to +Ⅴ in VO₂⁺ and +Ⅳ in VO₃⁺, the reactivity does not gradually increase. Moreover, the reactivity of the mononuclear vanadium oxide cations also does not exhibit a gradually increasing trend with the increase in oxygen content. Based on the observed reactivity trend, the adsorption channels gradually become weak as the carbon chain lengths increase; meanwhile, the dehydrogenation and C―C bond activation channels gradually become obvious and some oxygen transfer products appear. Therefore, much lighter fragments of alkanes/alkenes will be obtained if linear alkanes with more carbon atoms were reacted with VO₁₋₄⁺. The theoretical results are generally consistent with those obtained from the experiments. The various reaction channels and versatile reactivity of the mononuclear vanadium oxide cations investigated in this study not only offer new insights into gas-phase reactions but also shed light on the processes occurring on the surfaces of the corresponding condensed-phase catalysts.     

A new strategy for supercritical fluid extraction of copper ions

Complexation combined with supercritical fluid extraction was used to extract Cu²⁺. The effects of pressure, temperature, and total volume of CO₂ on the efficiency of extraction were systematically investigated. The extraction recovery was low (57.32%) only by pure supercritical CO₂. Addition of a suitable amount of methanol (v/v=5%) to supercritical CO₂ could enhance the extraction of Cu²⁺ (72.69%, relative standard deviation (R.S.D.)=2.12%, n=3), and the recovery increased largely (90.52%, R.S.D.=2.20%, n=3) in the presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Reverse micelle formation is presented as a new strategy of improving the extraction of metal ions with supercritical CO₂ in this paper.     

Isobutene homo- and isobutene-isoprene copolymerization initiated by protic initiators associated with a series of novel, weakly coordinating counteranions

The highly electrophilic borane B(C₆F₅)₃ reacts with a variety of carboxylic acids RCO₂H to form 1:1 and 1:2 adducts [RCO₂H][B(C₆F₅)₃] and [RCO₂H][B(C₆F₅)₃]₂. These adducts exhibit enhanced acidities, and the 1:2 adduct of n-decanoic (stearic) acid in particular is an excellent initiator for the carbocationic polymerization of isobutene and copolymerization of isobutene with isoprene in methylene chloride and methyl chloride. High conversions to high molecular weight polyisobutene and isobutene-isoprene copolymers are obtained at unusually high temperatures, consistent with the anion [n-C₁₇H₃₅CO₂ BC₆F₅)_{3 2}]⁻ being very weakly coordinating. Interestingly, the system also exhibits a surprising, as yet not understood, dependence of polymer molecular weights on the nature of R in methyl chloride.     

高碳烃宽温度范围燃烧机理构建及动力学模拟

发动机中燃料点火特性以及燃烧能量的释放对于发动机设计具有非常重要的作用,为了提高燃料的燃烧效率以及减少燃料在燃烧过程中污染物的排放,基于反应动力学机理对燃料燃烧过程的模拟就显得十分必要。因此需要更加深入的认识碳氢燃料的燃烧机理,探索其在燃烧过程中十分复杂的化学反应网络。为了发展能够适用于实际燃料多工况条件(宽温度范围、宽压力范围和不同当量比)燃烧的燃烧机理,基于碳氢燃料机理自动生成程序ReaxGen构建了正癸烷燃烧详细机理(包含1499个物种,5713步反应)和正十一烷燃烧详细机理(包含1843个物种,6993步反应)。详细机理主要由小分子核心机理和高碳烃类(C5以上)机理两部分组成。为了验证机理的合理性与可靠性,本文对于高碳烃燃烧新机理在点火延时时间以及物种浓度曲线进行了动力学分析,并与实验数据及国内外同类机理进行了对比,结果表明本文提出的正癸烷和正十一烷燃烧新机理在比较宽泛的温度、压力和当量比条件下都具有较高的模拟精度,为发展精确航空煤油燃烧模型提供了基础数据。同时考虑到详细机理的复杂性以及机理分析的计算量大和时耗长,本文基于误差传播的直接关系图形(Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation,DRGEP)方法简化得到的包含709组分2793反应的正癸烷和包含820组分3115反应的正十一烷简化机理,使用DRGEP方法时所采用的数据点选自压力范围从1.0×10~5 Pa到1.0×10~6Pa,当量比范围从0.5到2.0,初始温度范围从600到1400时恒压点火的模拟结果在点火延迟时间附近区域的抽样,同时在正癸烷机理简化中选取正癸烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,正十一烷的机理简化中主要选取正十一烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,得到的简化机理在比较宽泛的条件下的预测结果与详细机理吻合很好。最后结合敏感度分析方法分析了正癸烷和正十一烷的点火延迟敏感性,考察了机理中影响点火的关键反应。结果表明:这些机理能够合理描述正癸烷和正十一烷的自点火特性,在工程计算流体力学仿真设计中有很好的应用前景。     

钨酸铋量子点和纳米片修饰石墨相氮化碳复合催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性增强

利用超声-水热法、使用油酸钠辅助合成钨酸铋(Bi₂WO₆)量子点/纳米片修饰的石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)(Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄)复合光催化剂。 通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、N₂吸附-脱附等技术手段获得Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄催化剂的组成、结构和光吸收性能,分析合成机理。 以罗丹明B(RhB)水溶液为模拟污染物,考察Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄复合催化剂的可见光催化活性。 结果表明:g-C₃N₄和Bi₂WO₆的质量比为3:7的Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄-30具有最有效的异质界面,电化学阻抗和光电流测试结果显示该催化剂的光生载流子传输速率快、复合率低,可见光照射120 min对RhB的降解率达到95.8%;通过活性物质捕捉实验获知光生空穴是光催化反应中的主要活性物质,分析异质界面对光催化活性的影响,进而提出光催化反应机理。