用薄层法分析层状地基中各种基础的阻抗函数

薄层法是分析和模拟弹性波在层状介质中传播的一种半解析半数值方法.采用薄层单元和傍轴边界分别模拟层状地基和弹性半空间.利用薄层法位移基本解和容积法推导了层状地基中基础-地基动力相互作用方程及块式基础、桩基础和承台群桩基础阻抗函数的统一计算公式.通过计算半无限弹性地基中桩基础、块式基础和二层地基上基础的阻抗函数验证了方法的适用性.进而计算了某实际层状地基中承台群桩基础的阻抗函数,并与试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好.本文方法可用于分析弹性层状地基中各种基础的阻抗函数.     

APPROXIMATE THEORY AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR DYNAMIC CALCULATION OF VISCOELASTIC LAYERED PERIODIC PLATE

由于周期性隔振结构动力计算中较少考虑轨道交通载荷及材料黏弹性,因此,本文以黏弹性层状周期板为研究对象,提出了垂向移动简谐载荷下,可以考虑材料黏弹性及板内横向剪切变形的黏弹性层状周期板动力计算近似理论并给出解析解答.设板中性面的横向剪切变形为横截面的整体剪切变形,利用Reissner-Mindlin假设及提出的剪切变形补充计算条件,得到了中性面法线转角与中性面剪应力的关系.基于平衡方程和应力连续条件,建立了黏弹性层状周期板振动控制方程,推导了对边简支对边自由条件下,板垂向位移的简化Fourier级数形式解.与经典层合板模型和有限元计算结果进行了比较,验证了本文解答的有效性.结果表明：（1）黏弹性层状周期板可以显著降低单一材料板在自振频率处的振动响应,但会引起局部低频频段的振动放大;（2）板的垂向位移随着载荷速度的增大而增大,当载荷速度超过300 km/h后,其对板振动响应的影响减弱;（3）黏弹性层剪切模量存在最佳设计值,可使结构的隔振性能最佳;（4）黏弹性层的阻尼特性在低频范围内对结构振动影响较小;（5）可在满足工程实际的情况下适当增加板长,以提高结构的隔振性能.     

周期性两相层状带隙材料优化模型

研究并建立了一种在给定频段具有带隙性质的周期性两相层状材料的优化设计模型。首先基于层状材料波传播问题的解析解,得到了波数余弦函数与层状材料微结构参数间的解析表达式。进而分析了波数余弦函数与衰减系数的关系,提出了以波数余弦函数的平方在给定频段的积分为弹性波带隙特性的描述指标,以最大化该指标实现在给定频段使弹性波衰减系数最大化的思想,建立了设计在给定频段具有最优带隙性质的周期性两相层状材料优化提法和求解方法。最后,以几个典型的设计算例为对象,得到了给定微结构尺度约束下在特定频段具有最优带隙性质的材料微结构参数,讨论了材料微结构尺寸对最优材料结构参数的影响,以及最优结构参数对材料带隙性质的鲁棒性,验证了本文优化模型的有效性。     

梯度材料层状结构中的Love波

研究了功能梯度材料层状结构中Love波的传播特性．对覆盖层中的剪切弹性模量沿厚度方向为指数函数和幂函数变化的两种函数形式,利用WKB方法分别求得了波传播问题的近似解析解,通过计算分析,得到了Love波在功能梯度材料层中传播的一些规律．     

海洋地震工程流固耦合问题统一计算框架

海底地震动的模拟以及海洋工程结构的地震反应分析中,涉及到海水、饱和海床、弹性基岩、结构之间的相互耦合.传统的方法分别采用声波方程描述理想流体、Biot方程描述饱和海床、弹性波方程描述基岩和结构,分别考虑相互之间的耦合,十分不便.本文基于理想流体、固体分别为饱和多孔介质的特殊情形(孔隙率分别为1和0),由饱和多孔介质的Biot方程可退化得到理想流体的声波方程和固体的弹性波方程.然后,以饱和多孔介质方程为基础,经集中质量有限元离散,考虑不同孔隙率的饱和多孔介质之间耦合的一般情形,建立了该耦合情形的求解方法.进一步论证了该一般情形的耦合计算方法可分别退化到流体与固体、流体与饱和多孔介质、固体与饱和多孔介质之间的耦合计算,从而将流体、固体、饱和多孔介质间的耦合问题纳入到统一计算框架,并编制了相应的三维并行分析程序.以P-SV波垂直入射时,半无限层状海水-饱和海床、海水-弹性基岩、海水-饱和海床-弹性基岩三种情形的动力分析为例,采用统一计算框架结合透射边界条件进行求解,并与传递矩阵方法得到的解进行对比,验证了该统一计算框架的有效性以及并行计算的可行性.      

流固耦合地震波动问题的显式谱元模拟方法

流固耦合地震波动问题主要研究由流体和固体构成的复杂系统中地震波传播特性及其规律. 传统模拟方法中一般以声波方程、弹性波方程的数值解分别描述理想流体和弹性固体中的波动, 并实时地处理两种不同性质介质之间的相互耦合作用, 数值格式复杂且限制数值模拟精度与计算效率. 本文采用谱元法结合多次透射公式人工边界条件实现了一种流固耦合地震波动问题的高阶显式数值计算方法. 该方法利用了流固耦合问题统一计算框架,可将饱和多孔介质的Biot波动方程分别退化为理想流体的声波方程和弹性固体的弹性波方程. 通过P波垂直入射的水平成层理想流体-饱和多孔介质-弹性固体场地模型、P波斜入射的不规则层状界面以及任意形状界面的理想流体-饱和多孔介质-弹性固体场地模型等三个算例, 与传递函数法解析解以及集中质量有限元法计算结果进行对比分析, 证明了本文方法的正确性与有效性. 数值模拟结果表明, 本文方法相较传统有限元法可以少得多的节点数量获得更高的数值精度, 并且在较宽的频率范围内都能可靠地模拟出流固耦合系统的动力响应, 充分体现出本文方法兼顾高精度、计算效率和复杂场地建模灵活的特点.      

基于回传波射矩阵法的复合材料层合框架振动特性分析

将求解弹性杆系结构动态响应的回传波射矩阵法应用于层合框架的固有频率和模态的求解.用回传波射矩阵法得到单位脉冲载荷作用下层合框架的频响函数,然后由频响函数曲线的波峰确定层合框架结构的固有频率.最后通过回传波射矩阵法控制方程系数矩阵的伴随矩阵得到结构的振动模态.将对称铺层简支梁计算结果与用经典理论算得的解析解进行比较,验证了回传波射矩阵法计算结果具有很高的精度.然后对9根杆组成的平面层合框架进行计算,表明回传波射矩阵法可以有效地计算层合框架结构的固有频率和模态.     

用薄层法分析层状地基中条形基础的阻抗函数

薄层法是分析和模拟弹性波在层状介质中传播的一种半解析半数值方法,以往薄层法在柱坐标体系中建立求解方程,并通过直角坐标系和柱坐标系的转化关系而得到直角坐标系中的解答,本文从直角坐标直接推导了层状地基在无限长线荷载作用下的计算公式,求解了层状地基在垂直方向和水平方向上无限长线激振荷载作用下薄层法位移基本解.结合容积法得出了层状地基中基础-地基动力相互作用方程及条形基础阻抗函数的计算公式.本文计算了半无限弹性地基以及基岩上覆盖层在无限长简谐线荷载作用下的位移反应,计算了半无限弹性地基以及基岩上覆盖层地基中明置与埋置条形基础的地基阻抗函数.计算结果与已有的研究结果的比较表明两者吻合较好,验证了本文方法的适用性.     

梯度密度黏弹性材料的波传播研究

梯度密度黏弹性材料中波的传播比较复杂。为了研究其在冲击载荷作用下黏弹性响应特征,基于控制方程的Euler形式,利用Laplace变换,得到了这种材料中的波传播规律的一个理论公式;并据此分析了双层周期性黏弹性介质中的应力情况。选择具有梯度密度特性的钛-硼化钛（Ti-TiB₂）材料和碳纤维树脂材料,采用不同的叠合方向和方式,利用分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）加载装置进行了动态冲击实验,并用三波法对得到的实验结果进行处理。同时,采用数值Laplace逆变换方法,结合SHPB测得的入射波与透射波数据,使用推导的理论公式计算出理论解,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:（1）梯度钛-硼化钛材料由于内界面和叠层界面的存在,表现出一定的黏性特性;单层Ti-TiB₂材料的计算结果和三波法分析得到的结果基本一致,双层Ti-TiB₂材料叠合后的计算结果与三波法分析结果存在一定的差异。（2）双层碳纤维树脂材料表现出较强的黏弹性特征,应力波的衰减幅度较大,三波法分析结果与该材料的冲击性能有较大的差异。由此可知,无论是细微观结构特征产生的黏性,还是材料本身的黏性,对材料动力学行为的影响都不可忽略。。     

爆炸波作用下地下防护结构与围岩的非线性动力相互作用分析

针对实际地下工程中普遍存在的材料非线性以及半无限介质域的处理问题,给出了基于时间有关基本解的时域边界元法与非线性动力有限元法的耦合方法,应用该耦合方法计算了一马蹄形截面地下防护结构与围岩受爆炸冲击波作用下非线性相互作用的时间历程,并与线弹性情况进行了比较分析。结果表明:本文的方法具有较高精度,真实地再现了波在弹性层中传播以及反射的全过程。     

Overall constitutive description of symmetric layered media based on scattering of oblique SH waves

This papers investigates the scattering of oblique shear horizontal (SH) waves off finite periodic media made of elastic and viscoelastic layers. It further considers whether a Willis-type constitutive matrix (in temporal and spatial Fourier domain) may reproduce the scattering matrix (SM) of such a system. In answering this question the procedure to determine the relevant overall constitutive parameters for such a medium is presented. To do this, first the general form of the dispersion relation and impedances for oblique SH propagation in such coupled Willis-type media are developed. The band structure and scattering of layered media are calculated using the transfer matrix (TM) method. The dispersion relation may be derived based on the eigen-solutions of an infinite periodic domain. The wave impedances associated with the exterior surfaces of a finite thickness slab are extracted from the scattering of such a system. Based on reciprocity and available symmetries of the structure and each constituent layer, the general form of the dispersion and impedances may be simplified. The overall quantities may be extracted by equating the scattering data from TM with those expected from a Willis-type medium. It becomes evident that a Willis-type coupled constitutive tensor with components that are assumed independent of wave vector is unable to reproduce all oblique scattering data. Therefore, non-unique wave vector dependent formulations are introduced, whose SM matches that of the layered media exactly. It is further shown that the dependence of the overall constitutive tensors of such systems on the wave vector is not removable even at very small frequencies and incidence angles and that analytical considerations significantly limit the potential forms of the spatially dispersive constitutive tensors.     

Vibration modelling of structural networks using a hybrid finite element/wave and finite element approach

The vibration modelling of waveguide structures is considered. These structures comprise waveguides connected via joints. Traditionally, analytical models of the wave behaviour of such structures can be developed if they are simple (beams or rods connected at point joints, etc.). However, if the waveguides are of complicated constructions (truss-like, layered media, etc.) or the joints are complicated (e.g. of significant physical dimensions), obtaining the wave characteristics might be a formidable task. In this paper, such structures are modelled using a hybrid finite element/wave and finite element (FE/WFE) approach. The waveguides are modelled using the WFE method and thus their wave characteristics are obtained regardless of the complexity of their cross-section. The joints are modelled using standard FE, and the WFE and FE models are coupled to yield the scattering properties of the joints. The propagation and scattering models are assembled to describe the behaviour of the structure using relatively small models, while also providing information for other applications such as structure-borne sound, statistical energy analysis, etc. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the approach.     

Simulation of elastic wave diffraction by multiple strip-like cracks in a layered periodic composite

The problem of numerical simulation of the steady-state harmonic vibrations of a layered phononic crystal (elastic periodic composite) with a set of strip-like cracks parallel to the layer boundaries is solved, and the accompanying wave phenomena are considered. The transfer matrix method (propagator matrix method) is used to describe the incident wave field. It allows one not only to construct the wave fields but also to calculate the pass bands and band gaps and to find the localization factor. The wave field scattered by multiple defects is represented by means of an integral approach as a superposition of the fields scattered by all cracks. An integral representation in the form of a convolution of the Fourier symbols of Green’s matrices for the corresponding layered structures and a Fourier transform of the crack opening displacement vector is constructed for each of the scattered fields. The crack opening displacements are determined by the boundary integral equation method using the Bubnov-Galerkin scheme, where Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind, which take into account the behavior of the solution near the crack edges, are chosen as the projection and basis systems. The system of linear algebraic equations with a diagonal predominance of components arising when the system of integral equations is discretized has a block structure. The characteristics describing qualitatively and quantitatively the wave processes that take place under the diffraction of plane elastic waves by multiple cracks in a phononic crystal are analyzed. The resonant properties of a system of defects and the influence of the relative positions and sizes of defects in a layered phononic crystal on the resonant properties are studied. To obtain clearer results and to explain them, the energy flux vector is calculated and the energy surfaces and streamlines corresponding to them are constructed.     

初应力对压电层状结构声表面波传播性能的影响

研究了压电层状结构中初应力对广义Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播相速度和机电耦合性能的影响,通过求解含初应力的运动微分方程,对自由界面电学开路和短路两种情况得到了相应的相速度方程。给出了具体的数值算例,所得结果对于提高和改善声表面波器件性能有参考意义。     

Study on wave localization in disordered periodic layered piezoelectric composite structures

The two-dimensional wave propagation and localization in disordered periodic layered 2-2 piezoelectric composite structures are studied by considering the mechanic-electric coupling. The transfer matrix between two consecutive sub-layers is obtained based on the continuity conditions. Regarding the variables of mechanical and electrical fields as the elements of the state vector, the expression of the localization factors in disordered periodic layered piezoelectric composite structures is derived. Numerical results are presented for two cases—disorder of the thickness of the polymers and disorder of the piezoelectric and elastic constants of the piezoelectric ceramics. The results show that due to the piezoelectric effects, the characteristics of the wave localization in disordered periodic layered piezoelectric composite structures are different from those in disordered periodic layered purely elastic ones. The wave localization is strengthened due to the piezoelectricity. And the larger the piezoelectric constant is, the larger the wave localization factors are. It is found that slight disorder in the piezoelectric or elastic constants of the piezoelectric ceramics can lead to more prominent localization phenomenon.     

覆盖层与基底极化方向相反时压电层状半空间中的B-G波

对于覆盖层与基底介质极化方向相反的压电状半空间,在自由表面电学开路和短路两种情况下,分析用解析的方法以了Ｂｌｅｕｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｇｕｌｙａｅｖ波传播的相速度方程或相速度的表达式;以工程技术中应用的压电材料为例考察了波速随覆盖厚度ｈ的变化规律,为了分析表面金属薄膜对波的传播速度的影响,计算了机电耦合系数ｋ＾２与ｈ的关系,结果表明：层状结构Ｂ－Ｇ波传播时具有很小的穿透深度,同时在ｈ取适当值时依然可使ｋ＾２     

Dispersion characteristics of wave propagation in layered piezoelectric structures: Exact and simplified models

This article presents a study of the dispersion characteristics of wave propagation in layered piezoelectric structures under plane strain and open-loop conditions. The exact dispersion relation is first determined based on an electro-elastodynamic analysis. The dispersion equation is complicated and can be solved only by numerical methods. Since the piezoelectric layer is very thin and can be modeled as an electro-elastic film, a simplified model of the piezoelectric layer reduces this complex problem to a non-trivial solution of a series of quadratic equations of wave numbers. The model is simple, yet captures the main phenomena of wave propagation. This model determines the dispersion curves of PZT4-Aluminum layered structures and identifies the two lowest modes of waves: the generalized longitudinal mode and the generalized Rayleigh mode. The model is validated by comparing with exact solutions, indicating that the results are accurate when the thickness of the layer is smaller or comparable to the typical wavelength. The effect of the piezoelectricity is examined, showing a significant influence on the generalized longitudinal wave but a very limited effect on the generalized Rayleigh wave. Typical examples are provided to illustrate the wave modes and the effects of layer thickness in the simplified model and the effects of the material combinations.     

Propagation behavior of SH waves in a piezomagnetic substrate with an orthorhombic piezoelectric layer

The dispersion behavior of the shear horizontal (SH) waves in the coupled structure consisting of a piezomagnetic substrate and an orthorhombic piezoelectric layer is investigated with different cut orientations. The surface of the piezoelectric layer is mechanically free, electrically shorted, or open, while the surface of the piezomagnetic substrate is mechanically free, magnetically open, or shorted. The dispersion relations are derived for four electromagnetic boundary conditions. The dispersion characteristics are graphically illustrated for the layered structure with the PMN-PT layer perfectly bonded on the CoFe₂O₄ substrate. The effects of the PMN-PT cut orientations, the electromagnetic boundary conditions, and the thickness ratio of the layer to the substrate on the dispersion behavior are analyzed and discussed in detail. The results show that, (i) the effect of the cut orientation on the dispersion curves is very obvious, (ii) the electrical boundary conditions of the PMN-PT layer dominate the propagation feature of the SH waves, and (iii) the thickness ratio has a significant effect on the phase velocity when the wave number is small. The results of the present paper can provide valuable theoretical references to the applications of piezoelectric/piezomagnectic structure in acoustic wave devices.     

Effect of initial stress on the propagation behavior of Love waves in a layered piezoelectric structure

The propagation behavior of Love waves in a layered piezoelectric structure with an initial stress is investigated in this article. It involves a thin piezoelectric layer bonded perfectly to an elastic substrate. Solutions of the mechanical displacement and electrical potential function are obtained for the piezoelectric layer and elastic substrate by solving the coupled electromechanical field equations. The phase velocity equations of the Love wave propagation and the stress fields in the layered piezoelectric structure are obtained for electrical open and short cases on the free surface, respectively. The effect of the initial stress on the phase velocity, the stress fields and the coupled electromechanical factor are discussed, respectively. Three sets of piezoelectric layer–elastic substrate systems are considered, i.e. BaTiO₃ ceramic layer–borosilicate glass substrate, PZT-5H ceramic layer–borosilicate glass substrate, and PZT-5H ceramic layer–SiO₂ glass substrate. It is seen that the phase velocity of the Love wave propagation decreases with the increase of the magnitude of the initial stress. The coupled electromechanical factor increases remarkably, as the magnitude of the initial the stress is greater than 100 MPa. This is useful for the design of acoustic surface wave devices.     

Propagation of Love waves in a functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) layered composite system

In this theoretical study, we investigate the propagation of Love waves in a layered structure consisting of two different homogenous piezoelectric materials, an upper layer and a substrate. A functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) buffer layer is in between the upper layer and the substrate. We employ the power series technique to solve the governing differential equations with variable coefficients. The influence of the gradient coefficients of FGPM and the layer thicknesses on the dispersion relations, the electro-mechanical coupling factor, and the stress distributions of Love waves in this structure are investigated. We demonstrate that the low gradient coefficient raises the significant variation of the phase velocity within a certain range of ratios of upper layer thickness to equivalent thickness. The electro-mechanical coupling factor can be increased when the equivalent thickness equals one or two wavelengths, and the discontinuity of the interlaminar stress can be eliminated by the FGPM buffer layer. The theoretical results set guidelines not only for the design of high-performance surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices using the FGPM buffer layer, but also for the measurement of material properties in such FGPM layered structures using Love waves.