Aerosol aspiration through a slot of finite width

Aerosol aspiration has been calculated by Levin for a sink simulating a fairly narrow slot or a thin tube [1].In the present study we determine the aspiration coefficient for aerosol particles for a two-dimensional nozzle of finite width. For strongly inertial aerosol particles, when kk_*, where k is the Stokes number and k_* is its critical value, the approximate equations proposed in [2] are applicable.For kk_*, when there is no inertial deposition of aerosol particles on the nozzle wall, we use the small parameter method. The aspiration coefficient is calculated with accuracy to k². Some numerical data and a comparison with sink flow are presented.     

Studies of quality of geometrically nonlinear elasticity theory for small strains and arbitrary displacements

Earlier it was shown in [1, 2] that the equations of classical nonlinear elasticity constructed for the case of small strains and arbitrary displacements are ill posed, because their use in specific problems may result in the appearance of “spurious” bifurcation points. A detailed analysis of these equations and the construction, in their stead, of consistent equations of geometrically nonlinear theory of elasticity can be found in [3]. Certain steps in this direction were also made in [4, 5]. In [3], it was also stated that the methods and applied program packages (APPs) based on the use of the classical relations of nonlinear elasticity require some revision and correction. In the present paper, this conclusion is justified and confirmed by numerical finite-element solutions of several three-dimensional geometrically nonlinear deformation problems and linearized problems on the stability of equilibrium of a rectilinear beam. These solutions were obtained by using two APPs developed by the authors and the well-known APP “ANSYS.” It is shown that the classical equations of the geometrically nonlinear theory of elasticity, which underly the first of the developed APP and the well-known APP “ANSYS,” often lead to overestimated buckling loads for structural members as compared with the consistent equations proposed in [1–3].     

Multibody Formulation with Large Bending Finite Elements (LBFE)

The goal of this paper is to present a flexible multibody formulation for Euler-Bernoulli beams involving large displacements. This method is based on a discretisation of internal and kinetic energies. The beam is represented by its line of centroids and each section is oriented by a frame defined by three Euler angles. We apply a finite element formulation to describe the evolution of these angles along the neutral fibre and describe the internal energy. The kinetic energy is approximated as the one of two rigid bars tangent to the neutral fibre at the ends of the beam. We derive the equations of motion from a Lagrange formulation. These equations are solved using the Newmark method or/and the Newton-Raphson technique. We solve some very classic problems taken from the literature as the curved beam presented by Simo [Simo, J. C., ‘A three-dimensional finite-strain rod model. the three-dimensional dynamic problem. Part I’, Comput. Meths. Appl. Mech. Engrg. 49, 1985, 55–70; Simo, J. C. and Vu-Quoc, L., ‘A three-dimensional finite-strain rod model, Part II: Computationals aspects’, Comput. Meths. Appl. Mech. Engrg. 58, 1988, 79–116] and Lee [Lee, Kisu, ‘Analysis of large displacements and large rotations of three-dimensional beams by using small strains and unit vectors’, Commun. Numer. Meth. Engrg. 13, 1997, 987–997] or the rotational rod presented by Avello [Avello, A., Garcia de Jalon, J., and Bayo, E., ‘Dynamics of flexible multibody systems using cartesian co-ordinates and large displacement theory’, Int. J. Num. Methods in Engineering 32, 1991, 1543–1563] and Simo [Simo, J. C. and Vu-Quoc, L., ‘On the dynamics of flexible beams under large overall motions – the planar case. Part I’ Jour. of Appl. Mech. 53, 1986, 849–854; Simo, J. C. and Vu-Quoc, L., ‘On the dynamics of flexible beams under large overall motions – the planar case. Part II’, Jour. of Appl. Mech. 53, 1986, 855–863].     

Propagation of modulated nonlinear waves in a relaxing gas-liquid mixture

The propagation of nonstationary weak shock waves in a chemically active medium is essentially dispersive and dissipative. The equations for short-wavelength waves for such media were obtained and investigated in [1–4]. It is of interest to study quasimonochromatic waves with slowly varying amplitude and phase. A general method for obtaining the equations for modulated oscillations in nonlinear dispersive media without dissipation was proposed in [5–8]. In the present paper, for a dispersive, weakly nonlinear and weakly dissipative medium we derive in the three-dimensional formulation equations for waves of short wavelength and a Schrödinger equation, which describes slow modulations of the amplitude and phase of an arbitrary wave. The coefficients of the equations are particularized for the considered gas-liquid mixture. Solutions are obtained for narrow beams in a given defocusing medium as well as linear and nonlinear solutions in the neighborhood of a diffraction beam. A solution near a caustic for quasimonochromatic waves was found in [9].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 133–143, January–February, 1980.     

Vibrations of a polygonal plate weakened by a circular hole with two rectilinear cuts

We consider free bending vibrations of a finite isotropic plate bounded on the outside by a polygon L ₂ (e.g., a square, an ellipse, a circle, etc.) and on the inside by the contour L ₁ formed by the circle of radius r with two rectilinear cuts located symmetrically on the axis Ox. The plate is rigidly clamped along the entire outer contour L ₂, and the inner contour L ₁ is free. We reduce the solution of the plate vibration problem to the integration of a fourth-order differential equation [2, 4, 5]. The method used in this paper is well known in the literature [2, 4, 5, 11] for simple simply connected domains, but the case under study (a doubly connected domain with cuts) has not yet been considered, because no mapping functions z = λ(ξ) have been known for complicated domains (doubly connected domain with cuts). The author [6–8] is the first in the scientific world to find such mapping functions. The obtained theoretic solution is illustrated by numerical examples.     

Determination of the magnitude of the separation criterion for a three-dimensional laminar boundary layer

A separation criterion, i.e., a definite relationship between the external flow and the boundary layer parameters [1], can be used to estimate the possibility of the origination of separation of a two-dimensional boundary layer. A functional form of the separation criterion has also been obtained for a three-dimensional boundary layer [2] on the basis of dimensional analysis. As in the case of the two-dimensional boundary layer, locally self-similar solutions can be used to determine the specific magnitude of the separation criterion as a function of the values of the governing parameters. Locally self-similar solutions of the two-dimensional laminar boundary-layer equations have been found at the separation point for a perfect gas with a linear dependence of the coefficient of viscosity on the temperature (Ω=1) and Prandtl number P=1 [3, 4]. The influence of blowing and suction has been studied for this case [5]. Self-similar solutions have been obtained for Ω=1, P=0.723 for the limit case of hypersonic perfect gas flow [6]. Locally self-similar solutions of the three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer equations at the separation point are presented in [7] for a perfect gas with Ω=1, P=1. There are no such computations for Ω≠1, P≠1; however, the results of computing several examples for a two-dimensional flow [8] show that the influence of the real properties of a gas can be significant and should be taken into account. Self-similar solutions of the two- and three-dimensional boundary-layer equations at the separation point are found in this paper for a perfect gas with a power-law dependence of the viscosity coefficient on the enthalpy (Ω=0.5, 0.75, 1.0) for different values of the Prandtl number (P=0.5, 0.7, 1.0) in a broad range of variation of the external stream velocity (v ₁ ² /2h₁* = 0–0.99) and the temperature of the streamlined surface. Magnitudes of the separation criterion for a laminar boundary layer have been obtained on the basis of these data.     

A Remark on the Existence of 2-D Steady Navier–Stokes Flow in Bounded Symmetric Domain Under General Outflow Condition

Let Ω be a 2-dimensional bounded domain, symmetric with respect to the x₂-axis. The boundary has several connected components, intersecting the x₂-axis. The boundary value is symmetric with respect to the x₂-axis satisfying the general outflow condition. The existence of the symmetric solution to the steady Navier–Stokes equations was established by Amick [2] and Fujita [4]. Fujita [4] proved a key lemma concerning the solenoidal extension of the boundary value by virtual drain method. In this note, we give a different proof via elementary approach by means of the stream function.     

Non-linear dynamics of semi-dilute polydisperse polymer solutions in microfluidics: effects of flow geometry

The non-linear dynamics of a semi-dilute (c/c* = 15) polydisperse polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution in microfluidics are studied experimentally using benchmark contraction–expansion flow geometries with three contraction–expansion ratios (4:1:4, 8:1:8 and 16:1:16) and two narrow channel lengths (L _c/D _h = 53 and 5.3, where L _c is the length of the narrow channel and D _h is its hydraulic diameter). Complex flows over a range of elasticity numbers (El), Weissenberg numbers (Wi) and Reynolds numbers (Re) are characterized using micro-particle image velocimetry ( \upmu\upmu-PIV) and pressure drop measurements. The evolution of vortex formation and dynamics has been visualized through a step-flow-rate experiment. Various flow dynamics regimes have been quantified and are presented in a Wi–Re diagram. The experimental results reveal that the contraction ratio can result in qualitatively different vortex dynamics of semi-dilute polymer solutions in microfluidics, whereas the length of the narrow channel merely affects the dynamics at a quantitative level. A single elasticity number, if defined by the size of the narrow channel, is not sufficient to account for the effects of contraction ratio on the non-linear vortex dynamics.     

Stability of Degenerate Stationary Waves for Viscous Gases

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic stability of degenerate stationary waves for viscous gases in the half space. We discuss the following two cases: (1) viscous conservation laws and (2) damped wave equations with nonlinear convection. In each case, we prove that the solution converges to the corresponding degenerate stationary wave at the rate t ^−α/4 as t → ∞, provided that the initial perturbation is in the weighted space L²_a=L²(\mathbb R₊; (1+x)^a dx){L^2_\alpha=L^2({\mathbb R}_+;\,(1+x)^\alpha dx)} . This convergence rate t ^−α/4 is weaker than the one for the non-degenerate case and requires the restriction α < α_*(q), where α_*(q) is the critical value depending only on the degeneracy exponent q. Such a restriction is reasonable because the corresponding linearized operator for viscous conservation laws cannot be dissipative in L²_a{L^2_\alpha} for α > α^*(q) with another critical value α^*(q). Our stability analysis is based on the space–time weighted energy method in which the spatial weight is chosen as a function of the degenerate stationary wave.     

General stability criterion for laminar tube flow

Initiation of turbelence is associated with disturbances of finite intensity [1]. Some attempts, as in [2], have been made to treat this region analytically. The nonuniformity of the local stability * of laminar fluid flow over the tube cross section has been established experimentally [3,4, 1]. On this finding is based the interpretation of a number of turbulent transition phenomena, including a characteristic singularity of the relationship between the resistance coefficient of rough tubes and the Reynolds number under transient conditions [5].Expression (1.1) introduced as a measure of stability, and the criterion q_* yield satisfactory quantitative results.     

Vortex ring generation due to the coalescence of a water drop at a free surface

 Results are presented of an experimental investigation of vortex ring formation by a fluid drop contacting a free surface with negligible velocity. The pool fluid is mixed with fluorescein dye, and a laser sheet is used to illuminate a plane of the flow. A series of representative images is recorded by a CCD camera and speculation is made regarding specific sources of vorticity flux through the free surface. Two scaling analyses previously presented by other investigators are demonstrated to be equivalent under the assumptions of this experiment, and they provide the motivation for a series of test runs in which the duration of the coalescence process, τ_*, is related to variations in drop diameter L and fluid surface tension σ. Experimental results are in agreement with the analyses, showing τ_*∼σ^-1/2 and τ_*∼L ^3/2. Received: 22 December 1995 / Accepted: 15 October 1996     

Plasma oscillations of an electron beam in an external electric field

Many papers have been devoted to the problem of the interaction of beams of charged particles with a plasma (a detailed bibliography is given, for example, in [1]). Analysis of the dispersion equation shows that in the case of a sufficiently slow monoenergetic electron beam of low density, growing longitudinal waves are not excited in a system consisting of such a beam and a plasma [2–4].The problem of the penetration of an external longitudinal electric field into a semiconfined plasma with an electron beam in the absence of instabilities in the system is studied (the boundary-value problem for growing waves was examined in [5]). This problem is, in a certain sense, an extension of the second part of L. D. Landau's well-known work [6] to include the case of a plasma with a beam. On the other hand, in the absence of an external electric field, this problem may be considered a boundary-value problem of the interaction of a weakly modulated electron beam with a plasma.The authors thank M. L. Levin for his useful comments.     

Structure of the flow of gas escaping from a gap in a pipeline

A study is made of the two-dimensional steady flow of gas escaping from a circular gap formed when the ends of pipes move apart along their common symmetry axis. A study is made of the rearrangement of the flow from the shockless flow in the neighborhood of the symmetry axis to the shocked flow. A numerical investigation gave the value H_* of the width of the gap at which the transition takes place from a shockless flow structure to one with a shock. A study is made of the influence on H_* of the pressure ratio ?_a (?_a = P_a/P₀, where P_a is the pressure in the ambient space and p₀ is the stagnation pressure) and the specific—heat ratio. Godunov's scheme [1] was used for the numerical realization.     

THE PROBLEMS OF THE NONLINEAR UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING FOR CYLINDRICALLY ORTHOTROPIC CIRCULAR PLATE（II）

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Convergence of Solutions to the Boltzmann Equation in the Incompressible Euler Limit

 We consider here the problem of deriving rigorously, for well-prepared initial data and without any additional assumption, dissipative or smooth solutions of the incompressible Euler equations from renormalized solutions of the Boltzmann equation. This completes the partial results obtained by Golse [B. Perthame and L. Desvillettes eds., Series in Applied Mathematics 4 (2000), Gauthier-Villars, Paris] and Lions & Masmoudi [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 158 (2001), 195–211]. (Accepted June 6, 2002) Published online December 3, 2002 Communicated by Y. BRENIER     

Some problems in the theory of plane jets of conducting fluid

Using the boundary-layer equations as a basis, the author considers the propagation of plane jets of conducting fluid in a transverse magnetic field (noninductive approximation).The propagation of plane jets of conducting fluid is considered in several studies [1–12]. In the first few studies jet flow in a nonuniform magnetic field is considered; here the field strength distribution along the jet axis was chosen in order to obtain self-similar solutions. The solution to such a problem given a constant conductivity of the medium is given in [1–3] for a free jet and in [4] for a semibounded jet; reference [5] contains a solution to the problem of a free jet allowing for the dependence of conductivity on temperature. References [6–8] attempt an exact solution to the problem of jet propagation in any magnetic field. An approximate solution to problems of this type can be obtained by using the integral method. References [9–10] contain the solution obtained by this method for a free jet propagating in a uniform magnetic field.The last study [10] also gives a comparison of the exact solution obtained in [3] with the solution obtained by the integral method using as an example the propagation of a jet in a nonuniform magnetic field. It is shown that for scale values of the jet velocity and thickness the integral method yields almost-exact values. In this study [10], the propagation of a free jet is considered allowing for conduction anisotropy. The solution to the problem of a free jet within the asymptotic boundary layer is obtained in [1] by applying the expansion method to the small magnetic-interaction parameter. With this method, the problem of a turbulent jet is considered in terms of the Prandtl scheme. The Boussinesq formula for the turbulent-viscosity coefficient is used in [12].This study considers the dynamic and thermal problems involved with a laminar free and semibounded jet within the asymptotic boundary layer, propagating in a magnetic field with any distribution. A system of ordinary differential equations and the integral condition are obtained from the initial partial differential equations. The solution of the derived equations is illustrated by the example of jet propagation in a uniform magnetic field. A similar solution is obtained for a turbulent free jet with the turbulent-exchange coefficient defined by the Prandtl scheme.     

Estimate of the amplitudes of the fields created by an unsteady gamma source

It is known [1–4] that an unsteady gamma source gives rise to an electromagnetic field in the surrounding space. Most of the studies of the characteristics of such fields have been performed in the approximation which is linear in the field [1–3]. An exception is [4] in which the slowing down of Compton electrons by the electric field is taken into account. It follows from [1, 2] that the characteristic scale of the fields created close to the source is of the order of 3 · 10⁴ V/m. Although this value is appreciably lower than the value of breakdown fields in air, electric discharges are observed [5] in the vicinity of a gamma source, indicating the presence of substantially larger fields. One effect not taken into account in the latter approximation which could lead to an increase in the field is the increase in electron termperature due to the electric field [6]. On the one hand, this decreases the electron mobility and consequently also the conductivity of the system, On the other hand, it is known that the electron attachment coefficient for electronegative molecules strongly affects the characteristics of electric fields and depends on the electron energy. Therefore, the electron balance equation must take account of the dependence of on the electric field through the electron energy, and this leads to a further change in conductivity. We take account of these effects on the shaping of electric fields in air in the vicinity of the source. It is assumed that electron lifetimes are determined solely by their attachment to molecules. This is a good approximation for air pressures near normal [1–3].Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 163–170, July–August, 1976.     

Robust stabilization the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation by boundary control

The problem of robust global stabilization by nonlinear boundary feedback control for the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation on the domain [0,1] is considered. The main purpose of this paper is to derive nonlinear robust boundary control laws which make the system robustly globally asymptotically stable in spite of uncertainty in the system parameters. Furthermore, we show that the proposed boundary controllers guarantee L ₂-robust exponential stability, L _∞-robust asymptotic stability and boundedness in terms of both L ₂ and L _∞.