Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain by the numerical moiré method

The numerical moié method with sensitivity as high as 0.03 nm has been presented.A quantitative displacement and strai,analysis program has been proposed by using this method.It is applied to an edge dislocation and a stacking fault in aluminum.The measured strain of edge dislocation is compared with theoretical prediction given by Peierls-Nabarro dislocation model.The displacement of stacking fault is also obtained.     

云纹干涉法面内位移测量的光栅补偿方法研究

运用光的干涉与衍射理论，导出了对称入射光路云纹干涉法面内位移计量的基本公式。针对云纹干涉法在实际应用中易引入刚体位移对真实面内位移干扰这一棘手问题，设计了定量补偿面内位移和变形的非对称光栅补偿光路系统。由于采用高灵敏度基准光栅调节的方法，比螺旋测微器等纯机械方法具有众多优越性。本文分析了该补偿方法对面内正应变条纹梯度和面内剪应变条纹梯度的补偿原理和具体实施过程。本方法大大提高了云纹干涉法面内位移计量和补偿的可靠性。     

A simultaneous in- and out-of-plane displacement measurement method

A method is presented that allows real-time three-dimensional displacement maps to be obtained for deformable objects using a single color camera and a color fringe projector. The acquired images have speckle and fringe information embedded in them, which are separated using the R, G, and B color signals from a color CCD camera to permit the independent use of a two-dimensional digital image correlation to obtain the x- and y-direction displacements and fringe projection to obtain the displacement in the z direction.     

A new method for angular displacement measurement

We describe a new method for angular displacement measurements that is based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer. A measurement accuracy of 10-8 rad is obtained by use of the sinusoidal phase modulating interferometry. Another Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to obtain the key initial angle of incidence.     

激光外差探测超声位移的原理、方法和实验

本文介绍了激光外差探测超声位移的原理，用布喇格声光衍射盒作为激光移频，锁相环作调相信号解调等方法组成的外差干涉探测装置和实验结果，并分析了空间准直性对激光外差干涉信噪比的影响以及减小探测极限和抑制噪声的途径。     

一种基于激光调制的高精度位移测量方法

激光准直技术在位移测量及相关应用中具有重要作用,其核心器件是位置敏感探测器,环境杂散光、电源波动、光电信号处理电路噪声等是影响测量精度的主要因素。针对以上问题,提出一种基于激光调制的高精度位移测量方法。将激光器由直流驱动的连续输出模式改为交流驱动的调制模式输出,优化设计光电探测器微弱光电信号的调理与采集系统,通过编写Labview软件对信号进行频谱分析、带通滤波、均值处理等,对激光连续输出和激光调制输出2种情况分别进行了实验测试与分析,并对比了位移测量的稳定性。实验结果表明:其测量值波动范围从7 μm减少到了2.6 μm,验证了基于激光调制方法的有效性,可以通过滤波更加有效地消除噪声,测量精度提高至3 μm以内。     

电子散斑归一化互相关法测位移

把粗糙物体表面受到相干光照明时产生的散斑场看作是一个稳态随机信号,在此基础上,本文提出了一种能做到大量程,高精度位移测量的新方法——电子散斑归一化互相关法测位移或称电子散斑照相法测位移.该法实质上是借助数字图像处理技术,通过物体位移前后二个散斑场之间的相关性来进行位移测量方法的发展.文中给出了理论分析和实验系统.实验结果表明,该法有诸如准实时,大量程(毫米级),高精度和线性可靠等优点.     

Determining displacement and strain maps immune from aliasing effect with the grid method

Spatial aliasing may affect methods based on grid image processing to retrieve displacement and strain maps in experimental mechanics. Such methods aim at estimating these maps on the surface of a specimen subjected to a loading test. Aliasing, which is often not noticeable to the naked eye in the grid images, may give spurious fringes in the strain maps. This paper presents an analysis of aliasing in this context and provides the reader with simple guidelines to minimize the effect of aliasing on strain maps extracted from grid images.     

The study of fractal correlation method in the displacement measurement and its application

The classical digital speckle, or digital image, correlation method of deformation measurement is based on gray level correlation between unformed and deformed digital images. The pattern of artificial random speckles and the natural textures on some object's surfaces have fractal characteristics, and their fractal dimensions represent both gray and morph information. Furthermore, the fractal dimensions are stable feature parameters of the patterns. The digitized images of the patterns are confirmed to be also fractals. By this fact, a new method of displacement measurement is developed in the paper, based on the fractal dimensions correlation. The in-plane displacement fields of a body can be acquired. In order to verify the validity of the new method, an experiment has been designed and the results have been compared with those obtained from the classical digital image correlation method. The validity of the new method is not less than that of classical method. Further discussions about the traits and the developing vista of the method are given at the end.     

使用莫尔条纹法测量气流密度

把莫尔条纹应用于对称的和非对称的流场，测出了从喷嘴喷出的不完全膨胀气流的密度分布。气流的内部密度分布通过使用数字表示的转化方法转变成了莫尔条纹图像数据，这些莫尔条纹图像数据表明了同种光在穿过气流时将会发生折射。这一现象可以通过改变气体喷口的压力比来完成并观察到。实验表明：不同形状的喷嘴喷出的气流密度分布各不相同，而且复杂程度也不同，但沿着喷嘴气流轴的气流密度变化大致相似。     

液氮温区下应变式位移传感系统测量性能的研究

文中研究了一种应变式位移传感系统在室温和液氮温度下的静态传输特性。实验结果表明,该系统在液氮温区下具有良好的输出特性,系统非线性度低于1%,滞环率低于5%,其灵敏系数与温度相关,293K和77K温度下的灵敏系数分别为-0.3654mV/V/mm和-0.3886mV/V/mm。实验结果为该位移传感系统在低温环境中的应用提供了一定基础。     

无衍射光莫尔条纹的中心定位方法

无衍射光莫尔条纹被广泛应用在精密测量领域中，实现无衍射光莫尔条纹中心的精确定位是高精度测量的关键。通过对无衍射光莫尔条纹图像特征进行分析，提出了一种无衍射光莫尔条纹的中心定位方法。该方法首先根据光强分布特征，提取莫尔条纹图像中两光斑中心局部同心圆区域；然后进行局部同心圆环检测，确定初始圆心集；再对初始圆心集进行聚类分析确定两光斑中心的初始位置；最后删除异常点并迭代求取两光斑中心较精确的位置，实现无衍射光莫尔条纹两光斑中心的定位目的。理论和实验结果表明该方法能快速、准确地同时确定两光斑中心位置，且误差小于1 pixel。     

基于影栅云纹的大变形测量及应用

介绍了影栅云纹的原理和优点,将其用于软、硬物质的形变、形貌以及表面平整度检测。实验研究表明,影栅云纹法适用于软物质的大形变测试,尤其对大梯度的待测物具有较好的测试效果,对硬质材料表面平整度及缺陷具有较好的无损识别能力。实验系统配置简单,实验重复性好,易于操作。实验结果可以以环形干涉图定量显示或以平面干涉条纹陡拐定性显示缺陷部位。     

Collimation method using fourier imaging and moire techniques

Two techniques are proposed for beam collimation with the Talbot interferometer. One is called the mismatch method in which two gratings with slightly different periods are used. In the other method (called the grating shift method), one of two gratings of the same period is shifted in its plane in the direction perpendicular to the grating lines.     

A vision measurement model of laser displacement sensor and its calibration method

Laser displacement sensors (LDSs) use a triangulation measurement model in general. However, the non-linearity of the triangulation measurement model influences the measurement accuracy of the LDS, and the geometric parameters calibration process of the components of the LDS is tedious. In this paper, we present a vision measurement model of the LDS based on the perspective projection principle. Furthermore, a corresponding calibration method is proposed. A planar target with featured lines is moved by a 2D moving platform to some preset known positions. At each position, the world coordinates of calibration points are obtained by the cross ratio invariance principle and the linear array camera of the LDS is used for collecting target images. The simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and the feasibility of the calibration method. The experimental results indicate that the calibration method achieves a calibration accuracy of 0.026 mm. Compared with the traditional measurement model, the vision measurement model of the LDS is more comprehensive and avoids a linear approximation procedure, and the corresponding calibration method is easily complemented.     

Shape and slope measurement by source displacement in shearography

Shearography is a full field non-contact optical technique usually used to measure the gradient of the displacement of a surface subjected to thermal or mechanical loading. This paper describes the use of shearography for surface slope and shape measurement. Interferometric speckle patterns obtained before and after displacement of the optical source are correlated to yield correlation fringes which are, in general, a mixture of slope fringes and carrier fringes. This paper contains a full treatment of the sensitivity of slope fringes to the parameters; the illumination and the imaging geometry and the magnitude and the direction of the source displacement. The slope fringes are corrected for distortion, which is due to the necessary off-axis illumination, and are scaled using parameters calculated using a mathematical model. Experimentally generated phase-stepped slope fringes are unwrapped and integrated to recover the object shape.     

基于应变片的自由活塞斯特林制冷机位移测试研究

压缩活塞与排出器的位移大小及相位差对自由活塞斯特林制冷机的制冷性能具有极其重要的影响。文中通过对目前各种位移测试方法优缺点分析,结合自由活塞式斯特林制冷机自身特点,提出了采用应变片响应涡旋柔性弹簧形变来测量活塞和排出器位移的新方法。通过分析、设计和标定,建立了一套基于应变片的自由活塞斯特林制冷机位移测量系统。实验测试结果表明,该位移测量系统是可靠的,具有体积小、投资省等优点,且不需要特别的安装空间。     

Application of iteration and finite element smoothing technique for displacement and strain measurement of digital speckle correlation

In this paper, an improved method for measuring displacement in digital speckle correlation technology, which is based on an iterative and spatial-gradient algorithm, is developed. After obtaining full-field displacement, both finite element method and 2D generalized cross-validation (GCV) algorithm are adopted for smoothing the displacement field, and then the strain field can be obtained from the smoothed displacement field. The method is estimated by simulated speckle patterns and three-point bending experiment. All the results show the improved method can obtain a reasonable estimation of displacement and strain fields in digital speckle correlation method.     

面内位移测量的基于梯度的数字图像相关方法

将整像素位移搜索和基于微区统计性质的亚像素位移梯度算法相结合的数字图像相关方法具有计算简单、求解效率高等优点。该方法的基本假设是变形前后的子区做刚体平移,这则与有位移梯度存在的实际情况相矛盾。首先分析了该基本假设的理论误差,在基于梯度的数字图像相关方法中,得出变形子区做刚体平移的假设和在Newton-Rapshon方法中子区均匀变形的假设所获得的变形子区中心位移在理论上为相同的结论。然后用四组实验来验证该方法在实际实验条件下的计算精度和稳定性,并在铝板试件的单向拉伸实验中,将该方法与N-R方法在有应变存在情况下的计算结果作比较,结果表明该方法计算的位移和理论位移符合得很好,但其计算速度和效率要远优越于N-R方法。     

Simple optical method for small angular displacement measurement based on the astigmatic effect

We propose a novel small-angle measuring optical method based on the astigmatic effect of two orthogonally placed cylindrical lenses. According to the one-to-one correspondence between the laser spot shape and the angle,the angle is determined. We theoretically analyze the measuring range and demonstrate that a longer distance between the rotating axis and the optical axis leads to a smaller measuring range, but better sensitivity. Also, an associated experimental system is established and a measuring range of 0.94 mrad(cubic fit r = 0.9993) as well as a good linear range of 0.37 mrad(linear fit r=0.9994) with a resolution of 8 μrad is achieved.