沉积温度对BiFeO3薄膜结构和性能的影响

采用磁控溅射法制备SrRuO3(SRO)薄膜、脉冲激光沉积法制备BiFeO3(BFO),构架了Pt/SRO/BFO/SRO/SrTiO3(001)异质结,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、铁电测试仪研究了沉积温度对BFO薄膜结构和性能的影响.研究结果表明,随着温度的升高,BFO(001)和(002)衍射峰强度逐渐增强,BFO(110)和Bi2O3衍射峰强度逐渐减小,不同沉积温度下生长的样品都具有铁电性,在800 kV/cm的电场下,640 ℃下生长的BFO薄膜的剩余极化强度为65 μC/cm2.采用数学拟合的方法研究了Pt/SrRuO3/BiFeO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3的漏电机理,结果表明BFO薄膜导电机理为普尔-弗兰克导电机理.     

沉积温度对磁控溅射BiFeO3薄膜结构和性能的影响

应用磁控溅射法在以SrRuO3 (SRO)薄膜为缓冲层的Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si(001)基片上制备了多晶BiFeO3 (BFO)薄膜,构架了SRO/BFO/SRO异质结电容器.采用X射线衍射、铁电测试仪等研究沉积温度对BFO薄膜结构和性能的影响.X射线衍射图谱显示BFO薄膜为多晶结构.在2.5 kHz测试频率下,500℃生长的BFO薄膜呈现比较饱和的电滞回线,2Pr为145μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec为158 kV/cm,漏电流密度约为2.4×104 A/cm2.漏电机制研究表明,在低电场区,SRO/BFO/SRO电容器满足欧姆导电机制,在高电场区,满足普尔-弗兰克导电机理.实验发现:SRO/BFO/SRO电容器经过109翻转后仍具有良好的抗疲劳特性.     

外延铁酸铋薄膜铁电性和反转特性的研究

采用磁控溅射的方法在以SrRuO3 (SRO)为底电极的(001)取向的SrTiO3基片上制备了外延BiFeO3 (BFO)薄膜,并以氧化铟锡(ITO)和金属Pt为上电极构架了ITO/BFO/SRO和Pt/BFO/SRO两种薄膜电容器,研究上电极对外延BFO薄膜铁电性和反转特性的影响.结果表明,两种薄膜电容器均体现了良好的饱和电滞回线,当测试电场为333 kV/cm时,ITO/BFO/SRO和Pt/BFO/SRO两种电容器的剩余极化强度分别为47.6 μC/cm2和56 μC/cm2,矫顽场分别为223 kV/cm和200 kV/cm.此外,两种薄膜电容器都具有良好的保持和抗疲劳特性.通过反转和非反转电流对时间的积分,可以计算出真实的极化强度.当反转电压幅值为17 V时,ITO/BFO/SRO和Pt/BFO/SRO两种电容器电流的反转时间分别为0.48 μs和0.32μs,真实极化强度的计算值约为41μC/cm2和47 μC/cm2,此计算值和铁电净极化强度的测量值符合的很好.     

锌掺杂对铁酸铋薄膜结构及多铁性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si衬底上成功制备了BiFe_1-xZn_xO₃(BFZO)(x=0、2%、4%、6%)(摩尔分数)薄膜,并系统研究了Zn掺杂对BiFeO₃(BFO)薄膜结构、表面形貌、漏电流密度、铁电及铁磁性能的影响。XRD图谱显示,所有样品均为钙钛矿结构,无其他杂质相引入。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试表明,当Zn掺杂量(x)为4%时,BFZO薄膜表现出均匀的细晶粒和更高的密度,有助于改善漏电流密度。漏电流密度曲线表明,在300 kV/cm的电场下,BiFe_0.96Zn_0.04O₃薄膜的漏电流密度(J)最低为1.56×10^-6 A/cm²,比纯BFO薄膜的低3个数量级。同时,BiFe_0.96Zn_0.04O₃薄膜在室温下表现出较大的剩余极化(2P_r=20.91μC...     

不同电极对外延BiFeO3薄膜铁电性能的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在SrRuO3/SrTiO3(001)衬底上外延生长BiFeO3薄膜,研究以不同金属或氧化物做顶电极时的铁电、铁磁性质和漏电流及其导电机制。X射线衍射图谱和Φ扫描图结果显示BiFeO3薄膜沿c轴外延生长,以Pt、Al做顶电极的薄膜剩余极化强度2Pr为68μC/cm2,生长Pt/SRO、FePt顶电极的薄膜剩余极化强度较小,2Pr为44μC/cm2,矫顽场2Ec约为370±20 kV/cm。薄膜的漏电流密度较小而且趋于饱和,在U=12 V时最大为1.94×10-3A/cm2,体传导普尔弗兰克导电为BiFeO3薄膜主要的导电机制。BFO薄膜展现出弱磁性,饱和磁化强度为9.3 emu/cm3,矫顽场为338 Oe。     

光照对BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3薄膜铁电和输运性质的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在Pt(111)/ Ti/ SiO2/ Si(001)基片上制备了BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3(BFMO)薄膜,并构架了Pt/ SrRuO3/ BFMO/ Pt型电容器.X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现在650℃快速退火可以得到良好结晶质量的多晶薄膜.紫光入射到薄膜表面,电滞回线发生变化,这是由于光照在薄膜内部产生的光生载流子影响了退极化场的分布.研究表明,在紫光照射下,薄膜的漏电流密度变大,电导由5.1×10-7 S增大到6.63×10-7S.通过对暗电流密度的拟合发现,BFMO薄膜为欧姆导电机制.     

退火温度对La3Ga5SiO14薄膜结构及表面形貌的影响

采用脉冲激光沉积技术在Si(100)衬底上制备了La3Ga5SiO14薄膜,并研究了不同的退火温度对薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响.衬底温度为室温时生长的薄膜经过800 ℃以上的高温退火后,由最初的无定形态转变为无规则取向的多晶结构.衬底温度为400 ℃时生长的薄膜经过800 ℃退火处理后呈现无序的多晶形态.当退火温度进一步升高至1000 ℃时,XRD图谱显示薄膜由最初的(220)和(300)两个结晶方向转变为以(200)和(400)为主要取向的多晶结构.表面形貌分析表明:衬底温度为400 ℃时,随着退火温度的升高,薄膜颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,表面无裂纹,而衬底温度为室温时生长的薄膜退火后则出现大量的裂缝、孔洞等缺陷.     

Ge覆盖层诱导晶化多晶Si薄膜的晶化特性研究

采用电子束蒸发技术在衬底温度为180℃条件下生长具有Ge覆盖层的非晶Si薄膜,并于500℃、600℃、700℃真空退火5h.采用Raman散射、X射线衍射(XRD)、全自动数字式显微镜等对所制备薄膜的晶化特性进行研究.结果表明,Ge覆盖层具有诱导非晶Si薄膜晶化的作用,且随着退火温度的升高a-Si薄膜晶化越显著.具有Ge覆盖层非晶薄膜经500℃退火5h沿Si(400)方向开始晶化,对应晶粒尺寸约为4.9 nm.将退火温度升高到700℃时,非晶硅薄膜几乎全部晶化,晶化多晶Si薄膜在Si(400)方向表现出很强的择优取向特性,晶粒尺寸高达23.3μm.与相同条件下制备的无Ge覆盖层的非晶Si薄膜相比,晶化温度降低了300℃.     

衬底温度对共蒸发制备GaSb多晶薄膜性质的影响

采用共蒸发的方法在玻璃衬底上制备出GaSb多晶薄膜材料.研究了薄膜生长速率与衬底温度、Ga源温度和Sb源温度的关系.通过XRD、UV-Vis、Hall效应和AFM等测试方法,研究了衬底温度对于GaSb薄膜的结构特性、光电性质以及表面形貌的影响.GaSb多晶薄膜具有(111)择优取向,薄膜的吸收系数达到105 cm-1,晶粒尺寸随衬底温度升高逐渐增大;衬底温度为540℃时,薄膜的迁移率达到127 cm2/V·s,空穴浓度为3×1017 cm-3.GaSb薄膜的表面粗糙度随温度增加而增加.     

(001)高度择优取向Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/Pt异质结的结构及性能

采用射频磁控溅射法结合高真空后退火处理,在MgO(001)单晶基片上制备了Pt薄膜.应用脉冲激光沉积法在Pt/MgO上进一步生长了Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)薄膜.借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)、铁电测试仪、LCR表研究了BST/Pt/MgO的结构和性能.研究发现,700 ℃真空退火可以保证Pt薄膜在MgO基片上实现(001)高度择优生长,以(001)Pt薄膜为模板,可以进一步获得(001)高度择优取向具有铁电性能BST薄膜.在100 Hz测试频率下,BST薄膜最大介电常数为1100、调谐率为81;、品质因数为21;在7 V的电压下,漏电流密度1.85×10-5 A/cm2,进一步分析表明,BST薄膜在0～2.6 V之间满足欧姆导电机制,在2.6～7 V之间满足普尔-弗兰克导电机制.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.