锥形长药柱水下爆炸冲击波参数计算方法

为了计算锥形长药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力,以及研究长脉宽冲击波的传输特性,基于叠加原理建立了冲击波压力-时间曲线的计算方法,通过实验验证了该方法的有效性,在此基础上分析了锥形长药柱不同方位冲击波压力的分布规律。研究结果表明:锥形长药柱产生的冲击波压力具有各向异性,在起爆端一侧形成的是具有厚波头特征的低幅值长脉宽冲击波,在装药径向形成的是接近指数衰减的高幅值冲击波,而在远离起爆端的冲击波压力幅值和脉宽则介于前两者之间。锥形长药柱与球形装药冲击波分布的差异是由于装药形状和起爆方式的改变所导致的,由于装药不同部位起爆的时间差,导致水下爆炸冲击波在不同位置的叠加效果存在明显差异,药柱周围流场中形成的冲击波压力具有方向性。利用提出的计算方法得到的计算结果与实验结果和数值模拟结果吻合较好,研究结果可为锥形长药柱水下爆炸冲击波威力场和毁伤评估提供参考和依据。     

Numerical modeling the dynamics of flow in explosion above a surface

The hydrodynamics of processes occurring in explosion of condensed explosives in air is considered. The physical model, computation technique, and results of simulation of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic flow arising in explosion of cylindrical charges are discussed. In this case, the explosions are considered at some distance above the ground. To close the gas-dynamics equations, the Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state is used. The results of calculation allow one to obtain a detailed space–time pattern of the arising flow and to study the origination, propagation, and subsequent attenuation of shock waves. Cylindrical charges of the same mass but with different diameter-to-length ratios are considered. It is shown that the charge shape can render essential influence on dynamics of flow and the parameters of shock waves (in the near and medium fields of explosion).     

TNT药柱水中爆炸近场压力轴向衰减规律

通过TNT药柱水中爆炸实验,建立了利用高速相机测量水中爆炸近场冲击波的实验方法,得到了药柱轴向的扫描图像,并对图像进行了数字化分析;利用Rankine-Hugoniot关系从冲击波的扫描轨迹求得冲击波阵面压力,并外推至冲击波的初始压力;用LS-DYNA计算了柱形装药近场压力沿轴向的衰减曲线;用锰铜压力传感器测量了冲击波的初始压力。研究结果表明,测试结果与计算结果比较符合,TNT药柱的近场轴向压力遵循指数衰减规律。     

The shock-wave structure in a two-velocity mixture of compressible media with different pressures

The problem of the shock-wave structure in a mixture of two compressible media with different velocities and pressures of components is considered. The problem is reduced to solving a boundary-value problem for two ordinary differential equations that describe the velocity relaxation and pressure equalization of the components. Using methods of the qualitative theory of dynamic systems on a plane, the existence and uniqueness of four types of waves are shown: (a) fully dispersed waves; (b) frozen-dispersed waves; (c) dispersed-frozen waves; (d) frozen waves of two-front configuration. A chart of solutions of the corresponding flow types is constructed in the plane of the following parameters: the initial velocity of the mixture and the initial volume concentration of one of the components. The numerical calculations conducted illustrate the obtained analytical structures of the shock wave. It is shown that the results obtained using the suggested mathematical model are in agreement with experimental data on the dependence of the velocity of the dispersed shock wave on the equilibrium pressure behind the shock-wave front for a mixture of silica sand and water. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 10–19, March–April, 1998.     

大断面隧道钻爆冲击波的衰减规律

隧道开挖爆破产生的空气冲击波的破坏效应,将会对人员、机具设备与周围环境造成危害。隧道钻孔爆破冲击波的影响因素比裸露药包爆炸更多、更复杂,研究其衰减规律对采取合适的防护措施意义重大。本文中开展了时速350 km双线铁路大断面隧道钻孔爆破空气冲击波的现场测试,分析了不同工况下冲击波传播规律及影响因素。结果表明:钻爆冲击波超压时程曲线存在多个不同幅值的超压波峰,波峰之间具有明显微差延时的短间隔性,传播至远场未形成稳定的单一平面波,与单一药包爆炸冲击波的传播规律存在差异;钻爆冲击波超压信号由多段与微差延时相对应的子信号叠加而成,子信号数量与毫秒延期雷管段数相同,呈现出典型的时域特征;相同爆破条件下,大断面隧道钻爆时的乳化炸药冲击波转化因数小于小断面巷道工况下的;相较于总药量及最大段药量,按掏槽药量计算的超压峰值与实测超压峰值之间的相关性最强,钻爆冲击波最大超压峰值宜按掏槽段炸药TNT当量确定;隧道内大型机械设备等障碍物改变了钻爆冲击波流场的传播规律,呈现较明显的叠加放大效应。     

柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性

锥形水中爆炸激波管是进行水中爆炸实验的一种装置,该装置能够通过较小装药量在相同距离处实现自由场水中较大装药量爆炸的冲击波峰值。为了获得柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性,本文通过数值计算的方式,对不同圆锥角和不同柱形装药质量下锥形激波管内的冲击波传播过程进行了模拟,通过对不同工况下激波管内冲击波特性进行分析,发现其初始冲击波的衰减规律符合自由场水中的指数衰减形式,并拟合得到了与自由场水中爆炸相容的冲击波峰值、比冲量和能流密度经验公式;发现其二次脉动压力周期与炸药质量呈反常规的变化规律,并引入等效静水压深度解释了这一现象;发现其二次脉动压力幅值与初始冲击波幅值之比比自由场水中更大,而二次脉动压力的比冲量与初始冲击波冲量之比与自由场水中相当。     

Initial stage of the collision of blast waves

The collision of two blast waves is analyzed for the case of variable parameters of the gas behind the wave front and wave reflection at a plane, a cylindrical, and a spherical obstacle. The reflection of a blast wave from a nonmoving obstacle is investigated in detail. The problem of the collision of two shock waves with constant parameters behind the front is solved both in the symmetrical case (reflection from a nonmoving wall) and in the case of waves of different amplitudes by a system of algebraic relations for the compression shocks. The reflection of a strong point-source spherical shock wave from a wall has been treated in [1, 2]. The present article examines the initial stage of wave collision for an arbitrary distribution of the parameters behind the front.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 41–48, September–October, 1971.The authors are grateful to V. P. Korobeinikov for a discussion of the results and to V. P. Kolgan for furnishing the numerical solutions.     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

Blast wave propagation in air from a gaseous charge

In the point explosion problem it is assumed that an instantaneous release of finite energy causing shock wave propagation in the ambient gas occurs at a space point. The results of the solution of the problem of such blasts are contained in [1–4]. This point model is applied for the determination of shock wave parameters when the initial pressure in a sphere of finite radius exceeds the ambient air pressure by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The possibility of such a flow simulation at a certain distance from the charge is shown in papers [4, 5] as applied to the blast of a charge of condensed explosive and in [6, 8] as applied to the expansion of a finite volume of strongly compressed hot gas. In certain practical problems the initial pressure in a volume of finite dimensions exceeds atmospheric pressure by a factor 10–15 only. Such cases arise, for example, in the detonation of gaseous fuel-air mixtures. The present paper considers the problem of shock wave propagation in air, caused by explosion of gaseous charge of spherical or cylindrical shape. A numerical solution is obtained in a range of values of the specific energy of the charge characteristic for fuel-air detonation mixtures by means of the method of characteristics without secondary shock wave separation. The influence of the initial conditions of the gas charge explosion (specific energy, nature of initiation, and others) is investigated and compared with the point case with respect to the pressure difference across the shock wave and the positive overpressure pulse.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 110–118, May–June, 1986.     

小不耦合系数装药爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法

基于轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法的相关研究,充分考虑空气冲击波的传播与爆轰产物膨胀的过程,理论分析了小不耦合系数装药爆破过程中空气冲击波与炮孔壁的相互作用,建立了三维空气介质径向不耦合装药单孔爆破有限元模型,研究了工程爆破中常用的多种小不耦合系数装药组合工况下,炸药单点起爆后的炮孔壁压力峰值,并获得了相应工况下的孔壁压力峰值较爆生气体准静态等熵膨胀压力的压力增大倍数。结果表明:小不耦合系数装药爆破过程中,爆轰产物参数会对空气冲击波波后物质参数产生显著影响,揭示了小不耦合系数装药爆破与轮廓爆破在孔壁压力峰值计算方法上的本质差异;柱状装药结构爆轰波沿轴向传播使得空气冲击波撞击炮孔壁时存在叠加效应,孔壁压力峰值也相应增大,通过统计分析不同炸药类型、不同岩石类型工况下压力增大倍数与不耦合系数的关系,发现压力增大倍数随不耦合系数的增大近似呈线性增长;基于理论推导结果及常用爆破孔壁压力峰值计算形式,综合考虑炸药性能、孔壁岩石介质条件、不耦合装药系数对空气冲击波撞击炮孔壁后压力增大倍数的影响,提出了不耦合系数较小时爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法。     

炸药水中爆炸冲击因子的新型计算方法

针对水中爆炸冲击因子在近场范围内的一些不足,利用水中爆炸冲击波的最大峰值压力与正相冲量的乘积推导了冲击因子的表达式。通过水中爆炸实验,得到了几种典型炸药的冲击波参数及其相似方程。利用该公式计算了水中爆炸冲击因子及其装药指数,并与基于平面波的水下爆炸冲击因子进行了对比。结果表明:冲击因子中的装药指数n＝0.5不仅适合所有以TNT为基本组分的炸药,也适合于RDX、HMX基的炸药。在修正冲击波形状的基础上,由峰值压力与冲量的乘积推导的冲击因子计算公式,从冲击波的毁伤作用的角度表述了水中爆炸冲击因子的物理意义,在计算近场冲击因子时具有更高的准确性。     

Focusing of weak shock waves in confined axisymmetric chambers

Theoretical study of a weak shock wave focusing process on a spherical region in confined 3-D axisymmetric chambers is presented. The chambers are elliptic or parabolic in the plane cross-section containing their axis of symmetry. In the elliptic case a spherical shock wave of constant strength generated at one of the focal points will reflect off the chamber wall and converge on a spherical region around the second focus of the chamber. It is shown that the pressure distribution on the converging spherical shock wave is not homogeneous. In the parabolic case two possibilities of shock generation are considered. In the first one a plane shock wave of constant intensity is send in the inner of the chamber. This shock wave with the plane perpendicular to the symmetry axis will after the reflection off the chamber wall transform to a spherical shock with non-homogeneous pressure distribution. Alternatively, a spherical shock of constant intensity generated at the focus of the paraboloidal chamber will after the reflection transform to a plane shock with non-homogeneous pressure distribution propagating in the outer of the chamber. The above mentioned problems are solved within the frame of the geometrical acoustics approximation and the flow fields as well as the non-uniform shock strengths behind the converging wave fronts are calculated.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Breakdown of a discontinuity,taking account of the real equation of state of the detonation products from a condensed explosive

The problem is considered concerning the breakdown of an arbitrary discontinuity, due to the emergence of a detonation wave at the boundary of a condensed explosive charge. The real equation of state of the detonation products of Hexogen was used in the numerical calculations. A u vs p diagram is constructed, which allows graphical calculations to be carried out of the discontinuity breakdown for different media. A comparison is carried out of the calculated values of the initial shock-wave velocities with the experimental data obtained at a certain distance from the explosive charge. It is shown that an increase of the pressure of the gas in which dispersion of the explosion products occurs leads to a reduction of the initial shock wave velocity and to an enhancement of its attenuation during its further motion in the shock tube.     

3D Steady and Unsteady Bifurcations in a Shock-wave/Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction: A Numerical Study

The principal objective of this paper is to study some unsteady characteristics of an interaction between an incident oblique shock wave impinging a laminar boundary layer developing on a plate plane. More precisely, this paper shows that some unsteadiness, in particular the low frequency unsteadiness, originate in a supercritical Hopf bifurcation related to the dynamics of the separated boundary layer and not necessarily to the coherent structures resulting from the turbulent character of the boundary layer crossing the shock wave. Numerical computations of a shock-wave/laminar boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) have been compared with a classical test case (Degrez test case) and both two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved with an implicit dual time stepping for the temporal algorithm and high order AUSM+ scheme for the spatial discretization. A parametric study on the oblique shock-wave angle has been performed to characterize the unsteady behaviour onset. Finally, discussions and assumptions are made about the origin of the 3D low frequency unsteadiness.     

微型药柱有限水域爆炸径向压力衰减规律研究

为了研究药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力的衰减规律, 通过实验研究了不同装药量微型药柱 有限水域爆炸固定距离的压力曲线, 得到装药量与峰值压力间的关系, 通过数值模拟方式验 证了实验的正确性. 在同一装药量情况下研究了药柱水下爆炸径向压力的衰减规律, 通过曲 线拟合, 得到径向峰值压力随爆心距离的衰减曲线和方程.     

一种水下爆炸冲击波压力调控方法

起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力有较为显著的影响,这使得利用小当量装药在局部方向形成与大当量装药一定程度等效的冲击波成为可能。为了能够在小当量装药条件下开展舰船结构及设备抗水下爆炸冲击实验,基于细长装药结构和参数优化设计,设计了一种冲击波压力幅值和持续时间可调的装药方法。首先,基于简单波理论给出了水下爆炸冲击波压力调控的原理,以及装药参数优化设计的目标函数和约束条件;然后,采用自主数值模拟软件研究了细长装药的水下爆炸能量输出规律,通过实验验证了数值模拟的置信度,研究发现起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值和持续时间的影响是显著的,在炸药爆速一定的情况下,长药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力的持续时间可通过几何近似确定;最后,为了进一步考察该方法的有效性,以1 000 kg TNT和100 m爆距的水下爆炸冲击波压力-时间曲线作为原型,设计了2种与该原型冲击波压力等效的装药方案,并通过数值模拟进行了验证。研究结果表明:设计的装药能够在预定的持续时间内,在装药起爆端一侧形成与原型等效的冲击波压力-时间曲线。由于没有考虑对气泡载荷的等效,因此该调控方法仅适用于中远场爆炸冲击问题。     

爆炸破片对防护液舱的穿透效应

分别对单发破片和双发破片同时穿透液舱的过程进行了数值计算,提出了破片穿透液舱的5个典型过程,分析了破片速度的衰减规律、液舱内板的响应及舱内液体中冲击波压力的叠加效应。结果表明:破片穿透液舱的过程中产生的冲击波和局部压力将作用在液舱内板上,双发破片打击时液体内部产生的冲击波有明显的叠加效应,高压区域的位置与破片间距有关,冲击波压力峰值和液舱内板受到的压力大于2倍的单发破片打击情况。     

Existence of a new type of irregular shock-wave interaction

Several types of plane shock-wave interactions [1–5], realized in various cases of practical importance, are now known. In [7] the possibility of the existence of a new type of shock-wave interaction was demonstrated by numerically solving the axisymmetric boundary-value problem. Here, the corresponding two-dimensional boundary-value problem of the interaction between a shock wave and a plane shock is numerically studied, a theoretical basis is obtained for the region of existence of the shock-wave interaction detected, and its principal properties are investigated. Moscow, Dnepropetovsk. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 181–183, September–October, 1988.     

水下爆炸气泡脉动测量及分析

水下爆炸气泡破坏效应是水中兵器的重要毁伤模式之一。为研究水下爆炸气泡脉动现象,建立了小当量水下爆炸实验系统,并进行了爆炸当量分别为0.125g、1.0g、3.375g和8g TNT的水下爆炸实验。采用球形PETN装药并中心起爆,产生球形对称的气泡和冲击波载荷,并利用高速摄像系统记录水下爆炸气泡脉动过程,以及布置压力传感器测量水中冲击波压力。实验获得了清晰的水下爆炸气泡脉动过程图像,得到了冲击波和气泡脉动压力曲线。对数字化图像进行判读,得到气泡脉动直径和周期。另外根据冲击波曲线测量了气泡脉动周期,对比分析了气泡脉动相关参数。结果表明,高速摄像数据测量的气泡直径与经验公式较接近,高速摄像测量的气泡周期与冲击波曲线测量的气泡脉动周期以及经验公式结果具有较好的一致性。本文提出的实验技术安全、经济、可靠,气泡脉动参数判读精确,满足水下爆炸气泡脉动研究需求。     

切缝药包爆炸作用机理数值模拟

为研究切缝药包定向控制爆炸机理,基于双缝/耦合切缝药包爆轰行为高速纹影实验,建立"炸药-切缝管-空气"模型,采用数值模拟方法研究切缝药包爆炸过程中冲击波相互作用、爆炸流场压力时空分布和切缝管形态变化。研究结果表明:切缝药包爆炸过程中切缝管能够有效控制爆炸能量释放和爆生气体动力学行为;切缝方向压力超前且高于非切缝方向;在爆炸冲击波及爆生气体共同作用下,切缝管曲率不断变小且从起爆点处以相同的变形特征沿切缝管轴向发展;数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合。