N-H…X (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) hydrogen bonding in aromatic amide derivatives in crystal structures

Intramolecular N H···X (X=F, Cl, Br, and Ⅰ) hydrogen bonding patterns of aromatic amides in the solid state are summarized. It is revealed that the key for the formation of this kind of weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding in X-ray crystal structures is to suppress the competition of strong intermolecular N H···O C hydrogen bonding of the amide unit. For amides with identical backbones, the bonding capacity of halogen atoms as hydrogen bonding acceptors is in the order of F>Cl>Br>I, which is in accordance with their electronegativity strength. Generally, the five-membered hydrogen bonding is easier to form than the six-membered one.     

Intramolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonding in 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives

The diastereotopy of the methylene protons at positions 2 and 6 in 1,4-dihydropiridine derivatives with various substituents has been investigated. NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations show that the CH···O intramolecular hydrogen bond is one of the factors amplifying the chemical shift differences in the 1H-NMR spectra.     

S···X halogen bonds and H···X hydrogen bonds in H2CS-XY (XY = FF, ClF, ClCl, BrF, BrCl, and BrBr) complexes: cooperativity and solvent effect

Using ab initio calculations, we have studied the structures, properties, and nature of halogen bonds in H(2)CS-XY (XY = FF, ClF, ClCl, BrF, BrCl, and BrBr) complexes. The results show that the ring-shaped complexes are formed by a halogen bond (S···X) and a secondary hydrogen bond (H···X). We also analyzed the H(2)CS-ClF-ClF and FCl-H(2)CS-ClF complexes to investigate the cooperative and diminutive halogen bonding. The cooperative effect of halogen bonding is found in the former, while the diminutive effect is present in the latter. We finally considered the solvent effect on the halogen bond in H(2)CS-BrCl complex and found that the solvent has a prominent enhancing effect on it. The complexes have also been analyzed with natural bond orbital, atoms in molecules, and symmetry adapted perturbation theory method.     

C-X···π halogen and C-H···π hydrogen bonding: interactions of CF3X (X = Cl, Br, I or H) with ethene and propene

Using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, the formation of halogen bonded complexes of the trifluorohalomethanes CF(3)Cl, CF(3)Br and CF(3)I with ethene and propene dissolved in liquid argon has been investigated. For CF(3)Br and CF(3)I, evidence was found for the formation of C-X···π halogen bonded 1:1 complexes. At a higher ratio of CF(3)I/propene, weak absorptions due to a 2:1 complex were also observed. Using spectra recorded at different temperatures, the complexation enthalpies for the complexes were determined to be -5.3(2) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)Br·ethene, -7.5(2) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)I·ethene, -5.6(1) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)Br·propene, -8.8(1) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)I·propene and -16.5(6) kJ mol(-1) for (CF(3)I·)(2)propene. The complexation enthalpies of the hydrogen bonded counterparts, with CF(3)H as the Lewis acid, were determined to be -4.6(4) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)H·ethene and -5.1(2) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)H·propene. For both hydrogen bonded complexes, a blue shift, by +4.8 and +4.0 cm(-1), respectively, was observed for the C-H stretching mode. The results from the cryospectroscopic study are compared with ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ(-PP) level.     

Experimental evidences for stereo-promoted intermolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonding in solution

The ¹H NMR data and the results of DFT quantum-chemical calculations indicate stereocontrolled formation of intermolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds in aqueous solutions of L-(2S,3S)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)-3-methylpentan-1-ol.     

Five- and six-membered N-H?S hydrogen bonding in aromatic amides

The capacity of sulfur to form intramolecular five- or six-membered S?H-N hydrogen bonding in aromatic amides is assessed. The five-membered S?H-N hydrogen bonding is observed in crystal structures of five compounds, whereas the six-membered S?H-N hydrogen bonding is revealed in crystal structures of three compounds. The trityl group has been used to promote formation of the weak hydrogen bonding because it efficiently inhibits the competition of the intermolecular CO?H-N hydrogen bonding. (2D) ¹H NMR experiments indicate that both patterns also exist in chloroform.     

Morpholine adducts of Co, Ni, and Mn benzoylacetonates: isostructurality and C–H···O hydrogen bonding

Morpholine adducts of nickel(II), cobalt(II), and manganese(II) benzoylacetonates, as well as a morpholine solvate of manganese(II) benzoylacetonate, were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. All four compounds crystallize in the P2₁/c space group with two complex molecules per unit cell. The morpholine solvate, along with the two adduct molecules, also contains four solvent morpholine molecules in the unit cell. The non-solvate compounds are isostructural, with crystal structures comprising 2D networks formed by C–H···O hydrogen bonding between phenyl rings and morpholine oxygen atoms. The topology of these networks can be described as intersecting C₂²(24) chains forming R₄⁴(48) rings. Networks with the same topology are also present in the solvate, but they are heavily distorted due to the presence of solvent morpholine molecules. Thermogravimetric analysis shows similar behavior of the non-solvate compounds upon thermal decomposition, with three degradation steps which can be related to gradual loss of morpholine molecules and subsequent overall decomposition. Decomposition of the solvate also proceeds in several steps, the first of which can be related to loss of solvent morpholine molecules and the further steps are analogous to those in the non-solvate compounds.     

Relationships between NMR shifts and interaction energies in biphenyls,alkanes, aza-alkanes,and oxa-alkanes with X─H…H─Y and X─H…Z (X,Y = C or N; Z = N or O) hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen–hydrogen C─H^…H─C bonding between the bay-area hydrogens in biphenyls, and more generally in congested alkanes, very strained polycyclic alkanes, and cis-2-butene, has been investigated by calculation of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shifts and atom–atom interaction energies. Computed NMR shifts for all protons in the biphenyl derivatives correlate very well with experimental data, with zero intercept, unit slope, and a root mean square deviation of 0.06 ppm. For some congested alkanes, there is generally good agreement between computed values for a selected conformer and the experimental data, when it is available. In both cases, the shift of a given proton or pair of protons tends to increase with the corresponding interaction energy. Computed NMR shift differences for methylene protons in polycyclic alkanes, where one is involved in a very short contact (“in”) and the other is not (“out”), show a rough correlation with the corresponding C─H^…H─C exchange energies. The “in” and “in,in” isomers of selected aza- and diaza-cycloalkanes, respectively, are X─H^…H─N hydrogen bonded, whereas the “out” and “in,out” isomers display X─H^…N hydrogen bonds (X = C or N). Oxa-alkanes and the “in” isomers of aza–oxa-alkanes are X─H^…O hydrogen bonded. There is a very good general correlation, including both N─H^…H─Y (Y = C or N) and N─H^…Z (Z = N or O) interactions, for NH proton shifts against the exchange energy. For “in” CH protons, the data for the different C─H^…H─Y and C─H^…Z interactions are much more dispersed and the overall shift/exchange energy correlation is less satisfactory.     

Conformational landscape and hydrogen bonding in (S)-(−)-perillyc acid: experimental VCD,IR, Raman,and theoretical DFT studies

(S)-(?)-Perillyc acid (4-isopropenylcyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid) is an intermediate in the limonene and pinene pathway degradation and its measurement in urine is used to monitor cancer patients receiving oral limonene. For the first time, a theoretical study of the conformational preference in the monomer and H-bonded dimers complemented with a theoretical and experimental analysis of the infrared, raman, and vibrational vircular dichroism spectra of (S)-(?)-perillyc acid in solution and solid phases is presented. With regard to the monomer, theoretical calculations revealed the existence of two conformers depending on the position of the isopropenyl group (axial and equatorial) and 24 rotamers (12 equatorials and 12 axials). The study of the H-bonded dimers revealed great complexity in the conformational landscape with a total of 36 structures studied. Herein, from a reliable assignment of the IR and Raman spectra and with help from the study of the VCD spectrum of the title compound, the most stable rotamers of the H-bonded complexes have been detected experimentally in the liquid and solid phases. Additionally, natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis indicates an electronic delocalization between the two subunits in the dimer. The IR, Raman, and VCD are helpful and complementary techniques to characterize flexible systems, such as terpenes, which present several conformers and H-bonded aggregates.     

AuX (X=O,S)低电子态的理论研究

通常要用多参考态方法才能合理处理需考虑旋轨耦合（SOC）效应的开壳层分子如AuO和AuS的低电子态. 事实上,通过选取合适的参考态,采用运动方程耦合簇方法（EOM-CC）也能计算这些分子的一些低电子态,而且EOM-CC方法是单参考态方法,使用起来比多参考态方法更加简单. 本文采用最近发展的含旋轨耦合的EOM-CC 计算电离能的方法（EOMIP-CC）,选取对应的负离子为参考态,在CCSD 级别上计算了AuO 和AuS低电子态的性质. 在不考虑旋轨耦合时,通过比较EOMIP-CCSD和EOMIP-CCSDT的结果考察EOMIPCCSD的精度. 此外,与EOMIP-CCSDT结果相比,如果自旋污染较为显著而且T₁的模较大时,UCCSD（T）方法对能量最低的某一特定对称性的电子态的所对应的电离能误差约为0.1-0.15 eV. 在考虑了旋轨耦合效应后,我们的方法得到的键长和振动频率与实验值吻合较好. 另一方面,虽然EOMIP-SOC-CCSD高估了能量较高的²Δ_3/2态、²Σ_1/2⁺态和²Π_1/2态的能量,但是对于其它能量更低的电子态,它们的能量与已有实验值误差在0.2 eV 左右. 这显示我们所用的含SOC的EOMIP-CCSD方法对原本需要用多参考态方法才能处理的AuO和AuS低电子态能给出可靠的结果.     

AuX(X=O,S)低电子态的理论研究

通常要用多参考态方法才能合理处理需考虑旋轨耦合(SOC)效应的开壳层分子如AuO和AuS的低电子态.事实上,通过选取合适的参考态,采用运动方程耦合簇方法(EOM-CC)也能计算这些分子的一些低电子态,而且EOM-CC方法是单参考态方法,使用起来比多参考态方法更加简单.本文采用最近发展的含旋轨耦合的EOM-CC计算电离能的方法(EOMIP-CC),选取对应的负离子为参考态,在CCSD级别上计算了AuO和AuS低电子态的性质.在不考虑旋轨耦合时,通过比较EOMIP-CCSD和EOMIP-CCSDT的结果考察EOMIPCCSD的精度.此外,与EOMIP-CCSDT结果相比,如果自旋污染较为显著而且T1的模较大时,UCCSD(T)方法对能量最低的某一特定对称性的电子态的所对应的电离能误差约为0.1-0.15 eV.在考虑了旋轨耦合效应后,我们的方法得到的键长和振动频率与实验值吻合较好.另一方面,虽然EOMIP-SOC-CCSD高估了能量较高的2Δ3/2态、2Σ+1/2态和2Π1/2态的能量,但是对于其它能量更低的电子态,它们的能量与已有实验值误差在0.2 eV左右.这显示我们所用的含SOC的EOMIP-CCSD方法对原本需要用多参考态方法才能处理的AuO和AuS低电子态能给出可靠的结果.     

A C-H...O=C hydrogen bond? Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a novel semirubin.

(4Z)-8-(5-Carboxypentyl)-9-butyl-2,3-diethyl-dipyrrin-1-one (1), a new analogue of xanthobilirubic acid, (4Z)-8-(carboxyethyl)-2,7,9-dimethyl-3-ethyl-dipyrrin-1-one, was synthesized in four steps from the known 2,3-diethyl-dipyrrin-1-one. Whereas xanthobilirubic acid (which is a model for one-half of bilirubin, the yellow pigment of jaundice) and its homologues with hexanoic and longer acid chains at C-8 engage only in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, 1 is found to engage in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In CDCl(3) solution, dipyrrinone 1 adopts an anti-Z conformation, and its hexanoic acid COOH is hydrogen-bonded to the lactam H-N-C=O and to the pyrrole C(7)-H but not to the pyrrole NH. The latter constitutes an example of a hydrogen bond of the type C-H...O=C, weak and detected typically in crystals. Dipyrrinone 1 is found by vapor pressure osmometry to be monomeric in CHCl(3), but its methyl ester (2) tends toward being dimeric, like that of methyl xanthobilirubinate, which is dimeric.     

Theoretical study of N–H· · ·O hydrogen bonding properties and cooperativity effects in linear acetamide clusters

We investigated geometry, energy, ${\nu_{{\text{N--H}}}}$ harmonic frequencies, ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors, and ${n_{\rm O}\to \sigma _{{\text{N--H}}}^\ast}$ charge transfer properties of (acetamide) _n clusters, with n = 1 ? 7, by means of second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and DFT method. Dependency of dimer stabilization energies and equilibrium geometries on various levels of theory was examined. B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations revealed that for acetamide clusters, the average hydrogen-bonding energy per monomer increases from ?26.85 kJ mol^?1 in dimer to ?35.12 kJ mol^?1 in heptamer; i.e., 31% cooperativity enhancement. The n-dependent trend of ${\nu_{{\text{N--H}}}\,{and}\,^{14}}$ N nuclear quadrupole coupling values were reasonably correlated with cooperative effects in ${r_{{\text{N--H}}}}$ bond distance. It was also found that intermolecular ${n_{\rm O}\to \sigma_{{\text{N--H}}}^\ast}$ charge transfer plays a key role in cooperative changes of geometry, binding energy, ${\nu_{{\text{N--H}}}}$ harmonic frequencies, and ¹⁴N electric field gradient tensors of acetamide clusters. There is a good linear correlation between ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constants, C _Q (¹⁴N), and the strength of Fock matrix elements (F _ij ). Regarding the ${n_{\rm O}\to \sigma_{{\text{N--H}}}^\ast}$ interaction, the capability of the acetamide clusters for electron localization, at the N–H· · ·O bond critical point, depends on the cluster size and thereby leads to cooperative changes in the N–H· · ·O length and strength, N–H stretching frequencies, and ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling tensors.     

Cooperative and diminutive unusual weak bonding in F3CX···HMgH···Y and F3CX···Y···HMgH trimers (X = Cl, Br; Y = HCN, and HNC)

MP2 calculations with cc-pVTZ basis set were used to analyze intermolecular interactions in F(3)CX···HMgH···Y and F(3)CX···Y···HMgH triads (X = Cl, Br; Y = HCN, and HNC) which are connecting with three kinds of unusual weak interactions, namely halogen-hydride, dihydrogen, and σ-hole. To understand the properties of the systems better, the corresponding dyads are also studied. Molecular geometries, binding energies, and infrared spectra of monomers, dyads, and triads were investigated at the MP2/cc-pVTZ computational level. Particular attention is given to parameters such as cooperative energies, cooperative dipole moments, and many-body interaction energies. Those complexes with simultaneous presence of a σ-hole bond and a dihydrogen bond show cooperativity energy ranging between -1.02 and -2.31 kJ mol(-1), whereas those with a halogen-hydride bond and a dihydrogen bond are diminutive, with this energetic effect between 0.1 and 0.63 kJ mol(-1). The electronic properties of the complexes have been analyzed using the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), the electron density shift maps, and the parameters derived from the atoms in molecules (AIM) methodology.     

Theoretical studies of (d-p)ρ bonding,electronic spectra,and reactivities in homo- and heterometallic clusters: [Mo3- n W n X4(H2O)9]4+ ( X = O,S, Se,Te;n= 0-3)

Ab initio calculations with relativistic effective potentials have been carried out on 12 trinuclear molybdenum/tungsten cluster aqua ions [M₃X₄(H₂O)₉]^4– (M₃= Mo₃, W₃ for X = O, S, Se, Te; M₃=Mo₂W, MoW₂ for X = O, S). The electronic structures and bonding pictures of l-12 are discussed in terms of the delocalized and localized molecular orbitals as well as the Mulliken populations, natural populations, and Mayer bond orders. It is shown that the (d-p) bonding in the puckered six-membered ring of the [M₃(µ-X)₃] core arises from a closed continuous ring of three mutually adjacent localized (d-p-d) bonds with strong interactions. It is these three-centered two-electron (d-p-d) bonds that account for the unusual physicochemical properties and reactivities of these cluster compounds. The wavelengths and the assignment of electronic spectra have been given, and the relation between the wavelength shili and the (d-p) bonding is discussed, The reactivities of the ligand substitution reactions and two kinds of addition reactions as weil as some kinetic and redox properties of these compounds are briefly discussed by taking advantage of this Iocalization (d-p-d) a bonding picture.     

C(Ar)-H···O hydrogen bonds in substituted isobenzofuranone derivatives: geometric, topological, and NMR characterization

Substituted isobenzofuranone derivatives 1a-3a and bindone 4 are characterized by the presence of an intramolecular C(Ar)-H···O hydrogen bond in the crystal (X-ray), solution ((1)H NMR and specific and nonspecific IEF-PCM solvation model combined with MP2 and B3LYP methods), and gas (MP2 and B3LYP) phases. According to geometric and AIM criteria, the C(Ar)-H···O interaction weakens in 1a-3a (independent of substituent nature) and in 4 with the change in media in the following order: gas phase > CHCl(3) solution > DMSO solution > crystal. The maximum value of hydrogen bond energy is 4.6 kcal/mol for 1a-3a and 5.6 kcal/mol for 4. Both in crystals and in solutions, hydrogen bond strength increases in the order 1a < 2a < 3a with the rising electronegativity of the ring substituents (H < OMe < Cl). The best method for calculating (1)H NMR chemical shifts (δ(calcd) - δ(expl) < 0.7 ppm) of hydrogen bonded and nonbonded protons in 1a-3a and 1b-3b (isomers without hydrogen bonds) is the GIAO method at the B3LYP level with the 6-31G** and 6-311G** basis sets. For the C-H moiety involved in the hydrogen bond, the increase of the spin-spin coupling constant (1)J((13)C-(1)H) by about 7.5 Hz is in good agreement with calculations for C-H bond shortening and for blue shifts of C-H stretching vibrations (by 55-75 cm(-1)).