Super-reltron theory and experiments

A highly efficient, high-power microwave tube called super-reltron is reported. The authors have achieved operation at >400 MW with ~50% efficiency at 1 GHz, and 250 MW with 40% efficiency at 3 GHz. The RF pulse durations are typically a few hundred nanoseconds. These compact lightweight tubes do not require an external magnetic field. The RF output coupling is straightforward and delivers the power directly via the fundamental TE₁₀ wave in a rectangular waveguide without a mode converter. The key features of the tube include (i) generation of a well-modulated electron beam by periodic virtual cathode formation, (ii) postacceleration of the modulated beam to reduce the relative electron energy spread, and (iii) a multicavity output section that efficiently extracts power without RF breakdown. Various theoretical aspects of the device are discussed and the experimental results are summarized     

C-ADS注入器Ⅱ项目RFQ射频系统介绍（英）

C-ADS注入器Ⅱ的RFQ射频系统是该强流加速器的关键一环,它通过两台完全一样的耦合器为一台四边形四翼型RFQ提供和传送功率。该射频系统在设计之初就考虑为10 mA连续束流而进行特殊优化,从功率源、耦合器和功率传输系统几个方面对其进行详细介绍,尤其是针对CW模式下的系统稳定运行以及设备可靠性等方面进行的特殊考虑和模拟方法。该系统已经在2015年通过了10 mA连续束的测试,证实了该射频系统的设计和调试符合物理的实验需求。特别阐述了该系统中一种新的碗型陶瓷窗耦合器的设计思路和一种无环形器情况下的特殊的耦合系数调谐方法,同时推导了双端口耦合的计算方法的具体设置过程。     

High-Power Modulated Intense Relativistic Electron Sources with Applications to RF Generation and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Recent advances in the physics and technology of the modulated intense relativistic electron beams (IREB's) are reviewed in this paper. Bunched dense electron beams can be used to construct high-power RF sources, which may critically affect future progress in fusion technology. In this paper a system is described in which electrical energy can be converted from a single pulse of relatively long duration into a series of subpulses of short duration (nanosecond and subnanosecond) and of high power (~1010 W). This electrical system consists of an IREB propagating through passive structures. The mutual interaction between the electron beam and one passive structure modifies the IREB so that power compression and beam modulation occur. When the modified IREB interacts with the next passive structure, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into electrical energy or RF energy. The beam current modulation depends on the injected IREB and the structure parameters. A 100-percent modulation of the current has been achieved. A single-beam source may be used for exciting radiation in a frequency range of 60 MHz to 10 GHz. In the frequency range of 60-750 MHz a modulated beam with power ~1010 W has already been achieved. IREB modulation at a frequency of ~3 GHz was performed and RF energy was extracted from the bunched beam with power output of 5 × 108 W.     

Ka波段二次谐波回旋速调管放大器输入耦合器的分析与模拟

 对应用于Ka波段二次谐波回旋速调管放大器的一种输入耦合器进行了分析，并利用三维电磁模拟软件HFSS和ISFEL3D对其进行了模拟与设计。研究结果表明，该输入耦合器具有较高的能量耦合效率，并能在Ka波段获得高纯度的TE₀₂₁谐振模式。     

S波段相对论速调管放大器同轴输出腔的数值模拟

 介绍了S波段强流相对论速调管放大器（RKA）同轴输出腔内束波转换效率和腔主要参数的计算、微波提取的粒子模拟和优化以及实验。模拟计算时,采用单间隙的同轴输出腔,束压580 kV、束流4 kA的环行电子束,基波调制深度为80%,利用3维粒子程序得到约500 MW的微波输出功率,效率21.5%。将该模拟结果应用于实验的设计,实验中采用束压550 kV、束流4 kA的电子束得到功率500 MW、脉宽120 ns的输出微波,束波转换效率22.7%,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好。     

High-power microwave generation using a ferroelectric cathodeelectron gun

A two-stage 500 kV 200-A ferroelectric electron gun has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used in a high power microwave amplifier experiment. We report on the operational characteristics of the gun including measurements of the beam dynamics. The optimum conditions for application of the trigger and its timing are also reported. Faraday cup measurement shows that the beam radius is 4.1 mm, in good agreement with simulation. The gun is designed for use in traveling-wave tube amplifiers, and testing of an X-band amplifier driven by the gun is reported. A peak output power of 5.9 MW has been observed from a single stage amplifier driven by a 100 A. 450 kV beam. This corresponds to energy converging efficiency of 13.1% and is the first observation of high power (~MW) microwave generation using the beam generated from a ferroelectric cathode,     

S波段速调管双间隙输出腔的设计和实验研究

 介绍了S波段强流相对论速调管放大器(RKA)双间隙输出腔高频系统的设计,并利用3维粒子模拟程序模拟和优化了短脉冲强流相对论调制电子束经过双间隙输出腔后的微波提取。在束压640 kV、束流6 kA、基波调制深度80%的条件下,模拟得到功率为1.1 GW的微波,频率约为2.85 GHz,效率28%。在高频分析和粒子模拟的基础上进行了实验研究,实验中采用束压640 kV、束流6 kA的环行电子束,经过优化调节RKA参数,在中间腔后得到了约4.6 kA的基波调制电流,加上双间隙提取腔后从该RKA获得了频率为2.9 GHz、功率为1 GW、脉宽22 ns的输出微波,束波转换效率26%。     

Fabrication of Silicon-Blazed Gratings for Couplers

To our knowledge, no blazed grating has been fabricated in silicon (Si) at a pitch of less than half a micron. In this article, we report the fabrication of Si-blazed gratings at the period of 400 nm, using electron beam lithography and ion beam etching techniques. The blazed grating is extremely useful as a grating coupler in integrated optics, operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.3 mum, because very high output efficiency of the grating coupler is expected. This will allow coupling to thin film devices in silicon, previously not regarded as promising because coupling to them was very inefficient.     

Fabrication of Silicon-Blazed Gratings for Couplers

To our knowledge, no blazed grating has been fabricated in silicon (Si) at a pitch of less than half a micron. In this article, we report the fabrication of Si-blazed gratings at the period of 400 nm, using electron beam lithography and ion beam etching techniques. The blazed grating is extremely useful as a grating coupler in integrated optics, operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.3 mum, because very high output efficiency of the grating coupler is expected. This will allow coupling to thin film devices in silicon, previously not regarded as promising because coupling to them was very inefficient.     

RF power coupling for the CSNS DTL

The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)drift tube linac(DTL)consists of four tanks and each tank is fed by a 2.5 MW klystron.Accurate predication of RF coupling between the RF cavity and ports is very important for DTL RF coupler design.An iris-type coupler is chosen to couple the RF power to the DTL accelerating cavity.The physical design of the DTL coupler and the calculations of RF coupling between the cavity and coupler are carried out.The results from the numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with the analytical results.     

RF power coupling for the CSNS DTL

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) drift tube linac (DTL) consists of four tanks and each tank is fed by a 2.5 MW klystron. Accurate predication of RF coupling between the RF cavity and ports is very important for DTL RF coupler design. An iris-type coupler is chosen to couple the RF power to the DTL accelerating cavity. The physical design of the DTL coupler and the calculations of RF coupling between the cavity and coupler are carried out. The results from the numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with the analytical results.     

Design of a 50 kW, wideband Ka-band slow wave cyclotron amplifier

A two-stage slow wave cyclotron amplifier is investigated to demonstrate a high power, stable, and broad Ka-band radiation source, operating at a low beam power (~60 kV, ~5 amps) and a low magnetic field (~7 kG). A linear theory predicts that the second harmonic gyro-BWO is competing in the amplifier and can be stabilized by inserting a sever in the interaction circuit. A slow-time-scale non-linear code, with a sever included, predicts a saturated gain of 24-28 dB, an efficiency of 15-17%, and an instantaneous bandwidth of 15-20% at a beam axial velocity spread of 2%. A broadband RF coupler, a mode converter, and a RF vacuum window are designed by the use of a 3D electromagnetic, finite element code. Measured RF characteristics are in good agreement with predictions     

长脉冲相对论速调管放大器的初步实验研究

 介绍了L波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器(RKA)的强流相对论电子束(IREB)的调制及微波提取等方面的实验研究。重点分析了束流经过中间腔间隙调制后束流脉冲缩短和输出微波脉冲缩短问题，经过对注入微波、中间腔和输出腔等参数的调节，得到了比较强的基波调制电流和微波辐射。采用446kV/3.0kA/1.4μs的空心电子束，经过四腔放大后，得到381MW/200ns的辐射微波，束波转换效率28%，增益34dB。     

Generation of high-energy pulses from an all-normal-dispersion figure-8 fiber laser

We propose and study numerically an all-normal-dispersion Ytterbium-doped figure-eight fiber laser scheme for generation of high-energy pulses. The monotonous pulse stretching that takes place in the fiber under the combined actions of normal dispersion and nonlinear Kerr effect is compensated by the amplitude modulation effect of a bandpass filter inserted in the ring section of the laser. The Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM) also contributes to shorten the pulses. An output coupler with a large output coupling ratio is inserted at the amplifier output in order to extract the maximal energy from the laser. A short segment of Ytterbium-doped fiber compensates for the losses. Stable single-pulse operation is predicted over a wide range of values of the laser parameters. If the laser parameters (ring and NOLM length, dispersion, filter bandwidth, output coupling ratio) are optimized, pulses with several tens of nanojoules energy are readily obtained, with picosecond duration and a large positive chirp which is linear near the peak. If small-signal gain is large enough, the use of very large output coupling ratios opens the way to pulse energies close to 100 nJ and, after dechirping outside the laser, to durations of ˜50 fs and peak powers of 1 MW.     

Mode control in a high gain relativistic klystron amplifier with3 GW output power

Higher mode excitation is very serious in the relativistic klystron amplifier, especially for the high gain relativistic amplifier working at tens of kilo-amperes. The mechanism of higher mode excitation is explored in the PIC simulation and it is shown that insufficient separation of adjacent cavities is the main cause of higher mode excitation. So RF lossy material mounted on the drift tube wall is adopted to suppress higher mode excitation. A high gain S-band relativistic klystron amplifier is designed for the beam current of 13 kA and the voltage of 1 MV. PIC simulation shows that the output power is 3.2 GW when the input power is only 2.8 kW.     

100 μm core diameter monolithic fiber side-pumping coupler for 10 mJ 10 ns all-fiber laser

In this paper, we report a monolithic fiber side-pumping coupler that allows for very large mode area double clad fiber designs. This coupler is constituted of a multi-mode pump fiber and a double clad fiber (DCF). The pump power is coupled to the DCF through the side of DCF. The pump coupling peak power of 163.7 W @ 560 ??s with the coupling efficiency of 98.0% is achieved, and the signal coupling energy of 10 mJ @ 10 ns (??1 MW @ 10 ns) with the coupling efficiency of 96.3% is obtained, when the core diameter of the DCF is 100 ??m. Furthermore, this side-pumping coupler is successfully applied to a high peak power pulse all-fiber laser with the output energy of over 10 mJ @ 10 ns.     

回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用分析

 给出了自洽非线性大信号理论分析方法,在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用计算模型,对其进行数值计算。研究多种参量对放大器输出功率、增益、效率等的影响,通过优化得到了中心频率34 GHz的四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟表明：在工作电压65 kV,注电流8 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5时,输出功率230 kW,带宽230 MHz,电子效率45%,饱和增益33 dB。     

光阴极注入器超导加速腔集成实验研究

 光阴极超导加速器实验系统由四倍频Nd：YAG锁模激光器、Cs₂Te光阴极、2+1/2微波电子枪、L波段3.5MW脉冲微波源,1.3GHz单腔超导铌腔,500W连续微波源,超导腔束管耦合器,4.2K低温恒温容器,液氦制冷系统,同步控制系统,束流参数诊断,真空系统等构成。2001年6月在中物院进行了光阴极超导加速器原理性实验,测得超导加速段能量增益0.58MeV,微脉冲束流强度0.1A,取得了预期的实验结果。     

Improvement of extraction efficiency by regenerative amplification in an Nd: YAG-MOPA with a phase-conjugating SBS cell

A regenerative amplifier consisting of a conventional mirror as the output coupler and a phase-conjugating SBS cell as the high-reflectivity mirror was seeded with a single longitudinal and transverse mode oscillator with pulse durations of 10 ns and pulse energies up to 5.3 mJ. The output energy, temporal characteristics and beam-quality were measured as a function of pump energy, input energy and the reflectivity of the feedback mirror. Output energies up to 180 mJ were obtained for oscillator input energies of only 0.3 mJ. The beam quality was 2.5 times the diffraction limit. The results are compared with those for simple double-pass amplification.     

300 W侧面分布式抽运掺Yb全光纤放大器

采用角度磨抛的方式, 在纤芯/包层为20/400 μm双包层掺Yb光纤上制作了侧面抽运耦合器. 该耦合器对975 nm的半导体二极管抽运光的耦合效率最高可达97%, 对1080 nm信号光的泄漏比小于2%. 分析了侧面抽运耦合器的性能以及多个侧面抽运耦合器的级联分布对抽运耦合效率的影响; 同时, 在前向抽运和双向抽运方式下, 分析了级联耦合器的分布及信号光泄漏比对激光器整体效率的影响, 并进行了数值模拟. 采用自行研制的侧面抽运耦合器, 搭建了侧面耦合分布式抽运、掺Yb双包层全光纤主振荡功率放大器, 获得了波长为1080 nm、功率为303 W 的基模激光输出. 进一步增加抽运点个数, 提高抽运功率, 可获得更高的输出功率.