Recent Advances in Polyurethane/POSS Hybrids for Biomedical Applications

Advanced organic-inorganic materials-composites, nanocomposites, and hybrids with various compositions offer unique properties required for biomedical applications. One of the most promising inorganic (nano)additives are polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS); their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and phase separation ability that modifies the material porosity are fundamental properties required in modern biomedical applications. When incorporated, chemically or physically, into polyurethane matrices, they substantially change polymer properties, including mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and bioactivity. Hence, this review is dedicated to POSS-PU composites that have recently been developed for applications in the biomedical field. First, different modes of POSS incorporation into PU structure have been presented, then recent developments of PU/POSS hybrids as bio-active composites for scaffolds, cardiovascular stents, valves, and membranes, as well as in bio-imaging and cancer treatment, have been described. Finally, characterization and methods of modification routes of polyurethane-based materials with silsesquioxanes were presented.     

壳聚糖基生物医用材料及其应用研究进展

壳聚糖是一种极具发展潜力的天然生物材料,其在生物医学领域的研究和应用越来越受到重视。阐述了壳聚糖及其衍生物作为生物医用材料的特性,介绍了壳聚糖基生物医用材料的应用现状和发展趋势。     

Recent Advances in Glycerol Polymers: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications

Glycerol polymers are attracting increased attention due to the diversity of polymer compositions and architectures available. This article provides a brief chronological review on the current status of these polymers along with representative examples of their use for biomedical applications. First, the underlying chemistry of glycerol that provides access to a range of monomers for subsequent polymerizations is described. Then, the various synthetic methodologies to prepare glycerol‐based polymers including polyethers, polycarbonates, polyesters, and so forth are reviewed. Next, several biomedical applications where glycerol polymers are being investigated including carriers for drug delivery, sealants or coatings for tissue repair, and agents possessing antibacterial activity are described. Fourth, the growing market opportunity for the use of polymers in medicine is described. Finally, the findings are concluded and summarized, as well as the potential opportunities for continued research efforts are discussed.

     

亲和型生物传感器在生物医学上的应用进展

近年来,生物传感器与纳米技术、流动注射和微流控等新技术的结合,获得了蓬勃而迅速的发展。 亲和型生物传感器是基于生物分子之间的特异的亲和性,即生物活性物质对底物的亲和与键合而建立起来的一种新型传感装置。 它具有特异性好、灵敏度高、成本低、能在复杂的体系中进行在线连续监测等优点,进而在生物医学领域,对生物医学标记物、核酸、蛋白质、病毒、细菌及毒素的检测、药物作用机理的研究、临床用药筛选等方面有着广泛的应用。 本文从光学、电化学、石英晶体微天平传感、表面等离子体共振等几个方面对近年来亲和型生物传感器,特别是用于检测肿瘤标记物的免疫传感器和基于核酸适体的生物传感器在生物医学领域的测定原理和应用现状进行了评述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

荧光金属纳米簇的合成及其在生物医学中的应用研究进展

金属纳米簇作为一种新型的荧光纳米材料,展现出良好的生物相容性和优良的物化性质,近年来受到各个领域的关注,尤其在生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用。该文在介绍多种金属纳米簇的合成方法和光学性质的基础上,综述了金属纳米簇在生物传感、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等领域的应用研究进展,并对其面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。     

Advances in Intelligent Stimuli-Responsive Microneedle for Biomedical Applications

Microneedles (MNs) are a new type of drug delivery method that can be regarded as an alternative to traditional transdermal drug delivery systems. Recently, MNs have attracted widespread attention for their advantages of effectiveness, safety, and painlessness. However, the functionality of traditional MNs is too monotonous and limits their application. To improve the efficiency of disease treatment and diagnosis by combining the advantages of MNs, the concept of intelligent stimulus-responsive MNs is proposed. Intelligent stimuli-responsive MNs can exhibit unique biomedical functions according to the internal and external environment changes. This review discusses the classification and principles of intelligent stimuli-responsive MNs, such as magnet, temperature, light, electricity, reactive oxygen species, pH, glucose, and protein. This review also highlights examples of intelligent stimuli-responsive MNs for biomedical applications, such as on-demand drug delivery, tissue repair, bioimaging, detection and monitoring, and photothermal therapy. These intelligent stimuli-responsive MNs offer the advantages of high biocompatibility, targeted therapy, selective detection, and precision treatment. Finally, the prospects and challenges for the application of intelligent stimuli-responsive MNs are discussed.     

水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

生物医学涉及到人类健康相关的多个领域:临床医疗、公共卫生、医药研发等多个方面.其中在医药研发领域,基于插层结构的纳米药物载体的研发已经成为重要发展方向之一.水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物具有成本低、合成简单、载药高效、细胞膜透过率高、生物相容性好、易降解等优点,在生物医药领域得到了广泛关注.本文主要介绍了LDHs及其衍生物的制备方法,以及在抗菌治疗、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等方面的应用.此外,还简述了LDHs材料的规模化生产方法和现状,进一步分析了LDHs的实际应用前景.最后,对LDHs材料在生物医药领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Advances in Electrostatic Spinning of Polymer Fibers Functionalized with Metal-Based Nanocrystals and Biomedical Applications

Considering the metal-based nanocrystal (NC) hierarchical structure requirements in many real applications, starting from basic synthesis principles of electrostatic spinning technology, the formation of functionalized fibrous materials with inorganic metallic and semiconductor nanocrystalline materials by electrostatic spinning synthesis technology in recent years was reviewed. Several typical electrostatic spinning synthesis methods for nanocrystalline materials in polymers are presented. Finally, the specific applications and perspectives of such electrostatic spun nanofibers in the biomedical field are reviewed in terms of antimicrobial fibers, biosensing and so on.     

生物医用类环糊精/聚合物(准)聚轮烷

环糊精及其衍生物具有“内疏水、外亲水”的特殊分子结构,可与许多客体分子包结形成包合物。利用环糊精与聚合物的包结作用构建稳定、结构可控并具有广泛应用前景的生物医用材料是材料及医学界研究的焦点之一。本文介绍了环糊精基(准)聚轮烷的概念及其组装驱动力,同时围绕由环糊精和聚合物组装形成的(准)聚轮烷在生物医用方面的研究包括药物载体(如超分子凝胶、超分子胶束、超分子纳米囊泡、药物键合(准)聚轮烷、刺激响应型(准)聚轮烷等)、基因载体、多重识别与靶向、形状记忆材料及其它相关领域工作进展作一概述。     

ZIF-8纳米颗粒的粒径调控及生物医学应用

沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8, ZIF-8)是由锌离子与2-甲基咪唑配位自组装成的多孔结晶材料,其比表面积大、孔隙率高、合成便捷、尺寸可控,在功能物质的包封与输运中具有突出的优势。与此同时,这类材料更具备优异的生物相容性,且其结构在生理条件下具有良好的稳定性,而在酸性条件下解体,对于与恶性肿瘤等多种疾病相关的弱酸性环境具有响应性,是控制药物运输与释放的理想载体,因而在生物医学上有很大的应用潜力。事实上,ZIF-8不但能高效负载阿霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶等小分子化疗药物,而且可以充当抗体、核酸等生物大分子的保护层。ZIF-8的粒径等性能对于相应的生物医学应用非常关键,而如何实现ZIF-8功能性的精准调控将是实现其生物医学应用的重要挑战,基于此,本文就ZIF-8的制备机理、性能调控及其生物医学应用进行综述和展望。     

单原子材料类酶催化及生物医学应用研究进展

纳米酶因其经济、 稳定、 性质可调和可循环利用等诸多优势, 成功地克服了天然酶在实际应用中的不足. 单原子材料的出现使得对纳米酶的研究迈入原子水平, 其较高的原子利用率、 独特的配位环境和较强的金属-载体相互作用为揭示纳米酶构效关系及调控类酶活性提供了可能. 本文总结了近年来单原子材料类酶催化的研究进展, 重点讨论了单原子材料类酶活性的调控策略和催化机理, 概述了单原子类酶材料在癌症治疗、 抗氧化治疗、 抗菌以及生物传感等方面的应用, 并对单原子类酶材料的发展前景进行了展望.     

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Responsive Polymers for Biomedical Applications

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in cell signaling pathways, while increased production of ROS may disrupt cellular homeostasis, giving rise to oxidative stress and a series of diseases. Utilizing these cell‐generated species as triggers for selective tuning polymer structures and properties represents a promising methodology for disease diagnosis and treatment. Recently, significant progress has been made in fabricating biomaterials including nanoparticles and macroscopic networks to interact with this dynamic physiological condition. These ROS‐responsive platforms have shown potential in a range of biomedical applications, such as cancer targeted drug delivery systems, cell therapy platforms for inflammation related disease, and so on.

     

人造细胞的化学构建及其生物医学应用研究

人造细胞是模拟生物细胞结构,人工构建的与细胞功能相近的微米囊泡。人造细胞的构建主要有两种模式：自上而下模式主要利用生物学方法对生物基因序列进行重新设计,获得具有细胞类似结构功能的人造细胞;自下而上模式主要利用化学方法采用非生命物质构筑简化的细胞结构模型。自下而上化学模式构建的人造细胞大多只包含执行所需功能的最小单元,具有简单的细胞仿生的结构与功能。本文详细综述了人造细胞的构建模式以及化学构建人造细胞的常见类型,包括脂质囊泡、蛋白体囊泡、聚合物囊泡、凝集体液滴和胶体囊泡等,总结了人造细胞在分析传感、细胞结构与功能模拟、生物载体转运、微纳米反应器、疾病诊疗方面的生物医学应用现状。     

Precision Biopolymers from Protein Precursors for Biomedical Applications

The synthesis of biohybrid materials with tailored functional properties represents a topic of emerging interest. Combining proteins as natural, macromolecular building blocks, and synthetic polymers opens access to giant brush‐like biopolymers of high structural definition. The properties of these precision polypeptide copolymers can be tailored through various chemical modifications along their polypeptide backbone, which expands the repertoire of known protein‐based materials to address biomedical applications. In this article, the synthetic strategies for the design of precision biopolymers from proteins through amino acid specific conjugation reagents are highlighted and the different functionalization strategies, their characterization, and applications are discussed.     

医用高分子水凝胶的设计与合成

作为一类重要的医用功能材料,高分子水凝胶可望在药物控释、软骨支架构建、活性细胞封装等方面获得广泛应用。综述了基于化学交联和物理交联的有关水凝胶的设计与合成方法,重点介绍了通过自由基共聚反应、结构互补基团间化学反应形成的化学交联水凝胶以及通过荷电相反离子问相互作用、两亲性嵌段或接枝共聚物疏水缔合、结晶与氢键相互作用形成的物理交联水凝胶。     

Nanofibers for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Unique features of nanofibers provide enormous potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. Many studies have proven the extreme potential of nanofibers in front of current challenges in the medical and healthcare field. This review highlights the nanofiber technologies, unique properties, fabrication techniques (i.e., physical, chemical, and biological methods), and emerging applications in biomedical and healthcare fields. It summarizes the recent researches on nanofibers for drug delivery systems and controlled drug release, tissue‐engineered scaffolds, dressings for wound healing, biosensors, biomedical devices, medical implants, skin care, as well as air, water, and blood purification systems. Attention is given to different types of fibers (e.g., mesoporous, hollow, core‐shell nanofibers) fabricated from various materials and their potential biomedical applications.     

Applications of MALDI-MS/MS-Based Proteomics in Biomedical Research

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most widely used techniques in proteomics to achieve structural identification and characterization of proteins and peptides, including their variety of proteoforms due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) or protein–protein interactions (PPIs). MALDI-MS and MALDI tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have been developed as analytical techniques to study small and large molecules, offering picomole to femtomole sensitivity and enabling the direct analysis of biological samples, such as biofluids, solid tissues, tissue/cell homogenates, and cell culture lysates, with a minimized procedure of sample preparation. In the last decades, structural identification of peptides and proteins achieved by MALDI-MS/MS helped researchers and clinicians to decipher molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and related pathways of the gene products as well as their involvement in pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we highlight the applications of MALDI ionization source and tandem approaches for MS for analyzing biomedical relevant peptides and proteins. Furthermore, one of the most relevant applications of MALDI-MS/MS is to provide “molecular pictures”, which offer in situ information about molecular weight proteins without labeling of potential targets. Histology-directed MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) uses MALDI-ToF/ToF or other MALDI tandem mass spectrometers for accurate sequence analysis of peptide biomarkers and biological active compounds directly in tissues, to assure complementary and essential spatial data compared with those obtained by LC-ESI-MS/MS technique.     

多光谱光声层析成像及其在生物医学中的应用

多光谱光声层析成像(MSOT)技术是一种将多光谱成像与光声层析成像(PACT)技术相结合的新技术,该技术利用不同生物组织的光谱吸收特性,用多组不同波长的短脉冲激光照射组织以产生组织特异性的光声信号,从而更好地进行光声成像和组分识别。MSOT兼具光学成像的高灵敏度、高分辨率优势和超声成像可对数厘米深组织成像的长处,同时又能弥补光学成像深度有限和超声成像对比度差的短处,能够实现深层组织的高分辨率、高对比度、高穿透深度的实时无损伤成像。迄今为止,MSOT已应用于肿瘤内光吸收粒子的检测、血管结构和血液氧合作用的评价、生物荧光蛋白的成像以及乳腺癌患者检测的初步研究。随着光声成像系统的不断改进,MSOT与生物标记物(如荧光试剂、金纳米颗粒等)结合对体内分子进行成像,在生物医学中得到了广泛的应用。本文简要综述了MOST的成像原理、实验装置及其性能特点,着重总结了其在生物医学领域的最新应用进展,尤其是在新生血管成像、肿瘤的早期诊断及肿瘤的原位成像方面。     

角蛋白的提取及其生物医学应用

角蛋白系硬蛋白之一,广泛存在于动物的毛发及皮肤的衍生物中。目前,从毛发和羽毛中提取角蛋白常用的化学方法有酸碱水解法、还原法和氧化法等。作为天然生物分子,角蛋白具有优异的生物活性、生物相容性、生物降解性、良好的材料力学性能以及自然丰度等特性,在生物医学领域有很多潜在的应用。本文介绍了角蛋白的结构以及主要的提取方法,并展望了角蛋白的生物医学应用前景。