Thermal Analysis of Free‐Corner Effects in Cross‐Ply Plates by a Higher‐Order Theory Approach

Stresses in the vicinity of free edges and corners of composite laminates exhibit a distinct localized three‐dimensional behaviour [1] and thus represent an important technical situation. Since numerical analyses of stress concentration phenomena in layered structures are computationally expensive, the present contribution is devoted to a simple closed‐form higher‐order theory approach for the calculation of displacements, strains and stresses in the vicinity of a rectangular corner of symmetric cross‐ply laminates under uniform thermal load ΔT. An appropriate representation for the displacement field in the form of a single‐layer theory with unknown inplane components and appropriately assumed functions through the plate thickness yields closed‐form expressions for the strains and stresses throughout the whole laminate. Equilibrium and boundary conditions are fulfilled in an integral sense. The present approach is easily applied, is of a completely closed‐form analytic nature and requires only little computational effort. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Interlaminar Stresses at Corners of Laminate Reinforcements

For inplane loaded plates the use of two laminate patches which are attached symmetrically to a base laminate with respect to the out-of-plane direction is a possibility to reinforce a highly stressed region. But corners at the patches' boundaries constitute a source for stress localizations. The expedient knowledge of the local mechanical inplane fields at such corners can be obtained with the boundary finite element method (BFEM). In order to investigate the intrinsically three-dimensional nature of the laminate corner setup the gradients of the inplane fields are readily evaluated since they are provided by the BFEM in a semi-analytical way. The interlaminar stresses inside the plate are retrieved by equilibrium considerations on a ply-by-ply basis. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the free‐edge effect in piezoelectric laminated plates

The present paper considers the effect of electromechanical coupling on the interlaminar stresses and the electric field strengths at free edges of laminated plates with piezoelectric material properties. The results of coupled and uncoupled piezoelectric analyses performed by use of the finite element method are compared. Exemplarily, a symmetric cross‐ply and a symmetric angle‐ply laminate are investigated under uniaxial tension and without any electrical loading. It is shown that the interlaminar stresses at the free edge are significantly higher in the coupled case for the symmetric cross‐ply laminate, whereas the coupling effect for the symmetric angle‐ply laminate is of minor significance. In addition, the occurrence of electric field strengths with singular character is revealed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modelling of the Piezoelectric Element Interaction for Actively Damped Laminated Plates

The paper deals with stationary vibrations of viscoelastic laminated rectangular plates controlled by distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Assuming the perfect bonding, the model of interaction between piezoelements and the basic structure is developed by taking into account the inplane tension or compression of the plate caused by the two‐dimensional piezoelectric effect. Moreover, the governing equations are formulated for a non‐zero skew angle between the principal material axes of the piezoelectric patches and the laminate axes.     

Free-edge stress analysis of general composite laminates under extension, torsion and bending

In this study, based on the reduced form of elasticity displacement field for a long laminate, an analytical method is established to exactly obtain the interlaminar stresses near the free edges of generally laminated composite plates subjects to extension, torsion, and bending. The constant parameters being in the displacement field, which describe the global deformation of a laminate, are appropriately calculated by using the improved first-order shear deformation theory. Reddy’s layerwise theory is subsequently employed for analytical and numerical examinations of the boundary layer stresses within arbitrary laminated composite plates. Various numerical results are developed for the interlaminar normal and shear stresses along the interfaces and through the thickness of laminates near the free edges. Finally the effects of end conditions of laminates and geometric parameters on the boundary-layer stress are studied.     

Modeling large amplitude vibration of matrix cracked hybrid laminated plates containing CNTR-FG layers

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of the nonlinear vibration behavior of a hybrid laminated plate composed of carbon nanotube reinforced functionally graded (CNTR-FG) layers and conventional fiber reinforced composite (FRC) layers. Three type symmetric distributions of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through the thickness of layers are considered. The cracks are modeled as aligned slit cracks across the ply thickness and transverse to the laminate plane. The distribution of cracks is assumed to be statistically homogeneous corresponding to an average crack density. The obtained partial differential equations are solved by the element-free kp-Ritz method, and the iteration process is dealt with using the linearized updated mode method. Detailed parametric studies are conducted investigate the effects of matrix crack density, CNTs distributions, CNT volume fraction, plate aspect ratio and plate length-to-thickness ratio, boundary conditions and number of layers on the frequency-amplitude responses of hybrid laminated plates containing CNTR-FG layers.     

Quasi-three-dimensional theory for solution of dynamic thermoelastic problem of laminated composite plates

An uncoupled dynamic thermoelastic problem for laminated composite plates has been considered. The hypotheses used take into account the nonlinear distribution of temperature and displacements over the thickness of a laminated plate. On the basis of these hypotheses a quasi-three-dimensional (layerwise) theory is constructed that makes it possible to investigate the internal thermal and stress-strain states, as well as the edge effects of the boundary layer type for laminated plates. Systems of the heat conduction and motion equations are derived using the variational method. The order of the equations depends on the number of layers and terms in expansions of temperature and displacements of each layer. An analytical solution of the dynamic thermoelastic problem is presented for a cross-ply laminated rectangular plate with simply supported edges. The reliability of the results is confirmed by a comparison with the known exact solutions. The results based on the proposed theory can be used for verifying various two-dimensional plate theories when solving the dynamic thermoelastic problems for laminated composite plates.     

点简支正交各向异性矩形薄板弯曲的精确解

本文利用迭加原理,给出了点简支正交各向异性短形薄板弯曲问题的封闭的级数式解答.简支点的位置和横向载荷的分布均可任意.用本文的级数解给出的算例与以往的数值解是十分一致的.     

On an Approach to the Solution of the Bending Problem for Laminated Plates

The paper presents a method for determining the three-dimensional state of stresses and strains in a moderately thick rectangular plate composed of isotropic layers unlimited in number and arranged symmetrically about the midplane of the plate. The method is based on a variant of Timoshenko theory [1, 2] and allows one to calculate the stresses and displacements in a shear-compliant plate for various types of boundary conditions and various external loads. According to it, the displacement field in the plate is represented as a sum of products of two unknown functions one of which is defined on the midplane and the second one depends on the thickness coordinate and satisfies the layer contact conditions. As an example, a rectangular laminated plate clamped at all its edges and loaded on the upper surface by a sinusoidal load is considered.     

Dynamic stability of a porous rectangular plate

The study is devoted to a axial compressed porous-cellular rectangular plate. Mechanical properties of the plate vary across is its thickness which is defined by the non-linear function with dimensionless variable and coefficient of porosity. The material model used in the current paper is as described by Magnucki, Stasiewicz papers. The middle plane of the plate is the symmetry plane. First of all, a displacement field of any cross section of the plane was defined. The geometric and physical (according to Hook's law) relationships are linear. Afterwards, the components of strain and stress states in the plate were found. The Hamilton's principle to the problem of dynamic stability is used. This principle was allowed to formulate a system of five differential equations of dynamic stability of the plate satisfying boundary conditions. This basic system of differential equations was approximately solved with the use of Galerkin's method. The forms of unknown functions were assumed and the system of equations was reduced to a single ordinary differential equation of motion. The critical load determined used numerically processed was solved. Results of solution shown in the Figures for a family of isotropic porous-cellular plates. The effect of porosity on the critical loads is presented. In the particular case of a rectangular plate made of an isotropic homogeneous material, the elasticity coefficients do not depend on the coordinate (thickness direction), giving a classical plate. The results obtained for porous plates are compared to a homogeneous isotropic rectangular plate. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

应用虚拟功的互等定理求解均载悬臂厚矩形板的弯曲

悬臂矩形板的弯曲问题一直是平板经典理论中的著名难题,利用中厚板虚拟功的互等定理,借助付宝连提出的角点静力边界条件,得到了均布载荷作用下悬臂厚矩形板弯曲的封闭解析解,并采用现代数值方法和计算软件对所得解析解进行了数值计算.结果表明功的互等法是求解中厚板弯曲问题的一个简明有效的方法.     

An accurate mathematical study on the free vibration of stepped thickness circular/annular Mindlin functionally graded plates

An analytical solution based on a new exact closed form procedure is presented for free vibration analysis of stepped circular and annular FG plates via first order shear deformation plate theory of Mindlin. The material properties change continuously through the thickness of the plate, which can vary according to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents, whereas Poisson’s ratio is set to be constant. Based on the domain decomposition technique, five highly coupled governing partial differential equations of motion for freely vibrating FG plates were exactly solved by introducing the new potential functions as well as using the method of separation of variables. Several comparison studies were presented by those reported in the literature and the FEM analysis, for various thickness values and combinations of stepped thickness variations of circular/annular FG plates to demonstrate highly stability and accuracy of present exact procedure. The effect of the geometrical and material plate parameters such as step thickness ratios, step locations and the power law index on the natural frequencies of FG plates is investigated.     

Stability analysis of graphene based laminated composite sheets under non-uniform inplane loading by nonlocal elasticity

Size dependent buckling of composite laminates made of isotropic graphene layers interlaid with bonding agents is considered. Nonlocal theory of elasticity is used in the buckling analysis to reflect the size scale effects on the critical buckling loads which is discussed in detail. The method is capable of predicting the relative buckling modes for non-uniform inplane loading applied through the thickness of the laminate. All modes of buckling in which the layers may displace together or opposite one another are investigated to study their scale dependent effects. Displacement or load controls are implemented through independent parameters as constraints to form special combination of buckling modes. Each graphene sheet is considered as a Kirchhoff plate model. The interlaid bonding agent is laterally treated as Winkler elastic foundation between graphene layers while neglecting their other load carrying capacities. Various numerical results are obtained reflecting the nonlocality effects. It is observed that in cases of higher load ratios and simpler buckling modes, the effect of nonlocality tends to drastically increase. The results of simpler examples studied are verified by another reference.     

Free vibration of functionally graded rectangular plates using first-order shear deformation plate theory

The main objective of this research work is to present analytical solutions for free vibration analysis of moderately thick rectangular plates, which are composed of functionally graded materials (FGMs) and supported by either Winkler or Pasternak elastic foundations. The proposed rectangular plates have two opposite edges simply-supported, while all possible combinations of free, simply-supported and clamped boundary conditions are applied to the other two edges. In order to capture fundamental frequencies of the functionally graded (FG) rectangular plates resting on elastic foundation, the analysis procedure is based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) to derive and solve exactly the equations of motion. The mechanical properties of the FG plates are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate and obey a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents, whereas Poisson’s ratio is set to be constant. First, a new formula for the shear correction factors, used in the Mindlin plate theory, is obtained for FG plates. Then the excellent accuracy of the present analytical solutions is confirmed by making some comparisons of the results with those available in literature. The effect of foundation stiffness parameters on the free vibration of the FG plates, constrained by different combinations of classical boundary conditions, is also presented for various values of aspect ratios, gradient indices, and thickness to length ratios.     

Natural frequencies of rectangular Mindlin plates coupled with stationary fluid

The present study is concerned with the free vibration analysis of a horizontal rectangular plate, either immersed in fluid or floating on its free surface. The governing equations for a moderately thick rectangular plate are analytically derived based on the Mindlin plate theory (MPT), whereas the velocity potential function and Bernoulli’s equation are employed to obtain the fluid pressure applied on the free surface of the plate. The simplifying hypothesis that the wet and dry mode shapes are the same, is not assumed in this paper. In this work, an exact-closed form characteristics equation is used for the plate subjected to a combination of six different boundary conditions. Two opposite sides are simply supported and any of the other two edges can be free, simply supported or clamped. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present analytical solution, a comparison is made with the published experimental and numerical results in the literature, showing an excellent agreement. Then, natural frequencies of the plate are presented in tabular and graphical forms for different fluid levels, fluid densities, aspect ratios, thickness to length ratios and boundary conditions. Finally, some 3-D mode shapes of the rectangular Mindlin plates in contact with fluid are illustrated.     

应用4变量精确平板理论分析FG复合板的自由振动

应用4变量的精确平板理论,对矩形功能梯度材料(FGM)复合板进行自由振动分析.与其它的理论不同,该理论的未知函数数量只有4个,而别的剪变形理论的未知函数为5个.提出的4变量精确平板理论,协调条件有了改变,与经典的薄板理论相比,许多方面有着惊人的相似,无需引入剪切修正因数——当横向剪应力越过板厚后,为了满足剪应力自由表面条件,出现抛物线状的改变,导致横向剪应力的变化.考虑了两种常见类型的FGM复合板,即,FGM表面层和各向同性夹芯层的复合板,以及各向同性表面层和FGM夹芯层的复合板.通过Hamilton原理,得到了FGM复合板的运动方程.得到闭式的Navier解,然后求解特征值问题,得到自由振动的基本频率.将该理论得到的结果,与经典理论,一阶的及其它更高阶的理论所得到的结果进行比较,检验了该理论的有效性.研究发现,该理论在求解FGM复合板自由振动性能方面,既精确又简单.     

三边夹紧一边自由的矩形厚板的弯曲

利用厚板的Reissner理论中的广义简支边概念[1]得到了三边夹紧一边自由受均布横向载荷作用的矩形厚板的精确解.研究和考察了板的厚度对弯曲的影响及薄板弯曲的Kirchhoff理论的适用范围.     

A simple four-unknown refined theory for bending analysis of functionally graded plates

In the present paper, a refined trigonometric higher-order plate theory is simply derived, which satisfies the free surface conditions. Moreover, the number of unknowns of this theory is the least one comparing with other shear theories. The effects of transverse shear strains as well as the transverse normal strain are taken into account. The number of unknown functions involved in the present theory is only four as against six or more in case of other shear and normal deformation theories. The bending response of FG rectangular plates is presented. A comparison with the corresponding results is made to check the accuracy and efficiency of the present theory. Additional results for all displacements and stresses are investigated through-the-thickness of the FG rectangular plate.     

Exact solutions for free flexural vibration of Lévy-type rectangular thick plates via third-order shear deformation plate theory

In this paper, exact closed-form solutions in explicit forms are presented for transverse vibration analysis of rectangular thick plates having two opposite edges hard simply supported (i.e., Lévy-type rectangular plates) based on the Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory. Two other edges may be restrained by different combinations of free, soft simply supported, hard simply supported or clamped boundary conditions. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the equations of motion and natural boundary conditions of the plate. Several comparison studies with analytical and numerical techniques reported in literature are carried out to demonstrate accuracy of the present new formulation. Comprehensive benchmark results for natural frequencies of rectangular plates with different combinations of boundary conditions are tabulated in dimensionless form for various values of aspect ratios and thickness to length ratios. A set of three-dimensional (3-D) vibration mode shapes along with their corresponding contour plots are plotted by using exact transverse displacements of Lévy-type rectangular Reddy plates. Due to the inherent features of the present exact closed-form solution, the present findings will be a useful benchmark for evaluating the accuracy of other analytical and numerical methods, which will be developed by researchers in the future.     

弹性地基上的自由边矩形板

本文讨论了在弹性地基上的自由边矩形板的弯曲问题.我们讨论了两种情形,诸如在板的中心受到一集中力作用和在板的四个角点上各受到一相等的集中力作用.文中选择了一个挠曲函数,它不但能满足所有自由边上的全部几何边界条件,而且也满足所有的内力边界条件.同时,我们应用了变分法,从而得到了较好的近似解答.