Spatial Distribution of Chemical and Organic Compounds in the Water of Oligotrophic Peatland of Tomsk Region (Western Siberia)

In the central part of Western Siberia a study of the chemical and organic compounds spatial distribution in the water of oligotrophic peatland has been carried out. It was shown that marsh water generally contains exceptionally low total dissolved salinity (TDS), low pH value, high content of organic matter and NH₄, increased content of Fe. The composition of organic matter is characterized by pronounced predominance of organic compounds and the presence of hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing compounds. Features of ionic and organic distribution in water and its ground were investigated.     

温州横阳支江地表水健康风险评价

对温州市横阳支江水的监测数据,利用风险评价模型进行了风险评价。结果表明,由非致癌物饮水途径健康危害的总风险值处在10^-8～10^-9水平,风险水平均远低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5a^-1）,因此通过饮水途径所引起的慢性非致癌物暴露不会对暴露人群引起健康危害。砷对暴露人群所导致的致癌风险在10^-5a^-1水平,风险水平均接近于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平,因此,应优先对砷进行管理。最后探讨了生态风险评价中存在的问题和尚需进一步研究的工作。     

Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment of Metals and Nitrogen Compounds in Drinking Water from an Urban Area Near a Former Non-Ferrous Ore Smelter

The quality and potential health risk of drinking waters in Medias, a town near a former non-ferrous ore smelter in Romania, was assessed using the drinking water quality index (DWQI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard quotient (THQ). A total of 29 water samples collected from 26 wells and 3 springs used as drinking water sources, located in near proximity to agricultural, industrial or household contamination sources, were characterized. The obtained results indicated high NO₂^?, NO₃^?, Cd and Mn levels that exceeded the corresponding maximum allowable concentrations. According to the DWQI values, only 10% of water sources have acceptable quality, while 21% are threatened, and 69% have poor- quality. The health risk assessment suggested a high risk for NO₃^? for more than 72% of the drinking waters HQ_NO3^??>?1.0 but no risk for metals and NO₂^? (HQ_metals< 1.0; HQ_NO2^?< 1.0).     

Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by a Novel Polymer Spin-Coated Thin Film and Surface Plasmon Resonance

Here, the synthesis, characterization, and volatile organic compound (VOCs) sensing of a 1,3-dimethyl polyphenylene vinylene polymer is reported. The synthesis was performed by a Witting condensation through the reaction of 1,4-terphthaldehyde with the phosphonium chloride of meta-xylene. The material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analyses. Thin films of the polymer were prepared by spin coating at speeds from 1000 to 5000?rpm. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance were used to characterize the spin-coated films. The thicknesses of the films were estimated by fitting the curves and were between 4.5 and 24.5?nm depending on the speed. The refractive index of the new polymer was 1.72. The polymer spin-coated films were exposed to volatile organic vapors to characterize their sensing properties by surface plasmon resonance as a function of time. The results showed that the new material responded rapidly, sensitively, and reversibly to VOCs.     

顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定地表水与饮用水中的挥发性有机物

采用部分因子试验设计筛选出顶空固相微萃取的主要影响参数,利用中心复合设计对主要影响参数的取值进行了优化,建立了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定地表水和饮用水中55种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的分析方法。取5.0 mL样品于顶空瓶中,加入0.75 g NaCl,使用CAR/PDMS 75μm纤维头,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间40 min,解析温度300℃,在GC-MS/MS选择反应监测(SRM)模式下检测,内标法定量。结果表明,55种VOCs在0.04～0.40、0.4～4.0、4.0～100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r~2)均大于0.99,方法的检出限为0.03～80 ng/L,定量下限为0.1～300 ng/L。55种VOCs在0.2、2.0、40μg/L 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为77.3%～124%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.3%～17%。对3种地表水和3种饮用水进行测定,地表水中有37种VOCs被检出,饮用水中有25种VOCs被检出。实验证明,建立的HS-SPME和GC-MS/MS相结合的检测方法具有准确可靠、简单快速、灵敏度高等优点,适用于地表水和饮用水中VOCs的同时测定。     

宁波市饮用水中重金属铁锌铜健康风险度评价

对宁波市区内36个样点的饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu的质量浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各区饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,宁波市区Fe,Zn,Cu的平均质量浓度范围分别为Fe 35~809μg/L,Zn51~1 147μg/L,Cu 14~98μg/L;通过饮水途径所引起的非致癌健康风险中Zn在邱隘(样点)的致癌年风险最大(1.7×10-5),但低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受年风险水平(5×10-5),Cu,Fe的年风险水平(10-8~10-9)均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。因此与Fe,Cu相比,Zn为主要的风险污染物,应进行优先管理。     

华北模拟实验块地大气、降水、地表径流和土壤中的稀土浓度分布及施用农用稀土的影响

通过模拟实验块地，初步研究了在一个土壤生态系统中稀土的浓度分布以及施用稀土微肥的影响。结果表明：降水、地表径流水溶液中的稀土浓度均为μｇ／Ｌ量级（０１～１２μｇ／Ｌ），降水中的稀土主要来源于附近地表土壤。大气中的稀土含量随粒径分布有所不同，粒径越小含量越低，且其来源主要是附近的土壤，水可溶性的硝酸稀土微肥在施用后很快转化为水不溶性形态，施加稀土前后实验组表层土壤中稀土含量基本相同。与对照组相比，施加的稀土微肥对地表径流水溶性和悬浮物稀土浓度未产生明显影响。     

芝罘湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及潜在生态危害评价

为了解芝罘湾沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2009年7月采集了黄海芝罘湾16个站位的表层沉积物并测定了其中的重金属含量.芝罘湾的重金属污染程度较低,所有测定值均低于国家海洋沉积物Ⅰ类质量标准.Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Co、Mn 8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.02、12.3、8.67、0.13、32.8、11....     

Influence of Organic Matter on the Sorption of Cefdinir,Memantine and Praziquantel on Different Soil and Sediment Samples

Pharmaceuticals are known for their great effects and applications in the treatment and suppression of various diseases in human and veterinary medicine. The development and modernization of science and technologies have led to a constant increase in the production and consumption of various classes of pharmaceuticals, so they pose a threat to the environment, which can be subjected to the sorption process on the solid phase. The efficiency of sorption is determined by various parameters, of which the physicochemical properties of the compound and the sorbent are very important. One of these parameters that determine pharmaceutical mobility in soil or sediment is the soil–water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (K_oc), whose determination was the purpose of this study. The influence of organic matter, suspended in an aqueous solution of pharmaceutical (more precisely: cefdinir, memantine, and praziquantel), was studied for five different types of soil and sediment samples from Croatia. The linear, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Raduskevich sorption isotherms were used to determine specific constants such as the partition coefficient K_d, which directly describes the strength of sorbate and sorbent binding. The linear model proved to be the best with the highest correlation coefficients, R² > 0.99. For all three pharmaceuticals, a positive correlation between sorption affinity described by K_d and K_oc and the amount of organic matter was demonstrated.     

吹扫/捕集-热脱附气相色谱法研究吸附剂富集水中痕量挥发性有机物的效果

利用自制的吹扫/捕集-热脱附装置,考察了7种单一吸附剂和4种混合吸附剂对水中痕量挥发性有机物的富集,结果证明,Tenax GC和活性炭组成的混合吸附剂使用范围广,回收率明显高于单一吸附剂,吸附剂借助N_2干吹可除去水蒸气.混合吸附剂可望在环境大气和汽提法分析水样中得到广泛的应用.     

金沙江某水电站坝址区水化学特征研究

为解决开发大西南水能遇到的最大问题岩溶渗漏,以云南省金沙江某水电站为例,应用区域水文地球化学理论,分析了其坝址区水化学特征。结果表明,该区地表水与地下水化学特征比较类似,为判定大区域内岩溶系统是否属于同一流动系统,解决岩溶渗漏问题提供了可靠的基础地质资料。     

Speciation Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sludge of Huainan,China

In order to fully understand the morphological characteristics and pollution status of heavy metals in the dewatered sludge of Huainan Municipal sewage treatment plant, the physical and chemical properties were analyzed, and the content and occurrence forms of heavy metals (As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the sludge were studied using the geological accumulation method (Igeo), risk assessment coding method (RAC), and potential ecological risk index method to evaluate the ecological risk. The results showed that the municipal sludge in Huainan was rich in nutrients, with good prospects for agricultural utilization. There were differences in the morphological distributions of different heavy metals. The Igeo values for Ni, As, Cr, and Pb were below 0. The results of RAC indicated that the risk level of Cr in sludge was a low risk, and those of other heavy metals were moderate risks. The potential ecological risk of Cd had the highest potential ecological risk, and the other six metals were of low ecological risk. This conclusion can provide basic data and a theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of sludge in sewage treatment plants.     

荧光衍生化-磁分散固相萃取/高效液相色谱检测池塘水与蔬菜中3种挥发性异味物质

以6-碳酰氯左氧氟沙星(LFC-Cl)为衍生试剂,磁性氧化石墨烯(MGO)为吸附剂,建立了2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)、土臭素(GSM)和3-甲基-1-丁醇(3-MB)的高效液相色谱荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析方法。在浓度为0.05 mol/L的4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)乙腈溶液中,衍生温度60℃,反应时间90 min,超声波辅助条件下,可完成上述3种醇类挥发性异味物质(VOCs)的衍生化。在吸附剂用量20 mg、萃取时间20 min、解吸剂为乙腈(含1%甲酸)、解吸时间3 min条件下,能实现3种异味物质衍生物的富集和净化。在优化的HPLC条件下,15 min内可实现3种衍生物的基线分离和高灵敏检测。方法检出限(LOD)为0.020～0.95 ng/L,定量下限(LOQ)为0.10～3.3 ng/L,线性、精密度和回收率良好。与已报道的方法相比,该方法具有灵敏度高、样品前处理简单、仪器普适性好等优势,可用于池塘水、蔬菜中VOCs的快速、定量测定,为食品和环境水样监测提供了一种新方法。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析鉴定畜禽粪便中的挥发性有机化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS)测定了牛粪、猪粪以及鸡粪中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。在优化HS-SPME条件的基础上,通过GC/MS分析,从牛粪中分离鉴定出44种VOCs,从猪粪中分离鉴定出40种VOCs,从鸡粪中分离鉴定出41种VOCs。HS-SPME-GC/MS具有简单、快速、无需有机溶剂等特点,适合于畜禽粪便中挥发性有机化合物的分析与鉴定。同时,该研究揭示了畜禽养殖场臭味物质的来源,为治理其环境污染提供了科学依据。     

Investigation and Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Four Common Vegetables and Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure in Ceramic Capital,China

In order to understand the basic situation of pesticide residues in vegetables in China’s porcelain capital, four kinds of common vegetables on the market were selected in this study for detection and analysis of pesticide residues. The pesticide residues in vegetables were analyzed through sample selection, optimization of instrument and equipment conditions, and comparison of detection pass rates. The sampling locations were common vegetables purchasing places such as large and medium-sized supermarkets. QuEChERS method was used as the sample pretreatment, and gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) was used for quantitative analysis. Finally, the exposure risk of pesticides was assessed according to the test results. The results showed that all the pesticides were detected in four kinds of vegetables, but the detected pesticides did not exceed the national standard (GB 2763-2014, China). Moreover, the target risk coefficient (THQ) and risk index (HI) values of four vegetables were less than one, indicating that the combined and toxic effect of pesticide residual mixed contamination was smaller in four vegetables. Therefore, there was no significant harm from people using these vegetables.     

Evaluation of Dissipation Behavior,Residues, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Fludioxonil in Cherry via QuEChERS Using HPLC-MS/MS Technique

The chemical fungicide fludioxonil is widely used to control post-harvest fungal disease in cherries. This study was implemented to investigate the dissipation behaviours and residues of fludioxonil on cherries. A reliable and efficient analytical method was established. Cherry samples from four product areas were analyzed by QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS methods with acceptable linearity (R² > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 81–94%), and precision (relative standard deviation of 2.5–11.9%). The limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) of cherries were 0.01 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg. The dissipation of fludioxonil on cherries followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 33.7–44.7 days. The terminal residues of fludioxonil were all lower than 5.00 mg/kg, which is the MRL recommended by the European Commission. According to Chinese dietary patterns and terminal residue distributions, the risk quotient (RQs) of fludioxonil was 0.61%, revealing that the evaluated cherries exhibited an acceptably low dietary risk to consumers.     

Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pools in the Area of Thessaloniki,Northern Greece. Assessment of Multi-Pathway Exposure and Risk

This study investigated the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halonitriles (HANs), halonitromethane (TCNM) and haloketones (HKs)) in different type of swimming pools in the area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece by employing the EPA methods 551.1 and 552.3. Moreover, general water quality parameters (pH, residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, UV₂₅₄ absorption, total nitrogen, alkalinity and conductivity) were also measured. The concentrations of DBPs showed great variability among swimming pools as well as within the same pool between sampling campaigns. HAAs exhibited the highest concentrations followed by THMs, HANs, TCNM and HKs. Exposure doses for four age groups (3–<6 y, 6–<11 y, 11–<16 y and adults) were calculated. Route-specific exposures varied among DBPs groups. Inhalation was the dominant exposure route to THMs and TCNM (up to 92–95%). Ingestion and dermal absorption were the main exposure routes to HAAs (40–82% and 18–59%, respectively), depending on the age of swimmers. HANs contributed up to 75% to the calculated cytotoxicity of pool water. Hazard indices for different exposure routes were <1, suggesting non-carcinogenic risk. Inhalation posed the higher carcinogenic risk for THMs, whereas risk via oral and dermal routes was low. Ingestion and dermal contact posed the higher risk for HAAs. Risk management strategies that minimise DBPs exposure without compromising disinfection efficiency in swimming pools are necessary.     

新疆骆驼蓬属药用植物种类、生长环境与分布调查

对新疆骆驼蓬属药用植物的种类、生长环境和分布进行了调查。通过野外实地考察和采样，制作植物标本，并测定和采集生长地的海拔高度、经度、纬度等地理参数和年平均气温、年降水量等气象参数。结果表明，骆驼蓬在全疆各地均有分布；骆驼蒿仅在哈密地区有少量分布，并与骆驼蓬混生，新疆境内未见有多裂骆驼蓬生长。可见骆驼蓬属耐干旱植物，新疆资源丰富，具有药用、绿化和水土保持等作用。     

Fast Detection of Cadmium in Chocolate by Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Its Application on Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment

In this work, a rapid detection method using solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-ETV-AAS) was established for cadmium in chocolate. The instrumental system includes a solid sampling ETV unit, a catalytic pyrolysis furnace, an AAS detector, and a gas supply system with only an air pump and a hydrogen generator. Herein, MgO material with 1.0–1.5 mm particle size was first employed to replace the kaolin filler previously used to further shorten the peak width and to thereby improve the sensitivity. With 350 mL/min of air, a chocolate sample was heated for 25 s from 435 to 464 °C to remove water and organic matrices; then, after supplying 240 mL/min hydrogen and turning down air to 120 mL/min, a N₂/H₂ mixture gas was formed to accelerate Cd vaporization from chocolate residue under 465 to 765 °C. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit (LOD) was obviously lowered to 70 pg/g (vs. previous 150 pg/g) with R² > 0.999; the relative standard deviations (RSD) of repeated measurements for real chocolate samples ranged from 1.5% to 6.4%, indicating a favorable precision; and the Cd recoveries were in the range of 93–107%, proving a satisfied accuracy. Thus, the total analysis time is less than 3 min without the sample digestion process. Thereafter, 78 chocolate samples with different brands from 9 producing countries in China market were collected and measured by this proposed method. Based on the measured Cd concentrations, a dietary exposure assessment was performed for Chinese residents, and the target hazard quotient (THQ) values are all less than 1, proving no significant health risk from intaking chocolate cadmium for Chinese residents.