从氨性柠檬酸溶液中电沉积Ni-Mo的机理研究

含钼大于约27％（质量分数）Ni－Mo合金，具有较高的耐蚀性，特别是在盐酸和硫酸溶液中，其耐蚀性优于SUS304不锈钢［1］．因此，人们对该种合金的电沉积进行了广泛的研究［1－4］．对合金共沉积机理也作了一定的研究．一般认为，钼不能单独进行电沉积，但它可以同铁族元素共沉积［5］．对钼与铁族元素的共沉积机理，人们已提出了几种假设．一般认为［3］，钼可能是多步还原，即六价钼首先被电化学还原成低价钼化合物，而后由吸附在诱导金属（铁族元素）上的原子氢进一步还原成合金中的零价钼，为了进一步弄清Ni－Mo合金的共沉积机理，本…     

巧用逻辑思维方式 讲活无机元素化学——以铜族元素的教学为例

针对铜族元素的知识特点,以逻辑思维方式精心设计教学过程,引导学生深刻剖析元素化学中物质结构和物质性质等方面间的逻辑关系,从而实现通过课堂教学培养学生思维能力、尤其是逻辑思维能力的目的。详细分析了铜族元素知识体系的教学方法,为元素化学的教学改革展示了一种范例。     

糙米、胚芽米、精白米中多种矿质元素和B族维生素含量的比较研究

对产自黑龙江省绥化市的同一批粳稻分别进行加工制得糙米、胚芽米和精白米,经过干灰化法或微波消解处理后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—OES）、原子吸收光谱法（AAS）和原子荧光光谱法（AFS）测定了其中Al、As、B、Ba、Ca、Cd、Co、cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、K、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、S、Se和zn共23种矿质元素的含量,,并采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和荧光分光光度法测定了其中维生素B．,烟酸,烟酰胺,维生素B。和维生素B：的含量。另外,还研究了经水淘洗后这3种类型大米中矿质元素和B族维生素含量的损失情况。结果表明,矿质元素和B族维生素含量呈现糙米,胚芽米,精白米由高到低的基本特征,淘洗可使各种矿质元素和B族维生素产生不同程度的损失,其中精白米中维生素B．经水淘洗后已损失殆尽。3种类型大米中cd、Cu、Mo、Ni、S、Se、Zn等元素含量差异相对较小,并且淘洗对Mo、S元素含量几乎没有影响,而cd、cu元素含量经水淘洗后反而略有增加。     

Cl~-对Zn-Co(Fe)合金共沉积中Zn转移电流密度的影响

在氯化物电解液中的Zn-Co, Zn-Fe合金共沉积,存在着由正常共沉积转变成异 常共沉积的Zn的转移电流密度,该值随着Cl~-浓度的增加而增加,当Cl~-浓度高达 4 mol·dm~(-3)以上时,Zn-Fe合金共沉积中已不存在Zn的转移电流密度,为单一 正常共沉积。这是因为Cl~-降低了Co,特别是Fe的析出过电位之故。     

ⅢA族元素取代杂多钨酸盐的合成及性质

报道了ⅢＡ族元素的ＸＷ１１（Ｘ＝Ｚｎ,Ｇａ,Ｔｉ,Ｚｒ）杂多化合物的合成,通过元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱、极谱和循环伏安、＾１８３Ｗ和＾２７Ａｌ核磁共振波谱对合成化合物的结构和性质进行了表征。     

元素化学“课程思政”教学设计与实践——以碳族元素为例

以碳族元素教学为例,介绍了元素化学“课程思政”教学设计与实践。深入挖掘课程蕴含的思想政治教育元素,充分发挥课程承载的思想政治教育功能,将科技前沿、唯物辩证法与科学认识论、爱国主义精神、生态文明思想、新时代中国“双碳”故事、化学元素发现史和科学伦理道德教育等有机融入课程内容设置和课堂教学等环节中,培养学生的创新精神、科学思维、爱国情怀、生态文明思想、探究精神、职业道德观等,实现“知识传授”和“价值引领”同步提升。     

东乡族3～14岁儿童血钙、镁、铁、铜、锌含量分析

为调查东乡族儿童指端元素水平,用火焰原子吸收法测定了该地区272名3~14岁儿童指端血的钙、镁、铁、铜、锌5种元素含量。结果表明,东乡族儿童普遍缺乏铁和锌,钙、镁、铁、铜、锌缺乏率男生依次为8.11%、2.70%、10.13%、8.78%、10.81%;女生依次为7.50%、2.50%、7.50%、8.33%、9.17%,各年龄段男女生缺锌均占第一位,钙、铁次之,铜和镁在各年龄组基本正常。提示儿童矿物质元素缺乏问题应引为重视,需要进一步改善儿童饮食结构,及时给予儿童生长发育必要的营养补充。     

Cl^—对Zn—Ni合人沉积Zn转移电流密度的影响

在氯化物电解液中Zn-Ni合金共沉积存在着由正常共沉积转变成异常共沉积的Zn转移电流密度，该转移电流密度随着Cl^-浓度的增加而增加，而与溶液pH值基本无关，这是由于Cl^-的存在降低了Ni的析出过电位，并对Ni的析出有催化作用之故。     

有机希土金属含硫族化合物的研究进展

本文概述了有机希土(Sc、Y、La-Lu)含硫族元素(S、Se、Te)配位化合物的化学进展,从这类化合物的合成方法、结构特征进行了总结。     

原油族组成对润湿性影响的研究

针对新疆油田七东区原油进行色谱柱分离,有效分离出沥青质、胶质、芳香分和饱和分;通过元素分析,氢碳原子数比的大小依次为饱和分芳香分胶质沥青质,随着组分加重,氢碳原子数比逐渐降低;通过润湿性接触角分析,从大到小依次为沥青质胶质芳香分饱和分,族组成对云母片润湿性有显著的影响。     

Mechanisms of oscillations and formation of nano-scale layered structures in induced co-deposition of some iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W), studied by an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique

We have investigated mechanisms of oscillations and formation of nano-scale layered structures in induced co-deposition of some iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W) that have unique properties and are widely used in industries. Detailed in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) experiments have revealed that the electrodeposition (induced co-deposition) of the alloys has negative differential resistances (NDRs), from which the oscillations and the layer-structure formation arise. The NDRs, however, cannot necessarily be seen in current-potential curves owing to overlap of hydrogen evolution current, indicating that the oscillations are of a hidden-NDR (H-NDR) type. The EQCM experiments have also shown that electrolyte components (such as H2PO2- and WO4(2-)) or related species are adsorbed at the electrode (deposit) surface and act as a promoter for the co-deposition reaction and that the NDRs arise from desorption of the adsorbed promoter. Interestingly, the adsorbed promoter is drawn into the deposition reaction itself, thus resulting in the alloy deposits. This mechanism was supported by in situ EQCM investigations of the oscillation as well as Auger electron spectroscopic (AES) analyses of deposits formed during the oscillation. The present work has for the first time clarified a general mechanism for the induced co-deposition reactions of some industrially important iron-group alloys (Ni-P, Ni-W, and Co-W).     

The Mechanical Properties and Rate of Electrodeposition of Co−W Alloys from a Boron−Gluconate Bath: Impact of Anodic Processes

The effects the anode material has on the rate of electrodeposition (current efficiency) and microhardness of Co–W alloys deposited from a boron–gluconate bath are studied in a broad range of bath ages Q (A h/L). We use nonconsumable (platinum and graphite) and consumable (tungsten, cobalt–tungsten) anodes. With the cobalt–tungsten double anode, the total concentration of W and Co species in the bath is maintained constant during electrodeposition. We find that, as Q increases, the anodic processes have a significant impact on both the rate of deposition and microhardness of the prepared coatings. Departing from the mechanism of induced codeposition in which the first stage is the formation of an intermediate species of the metal component that induces codeposition (Co), here we propose a model that takes into account the effects associated with the anodic processes. In this model, along with reduction at the cathode to give an alloy, this metal component can undergo oxidation at the anode.

     

Unusual example of induced codeposition of tungsten. Galvanic formation of Cu–W alloy

The codeposition of tungsten with copper was studied. Thin, compact and hard micrometer-thick layers of a new, advanced Cu–W alloy with W content of above 10 at.% (26 wt.%) have been obtained by electrodeposition. The alloy was deposited on silver substrate from citrate plating baths under conditions of constant current and high tungstate–copper ion concentration ratio. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the alloys. The obtained results provide evidence for the first successful codeposition of significant amount of tungsten with a metal other than the one belonging to the triad iron group.     

Electrodeposition Mechanism of Zn‒Ni‒Mn Alloy at Different Time Intervals

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Mechanism of electrodeposition and stripping of Zn?Ni?Mn alloys deposited at different time intervals from aqueous sulfate media were...     

金属线电极分形生长的模拟

电沉积金属过程中,阴极沉积的金属边缘会出现包括枝晶生长在内的许多复杂形态,这会严重影响电沉积产品的质量和加工过程中的电流效率. 对枝晶分形生长的过程以及形貌进行研究,可以实现对沉淀物的可控生长. 本研究使用Python和Matlab软件相互结合,基于扩散限制凝聚（DLA）模型,建立平行线电极电沉积的模型. 通过分析不同粒子数、沉积概率、电极间距、运动步长、定向漂移条件下的分形生长的变化规律,以及模拟参数与实际电沉积因素对分形生长影响的内在联系,发现只要合理控制模拟的粒子数、沉积概率、线电极间距、运动步长、定向漂移概率参数即可与实际电化学体系的浓度和沉积时间、还原概率、两极间距、温度和电压、电极的相对位置和形状一一对应,从而模拟得到跟实际电沉积接近的分形图,最终可实现对分形生长的可控操作,对分形生长在工业电沉积等方面应用有很大的意义.     

Electrochemical separation of uranium and cerium in molten LiCl–KCl

The electrochemical separation of uranium from cerium in LiCl–KCl eutectic and the electrochemical behavior of Ce(III) were studied. According to the cyclic voltammogram of Ce(III) and the former result of U(III), electrodeposition potential was determined at ?1.65 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The uranium metal was successfully deposited and separated from cerium. The morphology of deposit and cross section of electrode were investigated by SEM, firstly uranium deposit alloys with stainless steel and forms a thin transition layer, and secondly the uranium metal layer grows from the transition layer. The separation factors of uranium/cerium on different recovery ratios were determined through a series of steps. It was found that the content of cerium in the deposit and separation factors declined with increasing the initial concentration of U³⁺ in molten salts; the separation factors remained stable at around 20 in different uranium recovery ratios.     

Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids

Due to their attractive physico‐chemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly used as deposition electrolytes. This review summarizes recent advances in electrodeposition in ILs and focuses on its similarities and differences with that in aqueous solutions. The electrodeposition in ILs is divided into direct and template‐assisted deposition. We detail the direct deposition of metals, alloys and semiconductors in five types of ILs, including halometallate ILs, air‐ and water‐stable ILs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), ILs with metal‐containing cations, and protic ILs. Template‐assisted deposition of nanostructures and macroporous structures in ILs is also presented. The effects of modulating factors such as deposition conditions (current density, current density mode, deposition time, temperature) and electrolyte components (cation, anion, metal salts, additives, water content) on the morphology, compositions, microstructures and properties of the prepared materials are highlighted.     

Electrodeposition of cobalt–tungsten alloys and their application for surface engineering

Applying electrochemically deposited coatings is a convenient way to improve surface properties of a substrate metal. Today materials for applications are frequently selected according to their functional properties. Nowadays theoretical and practical studies of the co-deposition of tungsten with iron group metals are conducted worldwide, and interest for these studies increases. Tungsten alloys of iron group metals have a high melting point and are often considered high-performance alloys, and the attractiveness in those has been driven by their outstanding properties and multiple possible applications. That research is encouraged by the pronounced mechanical, tribological, and magnetic properties as well as the corrosion resistance of tungsten alloys. The magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co–W alloys are of interest in recording media and remotely-actuated micro-/nano-electromechanical systems. The given research presents an overview of versatile possibilities of Co–W alloys as multiscale materials obtained by electrodeposition from citrate solutions at pH 5–8 and temperatures 20–60°C. The paper discusses electrodeposited tungsten alloys as suitable candidates to meet many technological demands at macro-, micro- and nano-scale as coating films, microbumps and nanowires.     

Bulk and surface composition, amorphous structure, and thermocrystallization of electrodeposited alloys of tungsten with iron, nickel, and cobalt

It has been shown for iron-group alloys of tungsten, using ESCA spectroscopy of samples sputtered with argon ions and SEM/EDS analysis, that no oxygen is present in the alloy bulk. A very weak internal organization in the alloys, which follows from low and wide diffractograms usually obtained for electrodeposited layers, is thought to be a heavily distorted structure of the major metal component of the alloy. Thermal crystallization of thin layers of the amorphous tungsten alloys does not lead to formation of well-known intermetallic crystal structures. Received: 19 January 1998 / Accepted: 17 July 1998     

Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals,alloys, conductive polymers,and organic reactions

The paper presents and summarizes some research on constant magnetic field effects in chemistry. Metals and alloys electrodeposited under constant magnetic field have greater thickness and smoother surface with finest grains. Metallic materials deposited under the influence of uniform magnetic field may have stronger corrosion resistance, than those obtained without the presence of magnetic field. Constant magnetic field also causes an increase of the electropolymerization rate and yield of some organic reactions. Our research also shows that the presence of constant magnetic field affects the electrodeposition process of alloys and their morphology to a great extent. The effects of magnetic field on metals, alloys, composites, polymers and other materials are due to the Lorentz force and the magnetohydrodynamic effect. It is possible that the further development of magnetoelectrodeposition will allow for using the constant magnetic field to improve the properties of metal coatings, alloys, polymers, and other materials in the industry.