Rapid Scheme of Silicate Analysis Based on The Lithium Metaborate Fusion Followed By Atomic Absorption Spectrometry I. Determination of Silica

Abstract

A method for the rapid determination of silica in silicates is given based on the superior lithium metaborate fusion with a view to the development of a total atomic absorption scheme of silicate analysis using this fusion. Interferences usually associated with solutions of this nature are studied. Results are given for several standard silicate samples.     

Fusion with boron trioxide for silicate analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry: determination of potassium

A boron trioxide-lithium carbonate (10 : 1) fusion is proposed for silicate analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry. The fusion melt is detached from the platinum crucible by the action of ultrasonic waves and dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid containing hydrogen peroxide. The method was applied to the determination of potassium in standard silicate samples. No matrix effects were observed and the results obtained show very good accuracy and reproducibility.     

A silicate gel for promoting deposition of lipid bilayers

A simple method for modifying a polymer surface to induce lipid bilayer formation by vesicle fusion is described. A silicate gel was prepared by condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of acid. When applied to a poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate, either a rough or a smooth layer could be produced, depending on the method used for the application. The smooth surface induced formation of a supported lipid bilayer by fusion of lipid vesicles; the rough silicate surface induced adsorption of a vesicle layer. A high-frequency acoustic waveguide device was used to follow the initial adsorption of vesicles, the transition from a vesicle layer to a bilayer, and the formation of a complete bilayer; the time required to form a bilayer was determined as a function of lipid concentration in suspension. The presence of a bilayer on the smooth silicate surface was confirmed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. An additional procedure is described to modify a gold surface to induce bilayer formation.     

Novel rapid decomposition and dissolution method for silicates using a mixed potassium metaborate/potassium carbonate flux

A novel method for the rapid dissolution of fused silicates in mineral acid is described. Fusion with 2.5 g of a KBO(2)-K(2)CO(3) (3:2, w/w) mixture in a platinum crucible at 1000 degrees C will decompose 0.1 g of silicate samples such as basalt rock, glass sand and powdered glass in 10 min, and the cooled fusion cakes can be completely dissolved by 20 ml of 3 N mineral acids such as hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids in less than 1 min at about 50 degrees C. Fusion with 5.0 g of a KBO(2)-K(2)CO(3) (3:2, w/w) mixture can completely decompose 0.1 g of chrome refractory in 20 min and the cooled melt can be dissolved by 80 ml of 3 N hydrochloric or sulfuric acids in less than 30 s.     

Determination of gallium in geological materials by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry

A graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometric method has been worked out for the determination of traces of gallium in silicate rocks and minerals. The samples are opened up by fusion with a lithium carbonate-boric acid mixture and the cake is taken up with 2M nitric acid. Addition of nickel nitrate to this solution elminates the severe matrix effects allowing gallium solutions in nitric acid to be used as calibration standards. No separations are necessary. Results are quoted for 14 standard silicate rocks and two minerals. The RSD is 2.9%, and the sensitivity is 27 pg of gallium for 1% absorption.     

A／W生物活性微晶玻璃的制备

生物活性玻璃陶瓷材料由于能够与活体组织自发产生紧密的化学键合而成为骨修复材料中的重要分支,其中A／W生物微晶玻璃更是由于在保持良好生物活性的基础上,力学性能接近甚至超过自然骨而作为承重的生物活性材料应用于临床。采用正硅酸乙酯和磷酸三乙酯,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备玻璃粉体,这种玻璃粉体经过一定的热处理工艺可以得到含有磷灰石和硅灰石的A／W生物微晶玻璃。     

Zur Präparation silicatischer Proben für die Röntgenfluorescenzanalyse

4 sample preparation-techniques and tests of precision for routine analysis of silicate powders are described: a) handpacked, ground material, b) pressed powders, c) lithium tetraborate fusion-briquets, d) glass disks of this fusion. Best precision is obtained using procedure b), but there are difficulties in the determination of some elements (e.g., Mg, P). Therefore, preparation c) using a dilution 1∶1 to ca. 1∶10 is preferred. The relative standard deviation for the major elements Al to Fe is less than 1%.     

A silver-containing halogen-free inorganic photochromic glass

A halogen-free inorganic photochromic soda-lime silicate glass containing silver ions has been developed; reversible change between colorless and yellow color in this glass is achieved through combined 193 nm excimer laser irradiation and heat treatment.     

能量色散X-射线荧光光谱法测定硅酸盐中主成分含量

传统的化学分析方法分析硅酸盐类矿物样品组份,操作过程繁琐、分析周期长、劳动强度较大,分析结果受分析人员及各种试剂因素影响较大。采用国产能量色散X-射线荧光分析仪,以Li2B4O7和LiBO2作混合熔剂,NH4NO3为氧化剂,熔融制作玻璃熔片,对硅酸盐中SiO2等10个主要成分含量进行同时分析,建立了能量色散X-射线荧光光谱法测定硅酸盐主成分含量的方法,准确度和精密度均达到了规范要求,得到了较为满意的分析结果。     

Microwave enhanced alkaline digestion of silicate samples for determination of Fe2O3

A novel approach to the study of microwave enhanced alkaline digestion was developed for rapid digestion of silicate samples. By using alkali metal hydroxide solution as microwave digestion solvent, the feasibility and principle of digestion were discussed for the determination of Fe₂O₃ contents in quartz, kaolin, feldspar and soda-lime-silica glass. The results obtained from four standard samples and six real world samples are in good agreement with the certified values, and are comparable to the predicted results from traditional alkaline digestion method. All the above demonstrates that this new proposed method is precise, accurate and can provide a simple, fast and energy saving procedure for the determination of components in silicate samples.     

Silicate glass coated microchannels through a phase conversion process for glass-like electrokinetic performance

The surface modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels show a much more inferior performance to the durable and reproducible glass chip. In this paper, a facile approach to preparing a silicate glass modified PDMS microchannel for glass-like performance is presented. This glass-like performance is made possible by a phase conversion of a preceramic polymer--allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS). The, several hundred nanometer thick, polymer that coats the PDMS channel is hydrolyzed to form hydrophilic silicate glass via phase conversion under an aqueous alkali condition. It is characterized by XPS, FTIR-ATR, AFM, and contact angle measurements. The silicate glass coated PDMS channel from AHPCS has an excellent solvent resistance, delivers a high electroosmotic flow (EOF) that is stable in the long-term (4.9±0.1×10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) and a reliable capillary electrophoresis (CE), which are comparable to those of native glass channels. Moreover, the silicate glass PDMS channel allows easy regeneration of the electrokinetic behavior, just as in a glass channel, by a simple treatment with alkali solution. This coating approach can be applied to other polymer substrates such as polyimide (PI).     

X-ray fluorescence analysis for the determination of potassium in small quantities of silicate minerals for K–Ar dating

X-ray fluorescence analyses were used to determine the potassium contents of silicate minerals with K₂O concentrations between 1 and 13 wt.%. This method is based on lithium tetraborate fused glass discs with 50 mg of sample at 1:120 dilution. The results show that this high-dilution minimises matrix effects and that both precision and accuracy are below 1.5% for all the silicate minerals analysed, whatever their composition. This analytical procedure is useful for K determination in small samples of mineral separates needed to establish K–Ar geochronology, without using acid digestion.     

Immobilization of binding proteins on nonporous supports

Four different nonporous particulate materials, nylon, polystyrene, soda-lime silicate glass, and fused silica glass, have been evaluated for their appropriateness as immobilization supports for immunoglobulins. A method of protein quantitation that is usually applied to solutions, the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, was used successfully to directly measure ng amounts of protein immobilized on the supports. Two proteins, a monoclonal antibody to theophylline and the biotin binding protein avidin, were studied. Radioactive theophylline and radioactive biotin were used to measure the activity of the immobilized protein. Ligand binding capacity per mm2 of support was measured as a function of amount of protein immobilized. By measuring both the amount of protein immobilized and its ligand binding capacity, we have determined that antitheophylline antibody adsorbed on polystyrene balls loses almost 90% of its binding activity after 65 h, although little protein is lost from the balls over this time. Avidin retains nearly full activity for biotin on polystyrene. The binding activity of biotinyl-antibody conjugate immobilized on avidin-adsorbed polystyrene is stable, even when stored for over 22 wk. Antibody covalently immobilized on soda-lime silicate glass beads retains its binding activity over long-term storage, although only 0.1 mol of 3H-theophylline bind per mol of immobilized antibody. Using fused silica glass particles as the solid support, the same antibody binds approx 0.6 mol of ligand per mol of immobilized antibody protein. The structural "softness" of the immunoglobulin requires that interaction with the surface be prevented in order to maintain activity.     

Spectrophotometric determination of magnesium with eriochrome cyanine R in analysis of silicates

A simple and sensitive method for determining magnesium in silicates low in aluminium and iron (glass, clay, feldspars, etc.) is presented. The method is applicable in the classical procedure of silicate analysis and magnesia is determined with Eriochrome Cyanine R in an ammonium buffer solution at pH 11.5. There is no interference by elements likely to occur in such samples. The accuracy and the precision of the proposed method are superior to those of the complexometric method. The limit of detection is 0.007% MgO.     

PACKING OF IONS IN SILICATE GLASSES

Any silicate glass can be regarded as the relaxation of SiO_2 glass and the volumeis composed of two parts. One is the topological volume of O~(2-), which is equal to thevolume per oxygen of SiO_2 glass, the other is the topological volumes of cations. Thetopological volume of a monovalent cation equals the volume shared by each sphere indense haphazard packing of equal spheres of the cation's size. The charges of bivalentcations cause a decrease of volume, the decrement being the packing volume of Ca~(2+). Anequation is reached for the calculation of the volume per oxygen of silicate glasses. Alot of calculations show that the equation is accurate, so accurate that the densities canbe calculated. The study reveals some characters of the glass structure and clearly ex-presses the contributions of various cations to the volumes of glasses.     

碱熔-标准物质法-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定硅酸盐岩中10种主量元素

硅酸盐岩元素的准确测定是其地球化学分析研究的基础,其主量元素含量通常可以采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定,但其测定方法的系统性研究相对缺乏,尤其是样品前处理和基体干扰的有效消除两方面。前处理过程中,考察不同熔剂用量对硅酸盐岩样品的分解能力,发现当熔剂与样品比例达到6:1后,熔珠为纯色透明,经稀硝酸提取后溶液澄清,确定了硅酸盐岩前处理时熔剂与样品的最佳配比。测定过程中,通过考察基体匹配法和标准物质法两种基体干扰消除方法对测定结果的影响,发现当采用与岩性一致或者接近的标准物质绘制校准工作曲线时,基体干扰消除效果更好,更适用于测定硅酸盐岩10种主量元素含量。据此,建立了硅酸盐岩经偏硼酸锂熔融,稀硝酸振荡提取处理,以标准物质法绘制校准工作曲线,采用ICP-AES法同时测定SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaO、K2O、MgO、Na2O、TiO2、P2O5、MnO 10种成分含量的方法。对岩石标准物质GBW07107进行分析测定,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.17%～0.75%,方法检出限为0.001%~0.016%,满足硅酸盐岩样品元素定量分析的要求,而且操作简单快速,环境污染小,适用于大批量样品分析。     

Spectrophotometric determination of silicon in silicates by flow-injection analysis

A flow-injection spectrophotometric method has been developed for the accurate, continuous determination of silicon in silicate rocks. A rock sample solution is prepared by fusion with a 1:1 mixture of lithium carbonate and boric acid and subsequent dissolution of the cake in 1 M hydrochloric acid. The preparation technique is the same as that used for the determination of total iron, aluminium, calcium, titanium, and phosphorus in silicate rocks by flow-injection spectrophotometry. Because of the marked polymerization of silicic acid in acid solution, silicic acid is depolymerized in alkaline medium after a simple cation-exchange column filtration of the rock sample solution and then determined by a static or an FIA spectrophotometric method. The FIA system consists of two channels which carry the carrier solution and molybdate reagent, and allows the colour reaction to proceed under controlled conditions. The FIA system permits high throughput of 70 samples per hour. The procedure has been applied to a variety of standard silicate rocks of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Japan, and gave satisfactory agreement with the recommended values.     

Rapid and sensitive determination of total vanadium inairborne particulates by an extraction—spectrometric method with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

A method is described for the rapid and sensitive determination of 0.06 μg of total vanadium in airborne particulates collected in the filter bag of an air-cleaner or on a membrane filter attached to an air sampler. The method is based on decomposition of organic matter in the sample and membrane filter by successive use of nitric, sulfuric and perchloric acids, and decomposition of the suspended silicate residue in a sulfuric—hydrofluoric acid mixture, followed by the extraction of a vanadium—N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine complex into chloroform for spectrophotometric measurement. A comparison with the troublesome fusion method for the residue is included.     

Assessment of the homogeneity of the synthesized beryllium-bearing silicate glass for its use as a quality control material in the X-ray electron probe microanalysis of silicates

Results of assessment of the stability and homogeneity of the Be?Mg?Al?silicate glass synthesized by the authors and possibilities of its use as a quality control material (QCM) in the X-ray electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of Be-bearing silicate materials, i.e., crystals and quenched melts (glasses), and also silicates and oxides are presented. The homogeneity of the samples was studied at the macro- (10–100 μm) and microlevels (1–10 μm) and assessed according to the scheme of dispersion analysis. A possibility of using the Be–silicate glass as a certified reference material for the determination of the concentrations of Mg, Al, Si was estimated using international reference materials of glasses and QCM of minerals of the known composition. The metrological performance of the experimental data obtained suggest that the studied glass can be used as a QCM in the EPMA of Be-bearing silicate materials, silicates, and oxides. The use of the Be-silicate glass as a certified reference material of composition in EPMA ensures acquisition of satisfactory data on the composition of minerals including cordierite and beryllium cordierite, beryllium indialite, beryl and also of metastable phases of chrysoberyl and compounds with the structure of β-quartz and petalite.     

Variable temperature 1H, 23Na,and 29Si MAS NMR studies on sodium silicate hydrates of composition Na2O · SiO2 · nH2O (n = 9, 6, 5): Local structure in crystals,melts, supercooled melts,and glasses

The local structure in crystals, melts, supercooled melts, and glasses of sodium silicate hydrates of composition Na₂O · SiO₂ · nH₂O (n = 9, 6, 5) is studied by variable temperature ¹H, ²³Na, and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. Detailed in situ investigations on the melting process of the crystalline materials reveal the importance of H₂O motion in the melting mechanism. Depending on the local coordination, crystallographically distinct Na sites show different behaviour during the melting process. Upon melting, the monomer silicate anions present in the crystalline hydrates undergo condensation reactions to oligomeric silicate anions. No recrystallization but glass formation occurs at low temperature if the melts were heated initially about 10 K above the melting point. In the glasses also oligomeric silicate anions are present with a preference for cyclotrimer species. In situ MAS NMR investigations and electric conductivity measurements of the melts, supercooled melts, and glasses suggest the distinction of three temperature ranges characterized by different local structure and dynamics of the sodium cations, water and silicate anions. These ranges comprise a glass and glass transition range A at low temperatures, an aggregation region B at intermediate temperatures, and a solution or electrolyte region C at high temperatures. In region B aggregation of sodium water complexes to hydrated polycation clusters is suggested, the dynamic behaviour of which is clearly different to that of the silicate anions, indicating that no long-lived contact ion pairs between sodium cations and silicate anions are formed.