Sequences with equi-distributed extreme points in uniform polynomial approximation

Let E be a compact set in with connected complement and positive logarithmic capacity. For any f continuous on E and analytic in the interior of E, we consider the distribution of extreme points of the error of best uniform polynomial approximation on E. Let Λ=(n_j) be a subsequence of such that n_j+1/n_j→1. If, for nΛ, A_n( f)∂E denotes the set of extreme points of the error function, we prove that there is a subsequence Λ′ of Λ such that the distribution of any (n+2)th Fekete point set of A_n( f) tends weakly to the equilibrium distribution on E as n→∞ in Λ′. Furthermore, we prove a discrepancy result for the distribution of the point sets if the boundary of E is smooth enough.     

The distribution of extreme points in best complex polynomial approximation

LetK be a compact point set in the complex plane having positive logarithmic capacity and connected complement. For anyf continuous onK and analytic in the interior ofK we investigate the distribution of the extreme points for the error in best uniform approximation tof onK by polynomials. More precisely, if $$A_n (f): = \{ z \in K:|f(z) - p_n^* (f;z)| = \parallel f - p_n^* (f)\parallel _K \} ,$$ wherep _n ^* (f) is the polynomial of degree≤n of best uniform approximation tof onK, we show that there is a subsequencen _k with the property that the sequence of (n _k +2)-point Fekete subsets of \(A_{n_k }\) has limiting distribution (ask→∞) equal to the equilibrium distribution forK. Analogues for weighted approximation are also given.     

Neighborhoods of extreme points

An examination of relationship between two neighborhood systems (relative to two linear topologies) of extreme points yields a unified approach to some known and new results, among which are Bessaga-Pełczyński’s theorem on closed bounded convex subsets of separable conjugate Banach spaces and Ryll-Nardzewski’s fixed point theorem. This research was partly supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation.     

Estimation of the extreme value and the extreme points

Summary Letf be a continuous function defined on some domainA andX ₁,X ₂, ... be iid random variables. We estimate the extreme value off onA by studying the limiting distribution of min {f(X ₁), ...,f(X _n )} or max {f(X ₁), ...,f(X _n )} properly normalized. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the limiting distribution as well as a characterization of the limiting distribution relative to the extreme points off will be provided. A discussion of the multidimensional case is also carried out. Partially supported by CNPq-No. 301508/84.     

On extreme points inl 1

It is proved that every bounded closed and convex subset ofl ₁ is the closed convex hull of its extreme points. The research reported in this document has been sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant AF EOAR 66-18 through the European Office of Aerospace Research (OAR) United States Air Force.     

Orlicz spaces without extreme points

Orlicz function and sequence spaces unit balls of which have no extreme points are completely characterized for both (the Orlicz and the Luxemburg) norms. Their subspaces of order continuous elements, with the norms induced from the whole Orlicz spaces without extreme points in their unit balls are also characterized. The well-known spaces L₁ and c₀ with unit balls without extreme points are covered by our results. Moreover, a new example of a Banach space without extreme points in its unit ball is given (see Example 1). This is the subspace a(L₁+L_∞) of order continuous elements of the space L₁+L_∞ equipped with the norm whenever 0<a<∞ and μ(T)>1/a.     

Distribution of points on spheres and approximation by zonotopes

It is proved that if we approximate the Euclidean ballB ⁿ in the Hausdorff distance up toɛ by a Minkowski sum ofN segments, then the smallest possibleN is equal (up to a possible logarithmic factor) toc(n)ε ^{−2(n−1)/(n+2)}. A similar result is proved ifB ⁿ is replaced by a general zonoid inR ⁿ .     

Continuous selections avoiding extreme points

It is shown that if X is a countably paracompact collectionwise normal space, Y is a Banach space and φ:X→Y² is a lower semicontinuous mapping such that φ(x) is Y or a compact convex subset with Cardφ(x)>1 for each x∈X, then φ admits a continuous selection f:X→Y such that f(x) is not an extreme point of φ(x) for each x∈X. This is an affirmative answer to the problem posed by V. Gutev, H. Ohta and K. Yamazaki [V. Gutev, H. Ohta and K. Yamazaki, Selections and sandwich-like properties via semi-continuous Banach-valued functions, J. Math. Soc. Japan 55 (2003) 499-521].     

Continuity at the extreme points

We prove that a bounded convex lower semicontinuous function defined on a convex compact set K is continuous at a dense subset of extreme points. If there is a bounded strictly convex lower semicontinuous function on K, then the set of extreme points contains a dense completely metrizable subset.     

Good points for diophantine approximation

Given a sequence (x _n ) _n=1^∞ of real numbers in the interval [0, 1) and a sequence (δ _n ) _n=1^∞ of positive numbers tending to zero, we consider the size of the set of numbers in [0, 1] which can be ‘well approximated’ by terms of the first sequence, namely, those y ∈ [0, 1] for which the inequality |y − x _n | < δ _n holds for infinitely many positive integers n. We show that the set of ‘well approximable’ points by a sequence (x _n ) _n=1^∞, which is dense in [0, 1], is ‘quite large’ no matter how fast the sequence (δ _n ) _n=1^∞ converges to zero. On the other hand, for any sequence of positive numbers (δ _n ) _n=1^∞ tending to zero, there is a well distributed sequence (x _n ) _n=1^∞ in the interval [0, 1] such that the set of ‘well approximable’ points y is ‘quite small’.     

Strongly extreme points in Banach spaces

In this paper some properties of a special type of boundary point of convex sets in Banach spaces are studied. Specifically, a strongly extreme point x of a convex set S is a point of S such that for each real number r>0, segments of length 2r and centered x are not uniformly closer to S than some positive number d(x,r). Results are obtained comparing the notion of strongly extreme point to other known types of special boundary points of convex sets. Using the notion of strongly extreme point, a convexity condition is defined on the norm of the space under consideration, and this convexity condition makes possible a unified treatment of some previously studied convexity conditions. In addition, a sufficient condition is given on the norm of a separable conjugate space for every extreme point of the unit ball to be strongly extreme.     

Koenigs problem and extreme fixed points

This note continues some previous studies by the authors. We consider a linear-fractional mapping $ F_A :K \to K $ F_A :K \to K generated by a triangular operator, where $ K $ K is the unit operator ball and the fixed point C of the extension of $ F_A $ F_A to $ \overline K $ \overline K is either an isometry or a coisometry. Under some natural restrictions on one of the diagonal entries of the operator matrix A, the structure of the other diagonal entry is investigated completely. It is shown that generally C cannot be replaced in all these considerations by an arbitrary point of the unit sphere. Some special cases are studied in which this is nevertheless possible.