Das System KNbO3-Nb2O5

Zusammenfassung Das System KNbO₃–Nb₂O₅ wurde mit thermoanalytischen, dilatometrischen und röntgenographischen Methoden neu untersucht. Acht ternäre Verbindungen werden im Bereich von 0–50 Mol-% K₂O gefunden. Nur K₄Nb₆O₁₇ schmilzt kongruent, alle anderen zersetzen sich peritektisch. Bei den beiden niobreichaten ternären Verbindungen handelt es sich um Hochtemperaturphasen, die sich erst oberhalb 1273 bzw. 1551 K bilden. Drei der acht Verbindungen wandeln sich mit steigender Temperatur in ihre Hochtemperaturmodifikation um.

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The KNbO₃-Nb₂O₅ system was studied by thermal analysis, dilatometry and X-ray techniques. Eight ternary compounds were found in the range from 0 to 50 mol% K₂O. Only K₄Nb₆O₇ was found to melt congruently, the other compounds decomposed peritectically. For the two ternary compounds with the highest percentage of niobium high-temperature phases were observed which were formed only above 1273 and 1551°, respectively. Three of the compounds studied transformed into their high temperature modifications on heating.

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, $ KN₃-Nb₂O₅. 0 50 % . , K₄Nb₆O₇ , $ . $ $ 1273 1551°. $ $ .

     

Kinetics of ion exchange sorption of phosphate

The kinetics of phosphate sorption on Amberlite IRA-400 has been studied as a function of temperature, nature of counterions, at two different concentrations. The film and particle diffusion coefficients and the activation parameters of the process are calculated.

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IRA-400 , . .

     

Nature of ethylene complexes on the surface of Ag/SiO2 as evidenced by13C NMR data

The formation of -complexes of C₂H₄ with Ag⁺ on oxidized Ag/SiO₂ catalysts is shown by¹³C NMR. These complexes are similar in nature to those of olefins with silver in solution.

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¹³C , Ag/SiO₂ - C₂H₄ Ag⁺, - .

     

Capacite calorifique molaire du compose Sb·405Te·595 dans les etats solides et liquides entre 298 K et 922 K

Heat capacity (C _p ) of the compound Sb_·405Te_·595 in solid and liquid states at constant pressure are calculated from the results of experimental drop calorimetric method. The heat of fusion of the compound is deduced. A phase transition in the solid state has been put in evidence.

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Zusammenfassung Basierend auf Ergebnissen einer Dropkalorimetrie-Methode wurde die Wärmekapazität für konstanten Druck (C _p ) der Verbindung Sb_·405Te_·595 für den festen und flüssigen Aggregatzustand errechnet und die Schmelzwärme der Verbindung abgeleitet. Ein Phasenübergang im festen Zustand wurde vorausgesetzt.

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, , (C _p ) Sb_0.405Te_0.595 , . .

     

Oxidation of ammonia on a bismuth-manganese oxide catalyst

The doping of MnO₂ with small quantities of Bi₂O₃ results in an increase of the surface oxygen bond energy. Accordingly, the values of the specific catalytic activity and selectivity to nitrous oxide are lower for the doped catalyst than for pure MnO₂. The mechanism of low temperature ammonia oxidation is the same on both catalysts.

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Bi₂O₃ MnO₂ . , , MnO₂. .

     

Dilution effect on catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons

It is shown that unlike thermal pyrolysis, the rate of catalytic pyrolysis is greatly affected by dilution of hydrocarbons with inert gases. The nature of this effect has been analyzed.

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Synergetic effects in combined catalytic oxidation-epoxidation of cyclohexene

Catalytic properties of a mechanical mixture of SiO₂-iminodiacetatechromium(III)+V₂O₅/SiO₂ have been studied. A synergetic effect in the combined catalytic oxidation-epoxidation of cyclohexene, observed at about 40 wt.% V₂O₅, is due to the autocatalytic character of the combined process.

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Cr(III), - . 40% . - . , .

     

Influence of water on the heat of hydrogen adsorption on nickel

Water and hydrogen adsorption on Ni-black has been studied by a microcalorimetric method. The heat of hydrogen adsorption is considerably different on clean surfaces and on those covered with 20–50% chemisorbed water. In the former case it varies between 33 and 8 kcal/mol, and in the latter between 26 and 4.6 kcal/mol. The decrease in the heat of hydrogen adsorption is related to the energy requirement of water desorption. On the hydrogen-covered catalyst surface no water adsorption occurs.

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Ni-. 20–50% . 33 8 /, - 26 4,6 /. . , , .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfoxide by peroxodiphosphate

The kinetics of the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfoxide (MPSO) by potassium peroxodiphosphate (PP) in 50% aqueous acetic acid obeys the rate law.-d[PP]_T/dt=k[PP] [MPSO] at constant [H⁺]. The active species in the oxidation has been found to be H₃P₂O ₈ ^– . The kinetic results have been explained by a polar mechanism.

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() () 50%- (./.) -d[]^T/dt=k·[]·[] [H^*]. H₃P₂O ₈ ^– . .

     

Reaction mechanism and principles of choosing catalysts for selective oxidation at C?H bonds

Reaction mechanism for selective oxidation of organic compounds at C–H bonds is discussed. The criteria of selecting catalysts for these reactions have been formulated; 1) fast heterolytic activation of C–H bonds; 2) relatively slow primary activation of oxygen; 3) fast diffusion of oxygen vacancies; 4) fast electron transfer from the adsorbed substrate to catalyst.

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C–H . : 1) C–H ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

     

Spectroscopic study of silver state in CaO

Electron spectra of the oxidized states of silver (Ag²⁺) in CaO have been identified by comparison of ESR and diffuse reflectance electron spectra.

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Ag²⁺ CaO .

     

Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of Co?Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

Reducibility of Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts has been studied by the TPR method in the temperature range 293–900 K. Results seem to indicate alloying of cobalt and nickel in the process of reduction of the bimetallic systems.

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Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ 293–900 K. .

     

Investigation on the thermal behaviour of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O

DTA, DSC and X-ray investigations of Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O revealed a lattice transformation at (71±2) C withH=12.5 J/g, and congruent melting at 90 C withH=150.3 J/g. The results of the DTA investigations on different Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O samples are in good agreement with those of solubility investigations. The melting enthalpy of Mg(NO₃)₃ · 6H₂O is lowered considerably by deviation from the stoichiometric water content of the compound. The results allow conclusions as to the application of this salt hydrate as a latent heat-storage material.

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Zusammenfassung DTA-, DSC- und röntgenographische Untersuchungen von Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O zeigten die Existenz einer Gitterumwandlung bei (71±2) C mitH=12.5 J/g und ein kongruentes Schmelzen bei 90 C mitH=150.3 J/g. Die Ergebnisse der DTA-Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O Proben stehen in guter übereinstimmung mit denen von Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen. Durch ein Abweichen vom stöchiometrischen Wassergehalt der Verbindung wird die Schmelzenthalpie von Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O beträchtlich vermindert. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen Aussagen zur Anwendbarkeit dieses Salzhydrates als Wärmespeichermedium.

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, 71±2 H=12,5 · 90 H=150,3 ·^–1. Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O . . .

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We thank Dr. Flammersheim, Department of Chemistry, FSU, Jena, for the DSC measueements.     

Continuum composition models to describe multicomponent reaction kinetics

Some principles of the construction of kinetic models for multicomponent processes of oil-refining and petrochemistry are suggested in terms of the continuum mixture composition concepts. The results of computer simulation of industrial gasoline fraction hydrocracking processes are presented.

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Simultaneous determination of kinetic and diffusion parameters for the water-gas shift reaction

The water-gas shift reaction was studied at 563–638 K over an industrial ferrochrome catalyst. The reaction rate data could be described by first order kinetics coupled to a diffusional resistance model for isothermal pellets. The model parameters were determined by simultaneous nonlinear regression.

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563–683 . . .

     

Structure of surface species in Mo/Al2O3 catalysts prepared through Mo(V) oxalate

EXAFS and RED structural studies of surface species of Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared through the anchoring of [Mo₂O₄(C₂O₄)₂(H₂O)]^2– anion to -Al₂O₃ have shown that these surface metal complexes preserve a binuclear structure of the Mo(V) oxalate framework fragment.

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EXAFS Mo/Al₂O₃, [Mo₂O₄(C₂O₄)₂(H₂O)₂]^2– -Al₂O₃. , (V).

     

Kinetic analysis of isothermal,non-isothermal and catalysed thermal decomposition of malonic acid

A comparative study of the isothermal and non-isothermal decompositions of malonic acid has been carried out using the gasometric technique at atmospheric pressure. Under isothermal conditions, the results indicate two different mechanisms. At lower operating temperatures the decomposition process is governed by first-order kinetics, while at higher temperatures it is controlled by the random nucleation Erofeev equation. Analysis of the non-isothermal TG curves proved the advantageous use of this technique. It provides quick and valid information about the thermal decomposition kinetics of malonic acid, both in the pure state and when catalysed by solid 12-molybdophosphoric acid and its bismuth salts. Via the applicability of a non-isothermal kinetic equation, it was demonstrated that the factor causing the enhancement effect of these catalysts is mainly electronic in nature.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Gasometertechnik bei atmosphärischem Druck wurde eine vergleichende Betrachtung der isothermen und nichtisothermen Zersetzung von Malonsäure durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter isothermen Bedingungen zwei verschiedene Mechanismen. Während die Zersetzungsprozesse bei niedrigeren Temperaturen durch eine Reaktionskinetik erster Ordnung bestimmt werden, findet bei höheren Temperaturen die Randomkeimbildungsgleichung von Erofeev Anwendung. Diese Technik konnte bei der Auswertung der nichtisothermen TG-Kurven vorteilhaft angewendet werden. Sie liefert schnelle und stichhaltige Informationen über die thermische Zersetzungkinetik von Malonsäure sowohl rein als auch in Gegenwart eines Katalysators, der in Form von 12-Molybdatophosphorsäure oder deren Bismutsalzen als Feststoffkatalysator beigemischt wird. Auf der Basis der Anwendbarkeit der nichtisothermen Kinetikgleichung konnte gezeigt werden, daß der Verstärkungseffekt dieser Katalysatoren hauptsächlich auf Faktoren elektronischer Natur zurückgeführt werden kann.

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. , , . , . . , , , 12- . , , .

     

[Fe(phen)3]2+ aquation in aqueous polyacrylamide solution

The aquation of tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) iron(II) has been studied in aqueous polyacrylamide solutions. The rate increases up to 2.8 times at low polymer concentrations, and subsequently decreases. These effects are attributed to changes in the local water activity in the region of the complex.

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(1, 10-) (II) . 2,8 , . .

     

Various dynamic behavior of Ag+-induced oscillations in uncatalyzed bromate oscillators

Silver ion induces the uncatalyzed bromate oscillators /aromatics-bromate-acid/on a variety of dynamic behavior, including high frequency and complex oscillations. The behavior of a reacting system depends on the chemical composition of the armatics, the time of addition of Ag⁺, and the concentration of Ag⁺. The chemistry underlying the phenomena is discussed.

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(--) , . , Ag⁺ Ag⁺. .

     

A systematic theory of one-cell differential thermal analysis

The mathematical theory is developed for heat transfer in the cells of DTA instruments with no temperature gradient. Equations are derived for the various portions of the differential curve. The concepts of real and hypothetical base lines are introduced and rules are formulated for plotting them. Three methods are proposed for processing the curves, with and without the introduction of base lines. The physical meanings of the geometrical elements of the thermal curves and their relationship with the experimentally determined thermal quantities are elucidated. Equations in differential and integral forms are derived for the base line of the cell and the base line of the reaction.

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Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Theorie für den Wärmeübergang in Zellen von DTA-Geräten ohne Temperaturgradient wird entwickelt. Für die einzelnen Abschnitte der differentiellen Kurve werden Gleichungen abgeleitet. Das Konzept der reellen und hypothetischen Grundlinien wird eingeführt und Regeln für deren Konstruktion werden aufgestellt. Drei Methoden zur Darstellung der Kurven mit und ohne Einführung der Grundlinien werden vorgeschlagen. Die physikalische Bedeutung der geometrischen Elemente der thermischen Kurven und deren Beziehung zu den experimentell bestimmten thermischen Größen werden klargestellt. Für die Grundlinie der Zelle und für die der Reaktion werden Gleichungen in differentieller und integraler Form abgeleitet.

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