燃料空气炸药（FAE）装置爆炸场的研究

燃料空气炸药（ＦＡＥ）装置在一次点火后，液体燃料在中心装药爆轰驱动下，抛撒在空气中形成燃料空气云，用高速摄影记录了该燃料空气云的形成过程。为达到所要求的气云形状，在对高速摄影照片充分分析折基础上，本文对ＦＡＥ装置的结构设计提出了改进意见。燃料空气云在二次点火后实现爆轰，本文测量了沿地面主力学线的压力时间曲线，用高精度、高分辨率的ＴＶＤ格式与瞬时爆轰模型时燃料空气云爆炸场进行了初步的数值模拟，得到了     

无约束气云爆燃压力场的计算

利用球形流体力学方程和燃烧反应模型导出了无约束气云弱点火爆燃过程的压力分布场 ,编制了求解压力场的计算程序 ,可计算不同尺寸气云爆炸时各点的爆炸压力值。进行了可燃气云爆燃实验 ,对计算结果进行了考核。与实验结果相比 ,计算结果的偏差小于2 0 %。     

气云内存在障碍物时的爆炸压力计算

通过引入障碍物扰动因子,对球形可燃气云内存在对称障碍物的爆炸过程进行了理论分析,建立了物理和数学模型,并编制了爆炸压力场的计算程序,获得了气云爆炸压力与气云半径、距气云中心的距离之间的关系。按国际标准和美国标准建设了爆炸试验系统并进行了试验,计算结果与实验结果的偏差小于20%。将计算结果与多能模型方法比较,在气云爆炸超压与量纲一距离之间的关系上,结果与多能模型一致,且较大的气云与多能模型中较高的爆炸级别相对应。     

云爆药剂爆炸超压测试及威力评价

借助压力测试系统,在自由场及地面布置压力传感器,分别测量了熔铸TNT、一次云爆药剂和二次云爆药剂在自由场和地面的爆炸场冲击波超压,经分析处理后拟合得到适用于3种炸药的自由场和空中爆炸超压发展公式,并计算云爆药剂的TNT当量。实验结果表明:实验选用的二次云爆药剂的自由场和地面平均TNT当量相比一次云爆药剂分别提高了60%和69%,说明二次云爆药剂比一次云爆药剂具有更大的超压作用效果;3种药剂的自由场超压峰值都比地面小10%左右,说明地面的反射效应依旧存在,在实际超压威力评估时应采用一定的修正系数。实验结果可丰富云爆药剂和传统炸药的小当量实验对比数据,为云爆药剂爆炸场参数的研究和威力评估提供参考。     

球形和等长径圆柱装药在爆炸近区内载荷差异的实验研究

为了研究爆炸近区内装药形状对爆炸载荷的影响,运用压杆法测量了爆炸容器内壁的压力。通过 实验发现,对于圆柱装药径向方向上的正反射爆炸载荷,等长径圆柱装药的压力峰值、冲量与相同当量下球形 装药对应量的比最大超过2。还通过实验验证了数值模拟,并运用数值模拟获得2种装药形状下爆炸载荷的 静水压、密度、粒子速度,得到爆炸近区内2种装药形状载荷的差异以及该差异随爆心距离的变化规律。     

乙烯储罐气体泄漏诱发蒸气云爆炸的数值模拟

储罐会因腐蚀或人为误操作等原因引发泄漏,造成泄漏气体扩散或气云爆炸事故。为了揭示此种事故的发展过程及影响规律,应用计算流体力学软件FLACS,研究了泄漏和环境风两个主要影响因素对乙烯气体扩散及爆炸的影响。结果表明:气云扩散距离和体积随泄漏速率增加而增大;当泄漏速率低于6 kg/s时,不同泄漏方向上的气云扩散距离及体积相近;当泄漏速率高于6 kg/s时,气体泄漏扩散和气云形成过程因受到障碍物影响,随阻塞率增大,气云扩散距离减小,气云体积增加。当泄漏方向垂直于储罐组中轴线,泄漏速率为18 kg/s时,气云扩散距离最大为81.5 m;当泄漏方向平行于储罐组中轴线,泄漏速率为24 kg/s时,气云体积最大达到9 604 m3。爆炸波的冲击压力随泄漏速率升高而升高;环境风会加快可燃气体稀释,有效降低气云爆炸发生的概率,降低爆炸强度,达到爆炸压力峰值的时间更早,可使高温在更短的时间内下降。泄漏速率为24 kg/s时,与泄漏储罐紧邻的储罐表面上被冲击到的爆炸超压仅为6.88 kPa,但温度高达2 384 K,因此,为避免事故发生时的二次灾害,救援中对储罐组的冷却降温尤为重要。     

空中强爆炸冲击波地面反射规律数值模拟研究

为准确预测空中强爆炸产生的冲击波载荷分布,基于欧拉坐标系建立了能够模拟具有高密度比、高压力比的强激波问题的二维多介质流体数值方法。结合网格自适应技术,对1 kt TNT当量的空中强爆炸在不同爆炸高度下的冲击波地面反射过程进行了数值模拟,并考虑了真实气体状态方程和空气随高度不均匀分布的影响。计算得到了地面上距爆心投影点大尺度范围内的反射超压和冲量等冲击波载荷分布,并给出了冲击波载荷随爆高的变化规律。     

沉底装药水中爆炸现象的实验研究

为获得沉底装药水中爆炸冲击波传播和气泡运动的一般规律,设计开展了沉底装药水中爆炸原理 性实验,通过观测记录装药沉底爆炸作用过程,并与装药自由场水中爆炸进行对比分析,得到主要结论:沉底 装药水中爆炸存在冲击波水底反射、气泡运动形成水底射流等复杂的载荷效应;沉底爆炸气泡呈半球形依附 在水底并同时急剧膨胀,其在收缩运动中连带水底介质颗粒迅速上浮,同时,气泡形状在水底射流作用下发生 显著变化;沉底爆炸冲击波压力呈指数衰减规律,无明显二次压力波,但由于水底介质作用而形成较强的水底 反射冲击波,一般使得迭加后的冲击波峰值压力高于入射波阵面压力。     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

井喷失控气云爆炸的3维数值模拟

基于K- 模型和改进的EBU 模型,考虑甲烷-空气混合气云形成过程,建立了井喷失控甲烷喷射 流扩散及混合气云爆炸的理论模型,选用SIMPLE方法求解差分方程,模拟甲烷-空气混合气云形成过程,分 析了不同点火点对混合气云爆炸影响程度。结果表明,点火点方位及点火点所在气体体积分数对气云爆炸都 有明显的影响,点火点越靠近气云中心和所在甲烷体积分数越高爆炸效果越强,最后为井喷失控人工点火提 出了合适的点火方位。     

多点云雾爆炸波相互作用的数值模拟

为研究多点云雾爆炸超压场的分布特性,利用LS-DYNA程序,对4个非圆柱体云雾的爆炸超压的相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比。得到了中心区域冲击波相互作用演化过程与中心竖直方向0~20 m处的超压变化规律,以及0°、90°、135°和180°等4个方向的地面峰值超压随水平距离变化的规律。结果表明:中心区域地面依次出现3重冲击波;地面整体超压场强度向中心区域倾斜。在45°方向竖直截面上冲击波波系由入射波、反射波与马赫波构成。     

多相燃料空气炸药爆炸压力场研究

采用高速运动分析系统对固态燃料FAE（Fuel Air Explosive）分散、爆轰过程进行光学测量,用压电传感器等组成的压力测试系统对FAE爆炸压力场进行测量,对固态燃料FAE燃料分散、爆轰波及冲击波进行了研究。分析了气-固-液多相爆轰的特征和压力波形的特点,研究了其冲击波峰值超压及比冲量随传播距离变化的规律。在云雾区内,多相爆轰波压力波形具有多峰结构,爆炸波峰值超压及冲量为一恒定值;爆轰区外,爆轰波转变成爆炸冲击波,峰值压力和比冲量迅速衰减,得到了峰值超压、比冲量随传播距离的变化规律。     

多爆源云雾爆炸波相互作用的三维数值研究

从三维全N S方程出发,用二阶迎风TVD格式,针对贴地和近地三种不同的爆源位置,研究了两团云雾爆炸后爆炸场的相互作用。计算结果表明:本文的方法可模拟多爆源爆炸后冲击波的传播和爆炸场复杂的波系结构。压力分布可确定爆炸场任意位置的压力时间变化历程。     

箱型结构内部爆炸破坏研究进展

结构内部爆炸破坏机理和规律是常规武器毁伤效能预测与评估、建筑物和舰船抗爆防护设计的重要支撑。基于结构内爆炸载荷、内部爆炸作用下结构塑性响应、内部爆炸作用下箱壁结构破坏模式、内部爆炸作用下多箱型结构破坏模式和分布四个方面详细论述了箱型结构内部爆炸破坏的研究现状及存在的问题,并对内部爆炸后续研究给出了建议。建议研究并建立更加复杂的结构内部爆炸载荷和破坏效应描述模型、内部爆炸作用下箱壁的动力响应机理、多箱型结构与内部爆炸波产生的耦合效应、内部爆炸作用下结构的破坏模式和破坏范围的快速准确预测方法等。     

Numerical simulation of blast wave interaction with structure columns

Accurate estimation of blast loads on structures is essential for reliable predictions of structural response and damage. Current practice in blast effect analysis and design estimates blast loads primarily based on empirical formulae obtained from field blast tests. Due to the limited availability of test data, those empirical formulae are usually applicable to the case that the reflection surface of the structure is big enough so that no wave diffraction around the structure exists. They will overestimate the blast loads on structure columns without infill walls around them, which are very common in the modern buildings, especially for the ground floor columns. For a standalone column, the initial reflected pressure may be quickly relieved at the edge of the column, and the column will be engulfed with the blast wave due to diffraction. Therefore, the interaction between the blast wave and structure is important for such columns. The blast loads on such columns will be different from those obtained in field blasting tests on walls. There is no method in the open literature to estimate blast loads on standalone columns. In the present study, interactions between blast waves and structure columns are simulated using AUTODYN 3D. The influence of the scaled distance of the blast, column stiffness, ratio of the supported mass to the column mass, and column dimension and geometry, on the blast wave–column interaction is investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, some formulae are proposed to estimate the blast pressure, impulse, and the reflected pressure time history on standalone structure columns.      

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

A newly developed interatomic potential of Nb−Al−Ti ternary systems for high-temperature applications

The application of hard/soft composite structure in personnel armor for blast mitigation is relatively practical and effective in realistic protection engineering, such as the shell/liner system of the helmet. However, there is still lacking a reliable experimental methodology to effectively evaluate the blast mitigation performance when the structure directly contacts the protected target, which limits the development of protection structures. In this paper, we proposed a new method to evaluate experimentally and numerically the blast mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures. The blast mitigation mechanism is analyzed. The hard/soft structures were composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite and expanded polyethylene (EPE) foam. In field explosion experiment, a 7.0 kg trinitrotoluene (TNT) spherical charge is used to generate blast waves at a 3.8 m stand-off distance. A pressure test device is designed to support the tested structure and measure the transmitted blast pressure pulses after passing through the structure. Experimental results indicate that the hard/soft structures can mitigate the blast pressure pulse into the triangular pressure pulse, through making the pulse profile flatter, reducing the pressure amplitude, and delaying the pulse arrival time. Specifically, the combination of 7 mm UHMWPE composite and 20 mm EPE foam can reduce the blast pressure amplitude by 40%. Correspondingly, the finite element simulation is also carried out to understand the blast mitigation mechanism. The numerical results indicate that the regulation for blast pressure pulses mainly complete at the hard/soft interface, which is attributed to the reflection of pressure waves at the interface and the deformation of the soft layer compressed by the hard layer possessing kinetic energy. Furthermore, based on these analyses, the corresponding theoretical model is proposed, and it can well explain the experimental and numerical results. This study is meaningful for evaluating and designing high-performance blast mitigation structures.

     

爆炸容器内冲击波系演化及壳体响应的数值研究

对中心装药爆炸后冲击波的产生、传播和壳体动态响应全过程进行了数值研究。认为RDX瞬时爆炸 ,爆炸近场采用自相似解 ;冲击波传播和波系演化采用PPM (the Piecewise Parabolic Method)格式求解Eu ler方程 ;壳体响应采用有限元方法求解拉氏坐标系下由虚功原理得到的动力学方程。壳体内壁面边界条件分别采用强耦合和弱耦合方法处理。结果表明 :(1)当装药量相同时 ,薄壁壳体振型比厚壁壳体复杂得多 ,振幅也大 ;(2 )当装药量不同 ,壳体厚度相同时 ,爆炸场冲击波的演化过程不同 ;(3)对少量装药 ,产生的冲击波强度低 ,壳体变形小 ,是否考虑内边界运动 ,对计算结果的影响不大 ;(4 )在本文条件下 ,爆炸容器封头顶点所受的载荷最大 ,是最易发生破坏的地方 ,侧壁与爆点所在横截面的交线 ,也易破坏。