The mixed-mode fracture mechanics analysis of an embedded arbitrary oriented crack in a two-dimensional functionally graded material plate

Mixed-mode fracture mechanics analysis of an embedded arbitrarily oriented crack in a two-dimensional functionally graded material using plane elasticity theory is considered. The material properties are assumed to vary exponentially in two planar directions. Then, employing Fourier integral transforms with singular integral equation technique, the problem is solved. The stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the crack tips are calculated under in-plane mechanical loads. Finally, the effects of crack orientation, material non-homogeneity, and other parameters are discussed on the value of SIF in mode I and mode II fracture.     

Determining the Mie potential parameters using Poisson’s ratio

The known value of Poisson’s ratio specifying the relation between the strains along the principal directions in the case of uniaxial strain is used to propose an approach to derive an equation relating this ratio to the exponents of the Mie pair potential. An example of determining one of these exponents is discussed when the other exponent is given.     

Two arbitrarily situated cracks in an elastic plate under flexure

Based on Reissner's theory for the bending of thin plates and by replacing the cracks by dislocation arrays, the flexure problem for an unbounded plate, containing two arbitrarily situated rectilinear cracks, is reduced to a system of singular integral equations relative to six functions which characterize the density of dislocations.The solution, in the form of the product of the series of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and their weight function, is obtained for the cases of plain bending and uniform twisting along an arbitrarily inclined direction to the cracks.Numerical results are shown for two fundamental cases of crack configuration, i.e. a pair of equal colinear cracks and equal parallel cracks without stagger.     

Canonical representations and degree of freedom formulae of orthogonal tensors in n-dimensional Euclidean space

In this paper, with the help of the eigenvalue properties of orthogonal tensors in n-dimensional Euclidean space and the representations of the orthogonal tensors in 2-dimensional space, the canonical representations of orthogonal tensors in n-dimensional Euclidean space are easily gotten. The paper also gives all the constraint relationships among the principal invariants of arbitrarily given orthogonal tensor by use of Cayley-Hamilton theorem; these results make it possible to solve all the eigenvalues of any orthogonal tensor based on a quite reduced equation of m-th order, where m is the integer part of n/2. Finally, the formulae of the degree of freedom of orthogonal tensors are given.     

Elliptic cavity in a three-dimensional anisotropic body with inclined strata deformed by line loads and dislocations

Summary Analytical solutions are proposed for the stress and displacement fields in a quasi three-dimensional elastic anisotropic body containing an elliptic cavity or rigid inclusion. The directions of the principal elastic axes are allowed to be inclined arbitrarily with respect to the axes of the elliptic cavity. As an application, expressions for the stress intensity factors are formulated when the cavity reduces to a colinear crack.     

双轴转台的八位置调平及失准角估算

重力梯度旋转平台调制实验时要求旋转平台台面的水平失准角在一定范围之内。使用两位置正交方法对双轴转台进行调平时,能保证正交两个方向上水平精度,但无法保证在多个方向上的水平精度。对此,提出了一种八位置调平方法,即将整周360°分为八个位置,两个相邻位置的夹角为45°,依次测量八个位置的水平失准角,取最大值和最小值之和的二分之一作为中值,每个位置失准角与中值求差,通过差值的符号并结合八位置图确定调高或调低相应的地脚。同时,给出了一种通过匀速旋转调制来估算台面最大水平失准角的方法。实验表明:在目前实验条件下,八位置调平方法能将转台台面最大失准角控制在3″以内,旋转调制估算的水平失准角为2.9″。     

On the Role of Variable Latent Periods in Mathematical Models for Tuberculosis

The qualitative behaviors of a system of ordinary differential equations and a system of differential-integral equations, which model the dynamics of disease transmission for tuberculosis (TB), have been studied. It has been shown that the dynamics of both models are governed by a reproductive number. All solutions converge to the origin (the disease-free equilibrium) when this reproductive number is less than or equal to the critical value one. The disease-free equilibrium is unstable and there exists a unique positive (endemic) equilibrium if the reproductive number exceeds one. Moreover, the positive equilibrium is stable. Our results show that the qualitative behaviors predicted by the model with arbitrarily distributed latent stage are similar to those given by the TB model with an exponentially distributed period of latency.     

Digital particle image accelerometry

A high-resolution video-based technique for obtaining two-dimensional fluid acceleration field data has been developed. The algorithm uses a combination of cross-correlations and autocorrelations on doubly exposed images of particle-seeded flows. Autocorrelations of individual video frames in an image pair yield two instantaneous velocity fields from which accelerations can be computed. Cross-correlations between successive images in the pair are used to resolve directional ambiguity associated with the autocorrelation. Time intervals are made arbitrarily small through the use of a laser sheet generator circuit which is synchronized with the framing rate of the camera. The technique is validated using a fluid-filled Petri dish subject to a known periodic motion. Ongoing development, uncertainties, and limitations of the technique are discussed. Received: 22 October 1998/Accepted: 27 September 2000     

Adjoint Pairs of Differential-Algebraic Equations and Their Lyapunov Exponents

This paper is devoted to the analysis of adjoint pairs of regular differential-algebraic equations with arbitrarily high tractability index. We consider both standard form DAEs and DAEs with properly involved derivative. We introduce the notion of factorization-adjoint pairs and show their common structure including index and characteristic values. We precisely describe the relations between the so-called inherent explicit regular ODE (IERODE) and the essential underlying ODEs (EUODEs) of a regular DAE. We prove that among the EUODEs of an adjoint pair of regular DAEs there are always those which are adjoint to each other. Moreover, we extend the Lyapunov exponent theory to DAEs with arbitrarily high index and establish the general class of DAEs being regular in Lyapunov’s sense. The Perron identity which is well known in the ODE theory does not hold in general for adjoint pairs of Lyapunov regular DAEs. We establish criteria for the Perron identity to be valid. Examples are also given for illustrating the new results.     

Thermoelastic stress analysis of orthotropic composites

The temperature variation in a cyclically loaded orthotropic composite is proportional to a linear combination of the changes in the normal stresses in the directions of material symmetry. An effective method is presented here to determine the individual stresses from measured thermoelastic data in a region adjacent to an arbitrarily shaped fraction-free boundary of loaded orthotropic composites. The method, which is based on equilibrium and compatibility, uses complex-variable formulations involving conformal mappings, analytic continuation and numerical techniques.     

On Finite Shear

If a pair of material line elements, passing through a typical particle P in a body, subtend an angle Θ before deformation, and Θ+γ after deformation, the pair of material elements is said to be sheared by the amount γ. Here all pairs of material elements at P are considered for arbitrary deformations. Two main problems are addressed and solved. The first is the determination of all pairs of material line elements at P which are unsheared. The second is the determination of that pair of material line elements at P which suffers the maximum shear. All unsheared pairs of material elements in a given plane π(S) with normal S passing through P are considered. Provided π(S) is not a plane of central circular section of the C-ellipsoid at P (where C is the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor), it is seen that corresponding to any material element in π(S) there is, in general, one companion material element in π(S) such that the element and its companion are unsheared. There are, however, two elements in π(S) which have no companions. We call their corresponding directions \textit{limiting directions.} Equally inclined to the direction of least stretch in the plane π(S), the limiting directions play a central role. It is seen that, in a given plane π(S), the pair of material line elements which suffer the maximum shear lie along the limiting directions in π(S). If Θ _L is the acute angle subtended by the limitig directions in π(S) before deformation, then this angle is sheared into its supplement π−Θ _L so that the maximum shear γ^*;(S) is γ^*=π− 2 Θ _L . If S is given and C is known, then Θ _L may be determined immediately. Its calculation does not involve knowing the eigenvectors or eigenvalues of C. When all possible planes through P are considered, it is seen that the global maximum shear γ^* _G occurs for material elements lying along the limiting directions in the plane spanned by the eigenvectors of C corresponding to the greatest principal stretch λ₃ and the least λ₁. The limiting directions in this principal plane of C subtend the angle and . Generally the maximum shear does not occur for a pair of material elements which are originally orthogonal. For a given material element along the unit vector N, there is, in general, in each plane π(S passing through N at P, a companion vector M such that material elements along N and M are unsheared. A formula, originally due to Joly (1905), is presented for M in terms of N and S. Given an unsheared pair π(S), the limiting directions in π(S) are seen to be easily determined, either analytically or geometrically. Planar shear, the change in the angle between the normals of a pair of material planar elements at X, is also considered. The theory of planar shear runs parallel to the theory of shear of material line elements. Corresponding results are presented. Finally, another concept of shear used in the geology literature, and apparently due to Jaeger, is considered. The connection is shown between Cauchy shear, the change in the angle of a pair of material elements, and the Jaeger shear, the change in the angle between the normal N to a planar element and a material element along the normal N. Although Jaeger's shear is described in terms of one direction N, it is seen to implicitly include a second material line element orthogonal to N. Accepted: May 25, 1999     

Effective and relative permeabilities of anisotropie porous media

A model composed of a three-dimensional orthogonal network of capillary tubes was used to simulate the flow behavior in an unsaturated anisotropic soil. The anisotropy in the network's permeability was introduced by randomly selecting the radii in the three mutually orthogonal directions of the network tubes from three different lognormal probability distributions, one for each direction. These three directions were assumed to be the principal directions of anisotropy. The sample was gradually drained, with only tubes smaller than a certain diameter remaining full at each degree of saturation. Computer experiments were conducted to determine the network's effective permeability as a function of saturation. The main conclusion was that the relationship between saturation and effective permeability depends on direction. Consequently the concept of relative permeability used in unsaturated flow should be limited to isotropic media and not extended to anisotropic ones.     

On the Number of Invariants in the Strain Energy Density of an Anisotropic Nonlinear Elastic Material with Two Material Symmetry Directions

We determine the minimum number of independent invariants that are needed to characterize completely the strain energy density of a compressible hyperelastic solid having two distinct material symmetry directions. We use a theory of representation of isotropic functions to express this energy density in terms of eighteen invariants, from which we extract ten invariants to analyze two cases of material symmetry. In the case of orthogonal directions, we recover the classical result of seven invariants and offer a justification for the choice of invariants found in the literature. If the directions are not orthogonal, we find that the minimum number is also seven and correct a mistake in a formula found in the literature. An energy density of this type is used to model, on the macroscopic scale, engineering materials, such as fiber-reinforced composites, and biological tissues, such as bones.     

On Infinitesimal Shear

The setting for this note is the theory of infinitesimal strain in the context of classical linearized elasticity. As a body is subjected to a deformation the angle between a pair of material line elements through a typical point P is changed. The decrease in angle is called the shear of this pair of elements. Here, we determine all pairs of material line elements at P which are unsheared in a deformation. It is seen, in general, that corresponding to any given material line element in a given plane through P, there is one corresponding “companion” material line element such that the given element and its conjugate are unsheared in the deformation. There are two exceptions. If the plane through P is a plane of central circular section of the strain ellipsoid, then every material line element through P in this plane has an infinity of companion elements in this plane – all pairs of material line elements in the plane(s) of central circular section of the strain ellipsoid are unsheared. If the plane through P is not a plane of central circular section of the strain ellipsoid, then there are two exceptional material line elements through P such that neither of them has a companion material line element forming an unsheared pair with it. The directions of these exceptional elements in the plane are called “limiting directions”. It is seen that it is the pair of elements along the limiting directions in a plane which suffer the maximum shear in that plane. A geometrical construction is presented for the determination of the extensional strains along the pairs of elements which are unsheared. Also, it is shown that knowing one unsheared pair in a plane and their extensions is sufficient to determine the principal extensions and the principal axes in this plane. Expressions for all unsheared pairs in a given plane are given in terms of the normals to the planes of central circular sections of the strain ellipsoid. Finally, for a given material line element, a formula is derived for the determination of all other material line elements which form an unsheared pair with the given element.     

A class of auxetic three-dimensional lattices

We propose a class of auxetic three-dimensional lattice structures. The elastic microstructure can be designed to have an omnidirectional Poisson's ratio arbitrarily close to the stability limit of −1. The cubic behaviour of the periodic system has been fully characterized; the minimum and maximum Poisson's ratio and the associated principal directions are given as a function of the microstructural parameters.The initial microstructure is then modified into a body-centred cubic system that can achieve Poisson's ratio lower than −1 and that can also behave as an isotropic three-dimensional auxetic structure.     

KBM unified method for solving an nth order non-linear differential equation under some special conditions including the case of internal resonance

The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii (KBM) unified method is used for obtaining the approximate solution of an nth order (n?4) ordinary differential equation with small non-linearities when a pair of eigen-values of the unperturbed equation is multiple (approximately or perfectly) of the other pair or pairs. The general solution can be used arbitrarily for over-damped, damped and undamped cases. In a damped or undamped case, one of the natural frequencies of the unperturbed equation may be a multiple of the other. Thus, the solution also covers the case of internal resonance which is an interesting and important part of non-linear oscillation. The determination of the solution is very simple and easier than the existing procedures developed by several authors (both in methods of averaging and multiple time scales) especially to tackle the case of internal resonance. The method is illustrated by an example of a fourth-order differential equation. The solution shows a good agreement with numerical solution in all of the three cases, e.g. over-damped, damped and undamped.     

Superposition of finite-amplitude transverse waves in deformed Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean materials

In this paper, waves propagating in Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean non-linear elastic materials subjected to a homogeneous pre-strain are considered. In a previous paper, Boulanger and Hayes [Finite-amplitude waves in deformed Mooney-Rivlin materials, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 45 (1992) 575-593] showed, for deformed Mooney-Rivlin materials, that the superposition of two finite-amplitude shear waves polarized in different directions (orthogonal to each other) and propagating along the same direction is an exact solution of the equations of motion. The two waves do not interact. Here, we are interested in superpositions of waves propagating in different directions. Two types of superpositions are considered: superpositions of waves polarized in the same direction, and also superposition of waves polarized in different directions. It is shown that such superpositions are exact solutions of the equations of motion with appropriate choices of the propagation and polarization directions.     

Absolute, convective, and global instability of a magnetic liquid jet

An infinite or semi-infinite jet of non-conductive magnetic liquid in a uniform longitudinal magnetic field can be absolutely or convectively unstable for different values of the flow parameters. Though the higher field inhibits the absolute instability, this inhibition is maximum at some field intensity. A critical value of the surface tension exists, above which the instability is absolute for any intensity of the field. If the jet has a large but finite length and proper boundary conditions are held at its beginning and end, it is always globally unstable. The unstable global mode is based on a pair of waves that propagate in opposite directions and reflect from one into the other at the flow boundaries.     

Damage analysis of thermopiezoelectric properties: Part I - crack tip singularities

This is Part I of the work on a two-dimensional analysis of thermal and electric fields of a thermopiezoelectric solid damaged by cracks. It deals with finding the singular crack tip behavior for the temperature, heat flow, displacements, electric potential, stresses and electric displacements. By application of Fourier transformations and the extended Stroh formalism, the problem is reduced to a pair of dual integral equations for the temperature field with the aid of an auxiliary function. The electroelastic field is governed by another pair of dual integral equations. The inverse square root singularity is found for the heat flow field while the logarithmic singularity prevailed for the electroelastic field regardless of whether the crack lies in a homogeneous piezoelectric solid or at an interface of two dissimilar piezoelectric materials. Results are given for the energy release rate and a finite length crack oriented at an arbitrarily angle with reference to the external disturbances. Part II of this paper considers the modelling of a piezoelectric material containing microcracks. A representative cracked area element is used to obtain the effective conductivity and electroelastic modulus. Numerical results are given for a peizoelectric Bati O₃ ceramic with cracks.     

Nonlinear dispersion properties of high-frequency waves in the gradient theory of elasticity

The dispersion law ceases to be linear already at ultrasonic frequencies of elastic vibrations of particles as mechanical perturbation waves propagate through the medium. A variant of the continuum model of an elastic medium is proposed which is based on the assumption of pair and triplet potential interaction between infinitely small particles; this allows one to represent the dispersion law with any required accuracy. The corresponding wave equation, which is still linear, can have an arbitrarily large order of partial derivatives with respect to the coordinates. It is suggested that the results of comparing the representations of the dispersion law from the elasticity and solid-state physics viewpoints should be used to determine nonclassical characteristics of the elastic state of the medium. The theoretical conclusions are illustrated with calculations performed for plane waves propagating through aluminum.