Counting Primitive Elements in Free Groups

In this paper it is proved that the set of primitive elements of a non-Abelian free group has density zero, i.e. the ratio of primitive elements in increasingly large balls is arbitrarily small. Two notions of density (natural and exponential density) are defined and some of their properties are studied. A class of subsets of the free group (graphical sets) is defined restricting the occurrence of adjacent letters in the reduced word for an element, and the relation between graphical sets and the set of primitive elements is studied and used to prove the above result.     

原函数存在性与可积性概念辨析

讨论函数可积性和原函数存在性问题,并结合具体实例分析原函数存在性和可积性之间的相互关系.     

有限域上互反本原正规元的存在性

设q是素数方幂,n是正整数,Fqn是qn个元素的有限域．本文证明了:当正整数n≥32时,对任意的素数方幂q,存在Fqn中的本原元ξ满足ξ和ξ-1都是Fqn 在Fq上的正规元,也即{ξ,ξq,…,ξqn-1}和{ξ-1,ξ-q,…,ξ-qn-1)都构成Fqn在Fq 上的本原正规基．     

有限域上的本原最优正规元

Let q be a prime or prime power and Fqn the extension of q elements finite field Fq with degree n(n1).Davenport,Lenstra and Schoof proved that there exists a primitive element α∈ Fqn such that α generates a normal basis of Fqn over Fq.Later,Mullin,Gao and Lenstra,etc.,raised the definition of optimal normal bases and constructed such bases.In this paper,we determine all primitive type I optimal normal bases and all finite fields in which there exists a pair of reciprocal elements α and α-1 such that both of them generate optimal normal bases of Fqn over Fq.Furthermore,we obtain a sufficient condition for the existence of primitive type II optimal normal bases over finite fields and prove that all primitive optimal normal elements are conjugate to each other.     

|sinx|原函数的直接计算法

利用变限积分函数和周期函数的性质,给出了求|sinx|原函数的一种直接计算法.     

Free Akivis Algebras, Primitive Elements, and Hyperalgebras

Free Akivis algebras and primitive elements in their universal enveloping algebras are investigated. It is proved that subalgebras of free Akivis algebras are free and that finitely generated subalgebras are finitely residual. Decidability of the word problem for the variety of Akivis algebras is also proved.The conjecture of K. H. Hofmann and K. Strambach (Problem 6.15 in [Topological and analytic loops, in “Quasigroups and Loops Theory and Applications,” Series in Pure Mathematics (O. Chein, H. O. Pflugfelder, and J. D. H. Smith, Eds.), Vol. 8, pp. 205–262, Heldermann Verlag, Berlin, 1990]) on the structure of primitive elements is proved to be not valid, and a full system of primitive elements in free nonassociative algebra is constructed.Finally, it is proved that every algebra B can be considered as a hyperalgebra, that is, a system with a series of multilinear operations that plays a role of a tangent algebra for a local analytic loop, where the hyperalgebra operations on B are interpreted by certain primitive elements.     

有限域的原根在剩余理论中的应用

研究了p是正奇素数的情况下,有限域的原根在剩余理论中的应用．利用有限域Fp上原根的性质,给出了一类集合与平方剩余之间的关系,获得了这类集合所包含元素个数之间的关系,并且这个结论把关于这方面的结果从r=0推广到了r=0和2．     

分段函数、函数的可积性与原函数存在性

论述了分段函数在数学分析中的作用,并以分段函数为工具,给出了函数的原函数存在和黎曼可积之间的关系,有助于全面掌握原函数和定积分这两个重要概念.     

r—不可分矩阵的本原指数

本文给出了 n阶 r—不可分矩阵的本原指数的上界 ,即 n阶 r—不可分矩阵的本原指数 ( A)≤ n-r( 1≤ r2 ,都能找到一类本原指数为 n-1的 n阶 1—不可分矩阵 .证明了 n阶 1—不可分矩阵的本原指数集 En={ 1 ,2 ,… ,wn} ( wn=n-1 ) .     

Count of primitive words

Abstract. The present paper concerns with the formula of the count of primitive words and ex-changeable primitive words.     

一个包含Smarandache原函数的方程

设p为素数,n为任意正整数,我们定义Smarandache原函数S_p(n)为最小正整数k,使得p~n|k!,即S_p(n)=min{k∈N:p~n|k!}．本文利用初等方法研究了方程S_p(1)+S_p(2)+…+S_p(n)=S_p((n(n+1))/2)的可解性,并给出了该方程的所有正整数解．     

关于伪Smarandache函数的一个问题

对任意正整n,著名的伪Smarandache函数Z(n)定义为最小的正整数m使得n|m(m 1)/2.本文的主要目的是利用初等方法研究Kenichiro Kashihara提出的"求所有正整数n使得伪smarandache函数Z(n)为n的原根"这一问题,并得到彻底解决.即就是证明了Z(n)为n的原根当且仅当n=2,3,4.     

Elementary Pairs of Primitive Normal Theories

The main objective of the paper is proving that classes of primitive normal, primitive bound, antiadditive, and additive theories are closed under P-expansions. This phenomenon is quite remarkable, for the main structure classes of theories studied within model theory (such as stable, totally transcendental, etc.) do not possess such a property. Furthermore, it is proved that primitive bound theories are P-stable, and we furnish an example of a primitive bound theory with models that are not primitive bound.     

循环矩阵本原指数的上界估计

本文给出了循环矩阵本原指数上界的新的估计及一种由级数较低的循环矩阵的本原指数估计级数较高的循环矩阵的本原指数的方法，解决了一类循环矩阵本原指数的计算问题．     

d个环点的极小本原矩阵的指数集

寻找和刻画各类有代表性的特殊本原矩阵的指数集,国内外都已有许多结果.这里研究和刻画d个环点的n阶极小本原矩阵的指数集为{[n/d]+n-2,[n/d]+n-1,…,n-2d-1}.     

分次反单本原根

本文给出分次情形的反单本原根SJGG,当群G满足|G|<∞,证明了SJG=SJref=SJG,其中SJref和SJG分别表示反射反单本原根和限制反单本原根.而且讨论了SJG的分次补根.     

对称无限布尔方阵的本原指数集的刻划

研究了对称无限布尔方阵,给出了对称无限布尔方阵为本原阵的一个充分必要条件,证明了具有有限直径d的对称无限布尔方阵的本原指数的上确界为2d,最后证明了直径不超过d的全体对称本原无限布尔方阵的本原指数集是E_d={1,2,…,2d}.     

Alexander polynomials of doubly primitive knots

We give a formula for Alexander polynomials of doubly primitive knots. This also gives a practical algorithm to determine the genus of any doubly primitive knot.

     

三角形Toeplize矩阵的三角本原指数

讨论了三角形 Toeplize矩阵与一元多项式的关系以及非负三角形 Toeplize矩阵的三角本原指数 ,证明了 n阶非负上三角 Toeplize矩阵的三角本原指数集 Sn={1 ,2 ,… ,k-1 ,k,k1,k2 ,… ,ks,n-1 },其中 k是满足 k >4n -3 -12 和 n -1k +1 =n -1k 的最小整数 .     

Primitive connected and additive theories of polygons

We study into monoids S the class of all S-polygons over which is primitive normal, primitive connected, or additive, that is, the monoids S the theory of any S-polygon over which is primitive normal, primitive connected, or additive. It is proved that the class of all S-polygons is primitive normal iff S is a linearly ordered monoid, and that it is primitive connected iff S is a group. It is pointed out that there exists no monoid S with an additive class of all S-polygons. __________ Translated from Algebra i Logika, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 300–313, May–June, 2006.