Deep Q-learning based optimal resource allocation method for energy harvested cognitive radio networks

In this article, we propose a deep Q-learning based algorithm for optimal resource allocation in energy harvested cognitive radio networks (EH-CRN). In EH-CRN, channel resources of primary users (PU) networks are shared with secondary users (SU) and energy harvesting allows nodes of the CRN to acquire energy from the environment for operation sustainability. However, amount of energy harvested from the environment is not fixed and requires dynamic allocation of resources for obtaining optimum network and throughput capacity. In this work, we overcome the limitations of existing Q-learning based resource allocation schemes which are constrained by large state-space systems and have slow convergence. Proposed deep Q-learning based algorithm improves the resource allocation in EH-CRN, while considering quality of service (QoS), energy and interference constraints. Simulation results show that proposed algorithm provide improved convergence and better resource utilization compared to other techniques in literature.     

Two-dimensional Fourier transform of arbitrarily sampled NMR data sets

A new procedure for Fourier transform with respect to more than one time variable simultaneously is proposed for NMR data processing. In the case of two-dimensional transform the spectrum is calculated for pairs of frequencies, instead of conventional sequence of one-dimensional transforms. Therefore, it enables one to Fourier transform arbitrarily sampled time domain and thus allows for analysis of high dimensionality spectra acquired in a short time. The proposed method is not limited to radial sampling, it requires only to fulfill the Nyquist theorem considering two or more time domains at the same time. We show the application of new approach to the 3D HNCO spectrum acquired for protein sample with radial and spiral time domain sampling.     

Avoiding traps in trajectory space: Metadynamics enhanced transition path sampling

We propose a transition path sampling (TPS) scheme designed to enhance sampling in systems with multiple reaction channels. In this method, based on a combination of the metadynamics algorithm with the TPS shooting move, a history dependent bias drives the simulation towards unexplored reaction channels. The bias, constructed as a superposition of repulsive Gaussian potentials deposited on the trajectories harvested in the course of the simulation, acts only during the initial stage of the trajectory generation, but leaves the dynamics along the trajectories unaffected such that the sampled pathways are true dynamical trajectories. Simulations carried out for two test systems indicate that the new approach effortlessly switches between distinct reaction channels even if they are separated by high barriers in trajectory space.     

Cognitive radio resource allocation based on coupled chaotic genetic algorithm

A coupled chaotic genetic algorithm for cognitive radio resource allocation which is based on genetic algorithm and coupled Logistic map is proposed.A fitness function for cognitive radio resource allocation is provided.Simulations are conducted for cognitive radio resource allocation by using the coupled chaotic genetic algorithm,simple genetic algorithm and dynamic allocation algorithm respectively.The simulation results show that,compared with simple genetic and dynamic allocation algorithm,coupled chaotic genetic algorithm reduces the total transmission power and bit error rate in cognitive radio system,and has faster convergence speed.     

Optimum frequency selection in multifrequency interferometry

We describe a novel technique for measurement of absolute order of interference in multifrequency interferometry. An optimization criterion is introduced that leads to frequency selection formulations that are optimized with respect to the minimum number of frequencies required for achieving the maximum target dynamic range. The method is generalized to N frequencies and gives a definition of measurement reliability. We demonstrate the technique by means of coherent fringe projection for nonintrusive, full-field profilometry. Experimental data for three frequencies are presented.     

采用加权直方图分析和蒙特卡洛重采样法对自由能级的校正研究

本文采用加权直方图分析方法和蒙特卡洛重采样方法进行自由基校正研究. 生成的自由能表面几乎可以收敛到具有足够采样情况的精准表面,并且比常规的加权直方图分析校正方法能更稳定地处理采样不足的情况,为检测能级校正表面的不确定性提供指南,并且定义了明确的标准用以确定能改善其视觉效果的自由能表面平滑程度. 本文通过水中的丙氨酸二肽和KillerRed蛋白质子转移的自由能图证明该方法的优势,说明蒙特卡洛重采样法可以作为在产生自由能表面实际的系统中的实用工具.     

Gravitational-wave extraction from an inspiraling configuration of merging black holes

We present new ideas for evolving black holes through a computational grid without excision, which enable accurate and stable evolutions of binary black hole systems with the accurate determination of gravitational waveforms directly from the wave zone region. Rather than excising the black hole interiors, our approach follows the "puncture" treatment of black holes, but utilizing a new gauge condition which allows the black holes to move successfully through the computational domain. We apply these techniques to an inspiraling binary, modeling the radiation generated during the final plunge and ringdown. We demonstrate convergence of the waveforms and good conservation of mass-energy, with just over 3% of the system's mass converted to gravitational radiation.     

Dynamic properties of the Monte Carlo method in statistical mechanics

By means of the Monte Carlo sampling technique the equilibrium thermodynamics of fluids and magnets can be calculated numerically. We show that the questions of convergence and accuracy of this method can be understood in terms of the dynamics of the appropriate stochastic model. Also, we discuss to what extent various choices of transition probabilities lead to different dynamic properties of the system. As examples of applications, we consider Ising and Heisenberg spin systems. The numerical results about the dynamic correlation functions are compared to simple approximations taken from the theory of the kinetic Ising model.     

Consensus problems of first-order dynamic multi-agent systems with multiple time delays

Consensus problems of first-order multi-agent systems with multiple time delays are investigated in this paper. We discuss three cases: 1) continuous, 2) discrete, and 3) a continuous system with a proportional plus derivative controller. In each case, the system contains simultaneous communication and input time delays. Supposing a dynamic multi-agent system with directed topology that contains a globally reachable node, the sufficient convergence condition of the system is discussed with respect to each of the three cases based on the generalized Nyquist criterion and the frequency-domain analysis approach, yielding conclusions that are either less conservative than or agree with previously published results. We know that the convergence condition of the system depends mainly on each agent’s input time delay and the adjacent weights but is independent of the communication delay between agents, whether the system is continuous or discrete. Finally, simulation examples are given to verify the theoretical analysis.     

A second-order 3D electromagnetics algorithm for curved interfaces between anisotropic dielectrics on a Yee mesh

A new frequency-domain electromagnetics algorithm is developed for simulating curved interfaces between anisotropic dielectrics embedded in a Yee mesh with second-order error in resonant frequencies. The algorithm is systematically derived using the finite integration formulation of Maxwell’s equations on the Yee mesh. Second-order convergence of the error in resonant frequencies is achieved by guaranteeing first-order error on dielectric boundaries and second-order error in bulk (possibly anisotropic) regions. Convergence studies, conducted for an analytically solvable problem and for a photonic crystal of ellipsoids with anisotropic dielectric constant, both show second-order convergence of frequency error; the convergence is sufficiently smooth that Richardson extrapolation yields roughly third-order convergence. The convergence of electric fields near the dielectric interface for the analytic problem is also presented.     

A framework for iterative analysis of non-classically damped dynamical systems

In this paper, we propose a general iterative framework to solve the dynamic problem for linear systems with non-classical viscous damping. A systematic approach is used to derive families of stationary iterative schemes that, as an instance of particular interest, decouple the equations of motion for numerical study of the system response. For such schemes, we present a detailed convergence analysis and propose several solution strategies suitable for a broad class of systems. These techniques are based on spectral analysis of particular iteration matrices arising in the derivation and aim at optimizing the convergence performance of the method. We demonstrate that the proposed systematic framework, based on a novel application of the homotopy analysis method, generalizes iterative schemes previously reported in the literature and, importantly, provides a unified perspective for the study of iterative solutions of dynamic problems. Further, we establish a connection between our results and the theory of iterative schemes for algebraic linear systems, thus providing insights on convergence results and applicability of the method. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach and indicate future research directions.     

PERFORMANCE AND DYNAMIC STABILITY OF GENERAL-PATH CENTRIFUGAL PENDULUM VIBRATION ABSORBERS

Centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers are a type of tuned dynamic absorber used for the attenuation of torsional vibrations in rotating and reciprocating machines. They consist of masses that are constrained to move along specific paths relative to the rotational axis of the machine. Previous analytical studies have considered the performance of single absorber systems with general paths and of multi-absorber systems with a specific path type. In this paper, we investigate the performance and dynamic stability of systems comprised of multiple, identical centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers riding on quite general paths. The study is carried out by considering a scaling of the system parameters, based on physically realistic ranges of dimensionless parameters, which permits application of the method of averaging. It is found that the performance of these systems is limited by two distinct types of instabilities. In one type, the system of absorbers lose their synchronous character, while in the other a classical non-linear jump affects all absorbers identically, leading to highly undesirable system behavior. These results are used to evaluate two common types of absorber paths, namely circles and cycloids, including intentional mistuning of the absorber frequencies. The results are used to make some recommendations about the selection of paths to achieve design goals in terms of absorber performance and operating range. The analytical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations.     

混沌量子克隆算法求解认知无线网络频谱分配问题

对认知无线网络中的频谱进行有效分配是实现动态频谱接入的关键技术.考虑3次用户对频谱的需求和分配的公平性,给出了频谱分配的数学模型,并将其转换为以最大化网络收益为目标的带约束优化问题,进而提出一种采用混沌量子克隆优化求解的认知无线网络频谱分配算法, 并证明了该算法以概率1收敛.最后,通过仿真实验比较了本文算法与颜色敏感图着色算法、基于遗传算法的频谱分配、基于量子遗传算法的频谱分配的性能.结果表明:本文算法性能较优, 能更好地实现网络收益最大化. 关键词： 混沌量子克隆算法 认知无线网络 频谱分配     

Mapping the Monte Carlo scheme to Langevin dynamics: a Fokker-Planck approach

We propose a general method of using the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) to link the Monte Carlo (MC) and the Langevin micromagnetic schemes. We derive the drift and diffusion FPE terms corresponding to the MC method and show that it is analytically equivalent to the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation of Langevin-based micromagnetics. Subsequent results such as the time-quantification factor for the Metropolis MC method can be rigorously derived from this mapping equivalence. The validity of the mapping is shown by the close numerical convergence between the MC method and the LLG equation for the case of a single magnetic particle as well as interacting arrays of particles. We also find that our Metropolis MC method is accurate for a large range of damping factors alpha, unlike previous time-quantified MC methods which break down at low alpha, where precessional motion dominates.     

Intelligent radio resource management in reconfigurable IRS-enabled NOMA networks

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) are anticipated to provide reconfigurable propagation environment for next generation communication systems. In this paper, we investigate a downlink IRS-aided multi-carrier (MC) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system, where the IRS is deployed to especially assist the blocked users to establish communication with the base station (BS). To maximize the system sum rate under network quality-of-service (QoS), rate fairness and successive interference cancellation (SIC) constraints, we formulate a problem for joint optimization of IRS elements, sub-channel assignment and power allocation. The formulated problem is mixed non-convex. Therefore, a novel three stage algorithm is proposed for the optimization of IRS elements, sub-channel assignment and power allocation. First, the IRS elements are optimized using the bisection method based iterative algorithm. Then, the sub-channel assignment problem is solved using one-to-one stable matching algorithm. Finally, the power allocation problem is solved under the given sub-channel and optimal number of IRS elements using Lagrangian dual-decomposition method based on Lagrangian multipliers. Moreover, in an effort to demonstrate the low-complexity of the proposed resource allocation scheme, we provide the complexity analysis of the proposed algorithms. The simulated results illustrate the various factors that impact the optimal number of IRS elements and the superiority of the proposed resource allocation approach in terms of network sum rate and user fairness. Furthermore, we analyze the proposed approach against a new performance metric called computational efficiency (CE).     

Flux Tempered Metadynamics

There is considerable interest in developing methods for calculation of the free energy of fluids and materials from molecular simulations. Two prominent strategies, density-of-states sampling and ??metadynamics,?? seek to achieve uniform sampling of states through judicious addition of biasing potentials. In the particular case of metadynamics, a biasing potential is identified on the basis of one or more order parameters, and the convergence of a simulation is assessed by determining how regularly a given value of the order parameter is visited. That approach, however, can be of limited utility when the free energy curve exhibits multiple minima of disparate magnitude. In this work, we report a modified version of the original metadynamics algorithm that is based on maximization of round-trips (or flux) along the order parameter. The effectiveness of the proposed ??flux tempered?? approach is demonstrated in the context of two simple model systems, namely a pair of Lennard-Jones particles and a butane molecule. In both cases the flux tempered metadynamics method is significantly faster and more accurate than existing versions of metadynamics. While the method introduced in this work is presented in reference to metadynamics approaches, the ideas proposed here can be applied to assess the convergence of free-energy calculations in general, provided the applied weights are differentiable with respect to the Cartesian coordinates of the system.     

Optimized convergence for multiple histogram analysis

We propose a new algorithm for solving the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) equations to estimate free energies out of a set of Monte Carlo (MC) or molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The algorithm, based on free-energy differences, provides a more natural way of approaching the problem and improves convergence compared to the widely used direct iteration method. We also study how parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) of the independent simulations should be chosen to optimize the accuracy of the set of free energies.     

High-performance fiber-laser-based terahertz spectrometer

We have developed a rapid scanning terahertz (THz) spectrometer based on a synchronized two-fiber-laser system. When the system is set to the asynchronous optical sampling mode, THz spectra extending to 3 THz can be acquired within 1 μs at a signal-to-noise ratio of the electric field of better than 20. Signal averaging results in a dynamic range of more than 60 dB, and frequency components of more than 4 THz can be detected. When the lasers are set to the same repetition rate, electronically controlled optical sampling at a rate of 2.5 kHz is demonstrated, making the system versatile for different spectroscopic applications. Finally, we compare the THz emission spectra of a photoconductive switch that is pumped at 780 nm and a nonlinear DAST crystal excited at 1550 nm. We find that the spectral range of the spectrometer is significantly enhanced at higher frequencies, while the dynamic range remains constant.     

基于自适应核学习相关向量机的乳腺X线图像微钙化点簇处理方法研究

采用自适应核学习相关向量机方法, 结合形态学滤波和Kallergi分簇标准, 研究了乳腺X线图像中微钙化点簇的处理. 首先将微钙化点检测看作一个监督学习问题, 然后应用自适应核学习相关向量机作为分类器判断图像中每一个位置是否为微钙化点并采用形态学处理滤除干扰噪声, 最后对获得的微钙化点采用Kallergi标准进行分簇. 为提高运算速度, 在微钙化点检测时将整个图像分解为多个子图像并行运算, 实现了一种基于自适应核学习相关向量机的微钙化点簇快速处理方法. 实验结果和分析表明, 自适应核学习相关向量机方法算法性能优于相关向量机方法, 特别是实现的快速方法能进一步降低微钙化点簇的处理时间. 关键词： 乳腺X线图像 微钙化点簇 相关向量机 自适应核学习     

Coupling reducing k-points for photonic crystal fiber calculations

When describing localized electromagnetic modes in dielectric waveguides by the planewave method, a supercell geometry must necessarily be adopted. We demonstrate in the present work that the convergence of the calculations with respect to supercell size depends strongly on the choice of the transverse Bloch wave vector, k. We describe a method to derive k-points that minimize the coupling between repeated images of the guided modes in real space. Calculations have been done for a quadratic and a triangular photonic crystal fiber structure. With the new coupling reducing (CR) k-points, the convergence of the eigenfrequencies for both the fundamental and second order modes with respect to supercell size is considerably improved. The general approach outlined may also be applied in the case of three-dimensional photonic crystal structures.