Active vibration control of thin constrained composite damping plates with double piezoelectric layers

Vibrations and the damping behaviour of thin constrained composite plates with double piezoelectric layers are analytically explored by using Fourier transformation and classical laminated plate theory. Electric potential equations in the double piezoelectric layers are solved with respect to closed and open circuit boundary conditions, an exterior dielectric slab and active control. The natural frequencies and loss factors of the constrained smart composite plates with passive control methods are not notably changed in comparison with those of the constrained composite plates without piezoelectric effects since vibrational energy does not efficiently convert to electrical energy. The loss factors of the composite plates with active constrained damping increase and the natural frequencies have significant variations as the proportional derivative gains increase. Transverse displacement power spectra of the piezoelectric composite plates with active control are compared with those of the piezoelectric composite plates with passive control showing that active control has the best suppression performance of vibrations for the constrained laminated plates with double piezoelectric layers. Radial power spectral density, phase angles and cylindrical-wave power spectral density are calculated. Interesting patterns of wave propagation are explained when plane wave expansion is used to obtain Bessel cylindrical waves.     

An analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded sector and annular sector plates

In this article, an analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded (FG) sectorial plates is presented. It is assumed that the material properties of the FG plate vary through the thickness of the plate as a power function. The stability equations are derived according to the Mindlin plate theory. By introducing four new functions, the stability equations are decoupled. The decoupled stability equations are solved analytically for both sector and annular sector plates with two simply supported radial edges. Satisfying the edges conditions along the circular edges of the plate, an eigenvalue problem for finding the critical buckling load is obtained. Solving the eigenvalue problem, the numerical results for the critical buckling load and mode shapes are obtained for both sector and annular sector plates. Finally, the effects of boundary conditions, volume fraction, inner to outer radius ratio (annularity) and plate thickness are studied. The results for critical buckling load of functionally graded sectorial plates are reported for the first time and can be used as benchmark.     

加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的横向自由振动

基于经典薄板理论和极正交各向异性材料的本构理论,建立了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的线性振动控制微分方程。采用打靶法分别获得了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板在周边固支和简支情况下,无量纲固有频率随温度和电场强度变化的关系曲线,并分析了压电纤维体积分数、刚度参数、电场强度和温度变化对压电纤维复合材料圆板无量纲固有频率的影响。结果表明,一定体积分数或者电场强度下,压电纤维复合材料圆板的无量纲固有频率都随温度的升高而单调下降;同一温度下,刚度参数越小,无量纲固有频率越低;电场强度越大,无量纲固有频率越高。     

功能梯度压电圆板轴对称自由振动问题精确解

将功能梯度压电圆板的位移变量和电势变量写为分离变量的形式，由压电动力学平衡方程导出以位移、电势及其一阶导数为状态变量的状态方程，考虑周边固支接地的边界条件，导出了求解功能梯度压电圆板自振频率精确解的方程。将方程退化至一般的非梯度纯弹性圆板的形式，求解其自振频率，得到的结果与相应的理论解完全吻合，从而验证了本文方法的正确性。更进一步地对梯度函数沿板厚以指数形式变化的功能梯度压电圆板的自振频率进行了计算，并得到了梯度化对板自振频率的影响规律。     

Vibration of stiffened annular sector plates using the spline element method

Summary Vibrations of a stiffened annular sector plate with arbitrary boundary conditions are analysed using the spline element method. The plate is idealized as a system of an annular sector plate and curved beams rigidly connected to each other. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present method several examples are solved, and the results are compared with those obtained analytically and by other numerical methods. Good accuracy is obtained. The effect of stiffening beams on the frequencies of stiffened annular sector plates is also investigated.

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Bestimmung der Schwingungen versteifter Kreisringsegment-Platten mit Hilfe der Spline-Element-Methode

Übersicht Die Schwingungen versteifter Sektorplatten werden mittels der Spline-Element-Methode untersucht. Die Platte wird als ein System von Sektorplatte und gebogenen Trägern idealisiert. An Zahlenbeispielen wird gezeigt, daß bezüglich der üblichen analytischen Methode und numerischen Methoden die genaue Lösung erhalten wird. Der Effekt versteifender, gebogener Träger auf die Frequenzen wird untersucht.

     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of piezo-thermo-electrically actuated functionally graded circular plates

A theoretical model for geometrically nonlinear vibration analysis of thermo-piezoelectrically actuated circular plates made of functionally grade material (FGM) is presented based on Kirchhoff’s–Love hypothesis with von-Karman type geometrical large nonlinear deformations. The material properties of the FG core plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to the power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Dynamic equations and boundary conditions including thermal, elastic and piezoelectric couplings are formulated and solutions are derived. An exact series expansion method combined with perturbation approach is used to model the nonlinear thermo-electro-mechanical vibration behavior of the structure. Control of the FG plate’s nonlinear deflections and natural frequencies using high control voltages is studied and their nonlinear effects are evaluated. Numerical results for FG plates with various mixtures of ceramic and metal are presented in dimensionless forms. A parametric study is also undertaken to highlight the effects of the thermal environment, applied actuator voltage and material composition of the FG core plate on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the composite structure.     

Three-dimensional free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric annular plates on elastic foundations

Three-dimensional free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric (FGPM) annular plates resting on Pasternak foundations with different boundary conditions is presented. The material properties are assumed to have an exponent-law variation along the thickness. A semi-analytical approach which makes use of state-space method in thickness direction and one-dimensional differential quadrature method in radial direction is utilized to obtain the influences of the Winkler and shearing layer elastic coefficients of the foundations on the non-dimensional natural frequencies of functionally graded piezoelectric annular plates. The analytical solution in the thickness direction can be acquired using the state-space method and approximate solution in the radial direction can be obtained using the one-dimensional differential quadrature method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the convergency and accuracy of the present method. The influences of the material property graded index, circumferential wave number and thickness of the annular plate on the dynamic behavior are also investigated. Since three-dimensional free vibration analysis of FGPM annular plates on elastic foundations has not been implemented before, the new results can be used as benchmark solutions for future researches.     

On a method for determining the fixing conditions for a rectangular plate from the natural frequencies

We prove the duality of solutions for the problem of determining the boundary conditions on two opposite sides of a rectangular plate from the frequency spectrum of its bending vibrations. A method for determining the boundary conditions on two opposite sides of a rectangular plate from nine natural frequencies is obtained. The results of numerical experiments justifying the theoretical conclusions of the paper are presented. Rectangular plates are widely used in various technical fields. They serve as printed circuit boards and header plates, bridging plates, aircraft and ship skin, and parts of various mechanical structures [1–4]. If the plate fixing cannot be inspected visually, then one can use the natural bending vibration frequencies to find faults in the plate fixing. For circular and annular plates, methods for testing the plate fixing were found in [5–7], where it was shown that the type of fixing of a circular or annular plate can be determined uniquely from the natural bending vibration frequencies. The following question arises: Is it possible to determine the type of fixing of a rectangular plate on two opposite sides of the plate from the natural bending vibration frequencies if the other two sides are simply supported? Since the opposite sides of the plate are equivalent to each other, a plate with “rigid restraint—free edge” fixing will sound exactly the same as a plate with “free edge—rigid restraint” fixing. Hence we cannot say that the type of fixing of a rectangular plate on two opposite sides can be uniquely determined from its natural bending vibration frequencies. But it turns out that we can speak of duality in the solution of this problem. Here we observe an analogy with the problem of determining the rigidity coefficients of springs for elastic fixing of a string [8]: the rigidity coefficients of the springs are determined by the natural frequencies uniquely up to permutations of the springs.     

Rotating sandwich cylindrical shells with an FGM core and two FGPM layers: free vibration analysis

The free vibration analysis of a rotating cylindrical shell with an analytical method is investigated. The shell is considered as a sandwich structure, where the middle layer is a functionally graded material(FGM) shell, and it is surrounded by two piezoelectric layers. Considering piezoelectric materials to be functionally graded(FG),the material properties vary along the thickness direction as one innovation of this study.Applying the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT), the equations of motion of this electromechanical system are derived as the partial differential equations(PDEs) using Hamilton's principle. Then, the Galerkin procedure is used to discretize the governing equations, and the present results are compared with the previously published results for both isotropic and FGM shells to verify the analytical method. Finally, the effects of FGM and functionally graded piezoelectric material(FGPM) properties as well as the thickness ratio and the axial and circumferential wave numbers on the natural frequencies are studied. Moreover, the Campbell diagram is plotted and discussed through the governing equations. The present results show that increasing the non-homogeneous index of the FGM decreases the natural frequencies on the contrary of the effect of non-homogeneous index of the FGPM.     

Free vibration analysis of moderately thick functionally graded plates on elastic foundation using the extended Kantorovich method

Free vibration analysis of moderately thick rectangular FG plates on elastic foundation with various combinations of simply supported and clamped boundary conditions are studied. Winkler model is considered to describe the reaction of elastic foundation on the plate. Governing equations of motion are obtained based on the Mindlin plate theory. A semi-analytical solution is presented for the governing equations using the extended Kantorovich method together with infinite power series solution. Results are compared and validated with available results in the literature. Effects of elastic foundation, boundary conditions, material, and geometrical parameters on natural frequencies of the FG plates are investigated.     

Justification of equivalent substitution circuits used to optimize the dissipative properties of electroelastic bodies with external electric circuits

We consider elastoplastic systems which are piecewise homogeneous bodies composed of piezoelectric elements some of which have piezoelectrical properties. Electric series circuits consisting of resistors, capacitors, and inductance coils are applied to piezoelectric elements through the electrode coating on the body surface. The goal of the study is to develop efficient methods of mathematical modelling for determining the parameters of elements of the external electric circuit, which ensure, at prescribed resonance frequencies, the maximum damping properties of electroelastic bodies with external electric circuits. To choose effective circuits for solving the problem posed above, we suggest to pose the problem of natural vibrations of elastic bodies whose elements exhibit piezoeffect and have external electric circuits.As the most efficient approaches for calculating the electric circuit parameters necessary for the maximal damping, we propose some versions of equivalent circuits, which can be used to substitute elastic systems with piezoelectric elements. The most reliable equivalent substitution circuits are justified on the basis of the proposed problem of natural vibrations. Numerical results are obtained for a cantilever plate with a piezoelement connected through the electrode coated surface with a series electric circuit consisting of resistors, capacitors and inductance coils.     

Modelling of finite piezoelectric patches: Comparing an approximate power series expansion theory with exact theory

Plate equations for a plate consisting of one elastic layer and one piezoelectric layer with an applied electric voltage have previously been derived by use of power series expansions of the field variables in the thickness coordinate. These plate equations are here evaluated by the consideration of a time harmonic 2D vibration problem with finite layers. The boundary conditions at the sides of the layers then have to be considered. Numerical comparisons of the displacement field are made with solutions from two other theories; a solution with equivalent boundary conditions for a thin piezoelectric layer applied on an elastic plate and an exact solution based on Fourier series expansions. The two approximate theories are shown to be equally good and they both yield accurate results for low frequencies and thin plates.     

3D elasticity solution for static analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric annular plates on elastic foundations using SSDQM

Three-dimensional elasticity solution for static analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) annular plates with and without elastic foundations through using state-space based differential quadrature method (SSDQM) at different boundary conditions is presented in this paper. The material properties are assumed to have an exponent-law variation along the thickness. A semi-analytical approach which makes use of state-space method in thickness direction and one-dimensional differential quadrature method in radial direction is utilized to obtain the mechanical behavior of FGP annular plates. The state variables include a combination of electric potential, electric displacement, three mechanical displacement parameters and three stress parameters. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the convergency and accuracy of the present method. Both closed circuit and open circuit effects are studied and the influences of the Winkler and shearing layer elastic coefficients of the foundations, the material property graded index, radius, thickness, mechanical load and boundary conditions on the deflection response of the FGP annular plates are investigated. The new results can be used as a benchmark solutions for future researches.     

Radially polarized functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinders as sensors and actuators

An axisymmetric electroelastic problem of hollow radially polarized piezoceramic cylinders made of functionally graded (FG) materials is analyzed. For the material properties of power-law profile, a closed-form solution is derived. For a general gradient variation, an analytic approach is suggested, which reduces the problem to a Fredholm integral equation. Solving the resulting equation, the response of the electroelastic field can be determined. No severe limitation is required for varying material properties in this method. Numerical results of a cylindrical FG piezoelectric tube with PZT-5H as the inner surface ceramic are evaluated, and the distribution of the radial and circumferential stresses as well as the electric potential for piezoelectric sensors and actuators are presented graphically under electric and mechanical stimuli, respectively. Our results indicate that the electroelastic response in an FG piezoceramic tube with material properties decreasing when the radius increases becomes more obvious than that with material properties increasing. Moreover, the gradient index strongly affects the stress distribution and electric response. The obtained results are helpful for the design of annular cylindrical FG piezoelectric sensors/actuators.     

Free vibration of functionally graded material beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers in thermal environment

Free vibration of statically thermal postbuckled functionally graded material （FGM） beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to both temperature rise and voltage is studied. By accurately considering the axial extension and based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, geometrically nonlinear dynamic governing equations for FGM beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to thermo-electro- mechanical loadings are formulated. It is assumed that the material properties of the middle FGM layer vary continuously as a power law function of the thickness coordinate, and the piezoelectric layers are isotropic and homogenous. By assuming that the amplitude of the beam vibration is small and its response is harmonic, the above mentioned non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations. One is for the postbuckling, and the other is for the linear vibration of the beam superimposed upon the postbuckled configuration. Using a shooting method to solve the two sets of ordinary differential equations with fixed-fixed boundary conditions numerically, the response of postbuckling and free vibration in the vicinity of the postbuckled configuration of the beam with fixed-fixed ends and subject to transversely nonuniform heating and uniform electric field is obtained. Thermo-electric postbuckling equilibrium paths and characteristic curves of the first three natural frequencies versus the temperature, the electricity, and the material gradient parameters are plotted. It is found that the three lowest frequencies of the prebuckled beam decrease with the increase of the temperature, but those of a buckled beam increase monotonically with the temperature rise. The results also show that the tensional force produced in the piezoelectric layers by the voltage can efficiently increase the critical buckling temperature and the natural frequency.     

An analytical study of vibration in functionally graded piezoelectric nanoplates: nonlocal strain gradient theory

In this paper, we analytically study vibration of functionally graded piezoelectric(FGP) nanoplates based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory. The top and bottom surfaces of the nanoplate are made of PZT-5 H and PZT-4, respectively. We employ Hamilton's principle and derive the governing differential equations. Then, we use Navier's solution to obtain the natural frequencies of the FGP nanoplate. In the first step, we compare our results with the obtained results for the piezoelectric nanoplates in the previous studies. In the second step, we neglect the piezoelectric effect and compare our results with those obtained for the functionally graded(FG) nanoplates. Finally, the effects of the FG power index, the nonlocal parameter, the aspect ratio, and the lengthto-thickness ratio, and the nanoplate shape on natural frequencies are investigated.     

Postbuckling of FGM plates with piezoelectric actuators under thermo-electro-mechanical loadings

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a simply supported, shear deformable functionally graded plate with piezoelectric actuators subjected to the combined action of mechanical, electrical and thermal loads. The temperature field considered is assumed to be of uniform distribution over the plate surface and through the plate thickness and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermo-piezoelectric effects. The initial geometric imperfection of the plate is taken into account. Two cases of the in-plane boundary conditions are considered. A two step perturbation technique is employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, geometrically mid-plane symmetric FGM plates with fully covered or embedded piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The effects played by temperature rise, volume fraction distribution, applied voltage, the character of in-plane boundary conditions, as well as initial geometric imperfections are studied.     

Topology optimization of piezoelectric nanostructures

We present an extended finite element formulation for piezoelectric nanobeams and nanoplates that is coupled with topology optimization to study the energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric nanostructures. The finite element model for the nanoplates is based on the Kirchoff plate model, with a linear through the thickness distribution of electric potential. Based on the topology optimization, the largest enhancements in energy harvesting are found for closed circuit boundary conditions, though significant gains are also found for open circuit boundary conditions. Most interestingly, our results demonstrate the competition between surface elasticity, which reduces the energy conversion efficiency, and surface piezoelectricity, which enhances the energy conversion efficiency, in governing the energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric nanostructures.     

Assessment of shunted piezoelectric devices for simultaneous noise and vibration reduction: comparison of passive,active and hybrid networks

Structural vibration and noise control of a cavity-backed three-layered smart piezo-coupled rectangular panel system under harmonic or transient loads is achieved by using purely active, passive, and hybrid active/passive piezoelectric shunt networks. Problem formulation is based on the classical lamination plate theory, Maxwell’s equation for piezoelectric materials, linear circuit theory, and wave equation for the enclosed acoustic domain. The orthogonal mode expansions along with the modal coupling theory are employed to obtain the coupled differential equations of the electro-mechanical-acoustic system, which are then put into the convenient state-space form, and subsequently solved numerically in both frequency and time domains. A triple-mode hybrid RLC shunt circuit, in series with an external active voltage source and connected to a single electroded piezoelectric segment, is tuned to the dominant resonance frequencies of the composite structure. The linear quadratic optimal control (LQR) theory is adopted for obtaining the active control gains. The frequency and time domain performances of the passive, active and hybrid multi-modal piezoelectric systems are calculated and discussed in terms of sensor output voltage, local sound pressure, and control effort. It is found that the hybrid control methodology with properly tuned circuit parameters can be an excellent candidate for simultaneous vibration and structure-borne noise control of the cavity-coupled smart panel with decreased control effort. Also, the active control strategy integrated in the hybrid control system is demonstrated to enhance the overall system damping characteristics and improve the control authority at frequencies where the passive shunt network performs weakly. Limiting cases are considered and correctness of the mathematical model is verified by using a commercial finite element software as well as by comparisons with the literature.     

Control of mechanical deformation of a laminate by piezoelectric actuator taking into account the transverse shear

Summary The control of dynamic deformation of a laminate plate is conducted by applying electrical load to a piezoelectric actuator integrated into the laminate. The dynamic behavior of the laminate is analyzed in the paper taking into account the effect of transverse shear. The analytical model of the laminate is composed of fiber-reinforced laminae and piezoelectric layers constituting a symmetric cross-ply laminate rectangular plate with simply-supported egdes. It is subjected to mechanical and electrical loads acting on the piezoelectric actuator in order to compensate the effect of the mechanical loads. The behavior of the laminate is analyzed based on the first-order shear deformation theory. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the following quantities: (1) natural frequencies of the laminate plate, (2) weight functions for the deflections and rotations and (3) transient deflections due to loads varying arbitrarily with time. Illustrative examples are shown for the control of deflections caused by the mechanical loads by means of electrical voltage applied to the piezoelectric actuators.