Tantalum based bulk metallic glasses

Ta-based bulk metallic glasses with high strength (2.7 GPa) and hardness (9.7 GPa), high elastic modulus (170 GPa) and high density (12.98 g/mm³) were developed. The best glass forming ability so far for a Ta-Ni-Co system reaches a critical diameter of 2 mm by the copper mold casting method. It shows an exceptionally high glass transition temperature of 983 K and a high crystallization temperature up to 1023 K. The unique mechanical and physical properties make them a promising high strength material.     

Mechanical properties of polymer-modified silica aerogels dried under ambient pressure

Silica gels prepared by copolymerizing tetraethylorthosilicate with 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane were modified using polymer derived from toluene diisocyanate and dried under ambient pressure. The successful preparation of silica aerogels depended on the effective control of shrinkage during drying. The resulting material, polymer-modified silica aerogel, was then characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and uniaxial compression tests. Results indicated that the apparent elastic modulus and compressive strength of the polymer-modified silica aerogels decreased with increasing amounts of incorporated polymer because of decreasing shrinkage and density, while the strains at the surface cracking point and the final failure point increased significantly during compression tests. The strength and modulus of the silica skeleton could be calculated from the apparent strength and modulus of the silica aerogels respectively. It was interestingly shown that the elastic modulus of the silica skeleton of the silica aerogels increased because of the incorporated polymers, while the polymers had no effects on the compressive strength of the silica skeleton. In addition, the relationships between the apparent elastic modulus or the apparent compressive strength of the polymer-modified silica aerogels and their shrinkage were quantitatively expressed.     

分离结晶垂直Bridgman法生长CdZnTe晶体的全局数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件对分离结晶Bridgman法生长CdZnTe晶体进行了全局数值模拟.模拟对象为:熔体上部边界条件分别为固壁和自由表面时两种晶体生长系统.重点考虑坩埚和晶体之间狭缝宽度e和重力对分离结晶过程的影响.在计算中分别取e=0 mm、0.5 mm和1 mm三种狭缝宽度,得到了在微重力和常重力条件下的温度分布、结晶界面形状以及流函数分布图.结果表明:在微重力条件下,当熔体上部为固壁时,随着狭缝宽度的增大,热毛细力作用增强,流动强度增强;当熔体上部为自由表面时,则与之相反.在常重力条件下,由于浮力-热毛细对流的共同作用,随着狭缝宽度的增加,流动强度逐渐减弱,有助于提高晶体生长质量.     

Effect of indium content and rapid solidification on microhardness and micro‐creep of Sn‐Zn eutectic lead free solder alloy

The Sn‐Zn alloys have been considered as lead‐free solders. In this paper, the effect of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt.% Indium as ternary additions on melting temperature, structure, microhardness and micro‐creep of the Sn‐9Zn lead‐free solders were investigated. It is shown that the alloying additions of Indium to the Sn‐Zn binary system result in a suppression of the melting point to 187.9 °C. From x‐ray diffraction analysis, a new intermetallic compound phase, designated β‐In₃Sn is detected. The formation of an intermetallic compound phase causes a pronounced increase in the electrical resistivity and mechanical strength. Also, an interesting connection between dynamic Young's modulus and the axial ratio (c/a) of the unit cell of the β‐Sn was found in which Young's modulus increases with increasing the axial ratio (c/a). The ternary Sn‐9Zn‐xIn exhibits creep resistance superior to Sn‐9Zn binary alloy. The better creep resistance of the ternary alloy is attributed to solid solution effect and precipitation of In₃Sn in the Sn matrix. The addition of small amounts of In is found to refine the effective grain size and consequently, improves hardness. The 89%Sn‐9%Zn‐2%In alloy is a lead‐free solder designed for possible drop‐in replacement of Pb‐Sn solders. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

KDP晶体力学参数测试与分析

采用全自动、高精度RMT-150C力学试验系统开展了KDP晶体的力学参数测试,获得了KDP晶体[001]和[100]晶向的弹性模量、泊松比、抗压强度和抗拉强度.结果表明:[001]和[100]晶向的弹性模量分别为39.25 MPa和16.82 MPa,泊松比分别为0.24和0.16,KDP晶体为典型的弹脆性横观各向同性材料.KDP晶体在[001]晶向的抗压强度、抗拉强度均较[100]晶向的高,其在[100]晶向更容易发生脆性破坏.结合KDP晶体的生长受力状态,揭示了KDP生长过程中产生的破坏以拉破坏为主,为开展KDP晶体开裂的力学损伤分析、提出防止开裂的力学措施奠定了重要的基础.     

Synthesis and mechanical properties of Zr-based bulk amorphous alloys

Design and characterization of bulk amorphous alloys has been an active area of research due to their promising thermal and mechanical properties. An alloy composition Z₆₅Cu₁₇Ni₁₀Al₈ was designed and synthesized by Cu mold casting. In the base alloy 2 at.% Gd was added to study its effect on thermal and mechanical properties. Characterization of the alloys was done by techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Many thermal parameters were evaluated to investigate the thermal stability and glass-forming ability of the alloys. In addition, the mechanical properties like nanohardness, elastic modulus and elastic recovery were measured. Thermal properties and activation energy reduced while mechanical properties like nanohardness, elastic modulus and percentage elastic recovery (% R) increased with Gd addition.     

Compositional design of high modulus glasses for disk substrates

Modified equations have been derived on the basis of Makishima–Machenzie (M–M) theory for direct determination of the elastic modulus of glasses from composition. This modified calculation model gives an excellent agreement between the measured and estimated values of elastic modulus for over 50 different glasses. Using this model we developed a glass in the Li₂O–MgO–Al₂O₃–Y₂O₃–TiO₂–SiO₂ system with elastic modulus value greater than 130 GPa and bending strength higher than 50 kg f/mm². This high modulus glass substrate is expected to provide a solution to the vibration problem of rapid rotation magnetic disk and allow higher track density per inch to be achieved for high performance hard-disk drives (HDDs).     

Enhancing mechanical properties of silica aerogels

Low-density monolithic silica and hexylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels were chemical vapor deposition (CVD) treated with hexamethyldisilazane or hexachlorodisilane silylating agents producing TMS (trimethylsilane) or Si layers on the aerogel. Reinforcing the weak aerogels by controlled deposition process improved their compressive strength and preserved their properties characteristic of low-density aerogels. When the silica and hexylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels were CVD treated with hexamethyldisilazane, the compressive modulus more than doubled in some cases. However, when treating hexylene-bridged aerogels with hexachlorodisilane the compressive modulus increased six fold. Not only did CVD treatment of the aerogels improve the compressive modulus, but the low densities, high surface areas, high porosities, and the transparency of the aerogels were not significantly affected.     

In原子替位位置对新型正交GaN影响的第一性原理研究

铟(In)原子替位位置对开发新型正交GaN的储氢材料具有重要意义。当前关于In原子替位位置对正交GaN材料的影响研究相对薄弱。本文基于第一性原理研究了不同In原子替位位置下InGaN材料的形成能、电子结构、弹性特性和力学稳定性。结果表明,通常情况下间隔三个原子的In原子替位位置的形成能最小且该体系最易形成。在相同的掺杂情况下,该结构的InGaN材料也具有较大的带隙宽度以及较小的弹性模量、体积模量、剪切模量与弹性模量,这意味着其抗压能力、抗剪切应力的能力较弱,韧性以及硬度较低。此外,声子谱计算结果表明,间隔三个原子的InGaN材料在环境压力下也具有良好的力学稳定性。本研究为正交GaN的新型储氢超材料的研究提供了理论依据。     

Investigation on heat transfer performance of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes

Fluorine erodes continuous casters and pollutes the environment. In order to reduce the damage caused by fluorine, it is necessary and urgent to carry out research on fluoride-free mold fluxes. There has been little research done on the heat transfer performance of fluoride-free mold fluxes either domestically or abroad. The present work adopted TiO₂ to take the place of fluorine in mold fluxes and studies its heat transfer performance. Heat flux simulation equipment was developed and the heat flux density of titanium-bearing mold fluxes containing TiO₂ was measured; in addition, a solid slag film was obtained. The crystallization behavior and the change of activation energy for crystallization of the slag film was analyzed. Our results show that when the TiO₂ content is increased, the heat flux density of fluoride-free mold fluxes decreases, the crystallization activation energy of mold fluxes is diminished and the crystallization ratio of mold fluxes increases, and the mineral phase of the slag film turns from akermanite into perovskite. When the basicity is increased, the heat flux of fluoride-free mold fluxes is reduced, the crystallization ratio of mold fluxes increases and the mineral phase of the slag film turns from unitary akermanite into the coexistence of two phases of akermanite and perovskite. Furthermore, the capability of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes to control heat transfer is better, so it can be expected to replace industrial slag containing fluorine completely.     

模具法制备CVD金刚石热沉片的温度场与流场研究

本文通过有限元仿真研究了模具法制备CVD金刚石热沉片的温度场和流场,并对制备参数进行了优化.实验与仿真的结果均表明,进气量的大小对衬底附近流场的均匀性影响显著,热丝温度、热丝间距以及热丝到衬底的距离对衬底的平均温度影响显著,热丝间距和热丝温度对衬底温度的均匀性影响显著;模具法制备的CVD金刚石复制了模具型腔,保证了热沉片的结构完整性和尺寸精度,最终制备了精度较高的小型CVD金刚石热沉片.     

Investigations on glass-to-mold sticking in the hot forming process

The sticking behavior of various mold materials and coatings for hot glass melt forming processes, like, e.g. glass container manufacturing, was investigated using a new testing procedure. The mold material specimens under test were subjected to frequent contact with hot viscous glass gobs in a pressing process with presetting well defined non-isothermal pressing parameters to simulate industrial working conditions. Three different glass compositions were used in this investigation, soda-lime silicate glass, lead crystal glass, and borosilicate glass. The sticking characteristics of the tested mold materials and coatings were described by two quantities, a ‘lower’ and an ‘upper’ sticking temperature, which are specific for each mold material and type of glass in the non-isothermal pressing process. The ‘lower’ sticking temperatures of uncoated mold materials were found to depend monotonically on the thermal effusivity (heat penetration coefficient) of the bulk mold materials. All of the coating materials applied to various substrate mold materials were found to reduce the ‘lower’ sticking temperature as compared to the uncoated materials. Most of the coating materials were found to reduce also the ‘upper’ sticking temperature.     

Vicker's Hardness of glass

An equation has been derived for the direct calculation of Vicker's hardness number of glasses from their chemical compositions. The method is based on a consideration of deformation during indentation, which was related to Young's modulus and the average single bond strength of a glass.Excellent agreement is obtained between calculated and measured values of Vicker's hardness number for a variety of glasses.     

应用于生物荧光检测的微流控芯片的研究

主要描述了用SU-8胶制造微流控芯片模具的方法,并在此基础上成功制备微流控芯片.讨论了其制备工艺流程,主要包括有前烘、中烘、光刻、显影等因素对模具的影响,提出了一个可供参考的模具制作工艺流程,并对抗粘层工艺进行了讨论,最终成功制作出模具.研究了用浇铸工艺制作PDMS微流控芯片的方法,利用聚焦的原理,实现粒径12微米左右待检测微球的单通和荧光检测,该芯片同时可以用于其它方面的生物检测.     

Nanomechanical properties of commercial float glass

The float process produces flat glass with a tin-rich surface due to contact with the molten metal bath. The incorporation of tin into the glass network is expected to modify the mechanical properties of the surface and the relative durability of the two sides of the material. In this work nanoindentation was used to evaluate the elastic modulus and hardness of a 2 mm thick commercial float glass. The near-surface elastic modulus (depths < 400 nm) of both sides of the glass was elevated by up to 10%, and could not be attributed solely to the presence of tin. However, slight differences in hardness (<10%) between the air and tin sides of the float glass were observed. These results suggest that tin may alter the flow properties of the glass, but the elastic modulus changes are masked by other structural and chemical differences between the air and tin sides of the float glass.     

Characterization of a Czochralski grown silicon crystal doped with 1020 cm‐3 germanium

A dislocation‐free silicon single crystal doped with 10²⁰ cm^‐3 germanium (Ge) has been grown using the Czochralski (CZ) growth technique. The Ge concentration in the seed‐end and tang‐end of the crystal was 8×10¹⁹cm^‐3and 1.6×10²⁰ cm^‐3, respectively. The effective segregation coefficient of Ge, the distribution of flow pattern defects (FPDs) and the wafer warpage have been characterized. Both the effective segregation coefficient and the equilibrium segregation coefficient of Ge in silicon were evaluated. Then, the density of FPDs was traced from seed‐end to tang‐end of the ingot, a suppression of FPDs by Ge doping was shown. That is probably because the Ge atoms consume free vacancies and thus a higher density of smaller voids is formed. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of wafers has also been characterized by batch warpage analysis. The warpage in the seed‐end was larger than that in the tang‐end of the ingot, showing that the mechanical strength of wafers is enhanced by Ge doping. Such improvement is interpreted by an enhanced dislocation pinning effect associated with the enhanced nucleation of grown‐in oxygen precipitates in the Ge‐doped silicon wafers. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Development of CaZn based glassy alloys as potential biodegradable bone graft substitute

We report the development of a CaZn based bulk glassy alloy (BGA) with combining properties of low Young's modulus, high fracture strength, good corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility, which make it be potential as biodegradable bone graft substitute. Compared to commonly investigated biodegradable metals, the Young's modulus of the BGA is closer to that of cortical bone, and its fracture strength reaches 600 MPa, which is 2 times higher than that of pure magnesium. The magnetic susceptibility of the CaZn based BGA is as low as 22.3 × 10^? 6, which is compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis. The BGAs also show slow degradation rate and good cytocompatibility. The new class of biodegradable CaZn based BGAs enriches the family of biomaterials, and the work has implications for developing new biodegradable alloys with active elements. The formation and the origins of excellent properties of the BGA are discussed.     

Global analysis of heat transfer in CZ crystal growth of oxide taking into account three-dimensional unsteady melt convection: Effect of meniscus shape

A global model of heat transfer analysis for the Czochralski crystal growth of oxides, in which a three-dimensional unsteady melt flow was taken into account, was developed in our recent study. In the model, however, the focal point was the methodology of formulating the model by coupling a conventional global model of heat transfer, which is based on a pseudosteady axisymmetric assumption, with a model of a three-dimensional, unsteady melt flow via two interface models. Therefore, for simplicity, the shape of the melt free surface was assumed to be flat. In this study, the global model was further developed by considering the meniscus of the melt free surface. It was found that the meniscus of the melt free surface caused the melt flow to be more unstable and shifted the critical Reynolds number at which the melt/crystal interface inversion occurs toward a much lower value.     

95氧化铝瓷凝胶注模浆料的制备及氧阻聚的抑制

本文研究95氧化铝瓷凝胶注模成型中浆料的流变性.分析了pH值、分散剂用量、球磨时间对浆料粘度的影响.采用L_9(3~4)正交试验,制备出固相含量为58 vol;,粘度为110 mPa · s的95氧化铝瓷浆料.针对表面氧阻聚,本文通过表面改性的方法,既不增加坯体内有机物的含量,也不降低坯体的强度,使坯体表面不起皮、不剥落.结果显示:通过坯体性能参数和显微结构的比较,凝胶注模的95氧化铝瓷坯体性能均优于热压铸成型的坯体性能.     

To the non-dislocation model of crystal tensile strength

The non-dislocation model of crystal planes slipage has been proposed. The slipage of two planes begins when these planes have diverged to the critical distance by influence of the thermal stress σ_th that had to be appeared owing to heating of these planes above bulk temperature. This heating is due to the phenomenon supposed by the author, called the effective temperature of crystal surfaces. In such a way the simple expression for load/microscopic strain relation has been proposed. The calculated ratio: tensile strength/Young's modulus (6 · 10⁻³) is in good agreement with experimental data (of 1 to 2 · 10⁻³) for a number of metals. The common theories on tensile strength do not take into account the above mentioned thermal stress and this is the reason for theoretical data on strength being of three orders of magnitude above the experimental values.