流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂研究进展

随着近年来高致病性禽流感疫情的出现,历史上曾给人类生命造成严重威胁的大流感有可能再次大面积流行,这引起了世界范围内的普遍关注.作为合理药物设计一个成功范例的抗流感药物达菲,对患禽流感的病人的治疗也有效.它是一个流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂,可以对病毒感染细胞过程中关键的释放和扩散步骤进行阻断.这一事件促使人们对抗流感药物的研发产生了极大的兴趣.本文在简述唾液酸苷酶功能、催化反应机理的基础上,对近年来流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研究状况进行综述,重点介绍基于过渡态的药物设计、合成糖模拟物的结构骨架类型以及构效关系研究.由于唾液酸苷酶也与许多其它疾病的发生和发展过程密切相关,不同来源的唾液酸苷酶在结构上具有一些共同的特征,因此有关流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研发知识和经验也必将对其它疾病的唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研究有直接的帮助.     

流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂研究进展

随着近年来高致病性禽流感疫情的出现,历史上曾给人类生命造成严重威胁的大流感有可能再次大面积流行,这引起了世界范围内的普遍关注。作为合理药物设计一个成功范例的抗流感药物达菲,对患禽流感的病人的治疗也有效。它是一个流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂,可以对病毒感染细胞过程中关键的释放和扩散步骤进行阻断。这一事件促使人们对抗流感药物的研发产生了极大的兴趣。本文在简述唾液酸苷酶功能、催化反应机理的基础上,对近年来流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研究状况进行综述,重点介绍基于过渡态的药物设计、合成糖模拟物的结构骨架类型以及构效关系研究。由于唾液酸苷酶也与许多其它疾病的发生和发展过程密切相关,不同来源的唾液酸苷酶在结构上具有一些共同的特征,因此有关流感病毒唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研发知识和经验也必将对其它疾病的唾液酸苷酶抑制剂的研究有直接的帮助。     

靶向流感病毒进入(细胞)抑制剂研究进展

目前临床上抗流感病毒感染的药物主要有M2离子通道抑制剂及神经氨酸酶抑制剂两大类.随着流行性感冒、季节性流感、高致病性禽流感的爆发以及耐药流感病毒株的出现,使得对具有新作用机制的抗流感药物的需求更加紧迫.近年来,随着流感病毒进入细胞分子机制研究的深入,为以"病毒进入细胞为靶"的抗流感抑制剂的研究带来了契机.本文在介绍流感病毒进入细胞分子机制的基础上,重点介绍了靶向流感病毒进入的抑制剂及其作用机制的最新研究进展.     

抗流感病毒药物合成研究纵览

流行性感冒（流感）是一种传染性强和传播速度快的疾病,对人类健康构成严重威胁。为了更好地抵御流感病毒对人类健康的侵害,科学家们一直致力于新型抗流感病毒药物的研究和发现工作。针对已上市抗流感药物以及处于研发阶段的抗流感病毒抑制剂的合成方法进行概述,为抗流感药物的合成工艺研究和药物研发提供参考。     

抗流感药物磷酸奥斯他韦的分子振动光谱研究

流感是一种影响人类生活的病毒性急性呼吸道传染病,抗流感药物的研究和生产备受关注,自1983年关键性的流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)晶体结构被确定,为抗流感药物的研究提供了有利条件,神经氨酸酶抑制剂的研究成为热点.磷酸奥斯他韦,又名达菲,属于环己烯衍生物结构(见图1)的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,环己烯环具有化学及酶的稳定性,具有3-戊氧基取代基的奥斯他韦有非常强的神经氨酸酶抑制活性[1],为口服型抗流感药物,可同时抑制甲型和乙型流感病毒,不易引起抗药性[2],     

基于机器学习方法的H1N1神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂的分类预测

流感是一种主要的呼吸道传染病, 在普通人群中有着较高的发病率, 而对于一些年老和高危病人还有较高的死亡率. 研究显示抑制神经氨酸苷酶(NA)可以阻断病毒RNA复制, 因此NA是有效治疗H1N1型流感病毒的重要药物靶标. 通过计算机方法进行虚拟筛选和预测NA抑制剂已经变得越来越重要. 针对酶活性位点进行基于结构的合理药物设计, 开发H1N1 病毒神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂, 已成为药物研究的热点之一. 本文通过多种机器学习方法(支持向量机(SVM)、k-最近相邻法(k-NN)和C4.5决策树(C4.5DT))对已知的神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂(NAIs)与非神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂(non-NAIs)建立分类预测模型. 其中227个结构多样性化合物(72个NAIs与155个non-NAIs)被用于测试分类预测系统, 并用递归变量消除法选择与神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂分类相关的性质描述符以提高预测精度. 本研究对独立验证集的总预测精度为75.9%-92.6%, NA 抑制剂的预测精度为64.3%-78.6%, 非H1N1抑制剂的预测精度为77.5%-97.5%. SVM法给出最好的总预测精度(92.6%). 本研究表明支持向量机等机器学习方法可以有效预测未知数据集中潜在的NA抑制剂, 并有助于发现与其相关的分子描述符.     

唾液酸酶抑制剂的设计与合成

唾液酸酶广泛存在于动物和微生物体内,它是一种糖苷键水解酶,可以将以α-苷键连接在糖蛋白和糖脂末端的唾液酸水解掉.许多带唾液酸酶的微生物都是致病性的,这种酶在微生物的感染和传播中起着重要的作用.有关唾液酸酶抑制剂的研究引起了广泛的兴趣[1,2],现已有两个用于抗流感病毒的药物(Zanamivir和Oseltamivir)被美国FDA批准上市.     

唾液酸转移酶抑制剂的设计与发现

糖缀合物末端的唾液酸化修饰参与了很多重要的生理及病理过程,尤其是肿瘤细胞表面唾液酸过度表达,能够通过多种途径和机制促进肿瘤转移。唾液酸转移酶是人体内负责唾液酸化修饰的合成酶,良好的唾液酸转移酶抑制剂不仅能够充当糖生物学研究的探针分子,而且有望成为临床治疗中亟需的抑制肿瘤转移的药物。本文综述了近年来唾液酸转移酶抑制剂设计及发现的研究进展,重点介绍了不同类型抑制剂的设计思路及构效关系。此外,对该研究领域当前面临的一些挑战进行了探讨,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

糖基转移酶抑制剂研究进展

糖基转移酶是糖蛋白、糖脂中糖链生物合成的关键酶之一, 其活性的非正常表达与肿瘤、免疫系统等疾病的发生、发展有密切关系, 其抑制剂可以用于抗肿瘤、抗免疫系统等疾病的新药研发. 综述了近年来合成的各类糖基转移酶抑制剂的结构及活性研究进展.     

三维全息原子场作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF)用于神经氨酸酶抑制剂的结构表征与设计及定量构效关系(QSAR)研究

对100个神经氨酸酶抑制剂抗禽流感药物结构并与其活性建立定量构效关系模型。采用本实验室提出的三维全息原子场作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF)对100个神经氨酸酶抑制剂进行结构表征,然后采用逐步回归对变量进行筛选后,运用偏最小二乘建立3D-HoVAIF描述子与神经氨酸酶抑制剂活性之间的QSAR模型。结果表明:复相关系数(R),交互校验的复相关系数(Q2)和模型的标准偏差(SD)分别为R2=0.805、Q2=0.657和SD=0.936,模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,并对文献中23个药物和设计的32个化合物进行了预测。表明三维全息原子场作用矢量能较好表征该类分子结构信息值得进一步推广应用。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.