Carbonate, acetate and phenolate phosphonium salts as catalysts in transesterification reactions for the synthesis of non-symmetric dialkyl carbonates

Methyl trioctylphosphonium methyl carbonate [P(8881)](+)[MeOCO(2)](-) was prepared by the alkylation of trioctyl phosphine with the non-toxic dimethyl carbonate. This salt was a convenient source to synthesize different ionic liquids where the methyl trioctylphosphonium cation was coupled to weakly basic anions such as bicarbonate, acetate, and phenolate. At 90-220 °C, all these compounds [P(8881)](+)X(-); X = MeOCO(2); HOCO(2); AcO; PhO were excellent organocatalysts for the transesterification of dimethyl and diethyl carbonate with primary and secondary alcohols, including benzyl alcohol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, and the rather sterically hindered menthol. Conditions were optimized to operate with very low catalyst loadings up to 1 mol% and to obtain non-symmetric dialkyl carbonates (ROCO(2)R'; R = Me, Et) with selectivity up to 99% and isolated yields >90%. The catalytic performance of the investigated ionic liquids was discussed through a cooperative mechanism of simultaneous activation of both electrophilic and nucleophilic reactants.     

Unexpected catalysis: aprotic pyridinium ions as active and recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts in protic media

Simple pyridinium salt derivatives have been (rather unexpectedly) shown to promote highly efficient acetalization reactions of both aldehydes and ketones at ambient temperature. The optimum catalyst is aprotic, yet it can promote the formation of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal at 0.1 mol % loading more efficiently than a protic Br?nsted acid catalyst with a pKa of 2.2. The process is of wide scope with respect to both the nucleophilic and electrophilic components, and the ionic catalyst can be readily recovered by precipitation and reused without loss of activity.     

Pd–benzothiazol-2-ylidene complex in ionic liquids: Efficient catalyst for carbon–carbon coupling reactions

Pd-benzothiazol-2-ylidene complex 3 catalyzes efficiently the carbon–carbon coupling reactions in the ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as solvent. The IL does exert a striking influence on the reactivity and the stability of the catalyst. This is probably due to the formation, by reaction with TBAB, of an anionic and more nucleophilic complex surrounded by large tetrabutylammonium cation that would impede, by imposing a Coulombic barrier for collision, the formation of clusters growing further into catalytically inactive metal particles. On the contrary, ionic liquids with planar structures and poor nucleophilic anions like the [bmims], that form tight ion pairs, are barely efficient in influencing the reactivity and stability of the catalyst.     

微波促进离子液体相反应在有机合成中的应用

微波促进离子液体相有机合成技术作为一种新型的绿色化学合成法,引起了人们极大的兴趣。在离子液体中,微波辅助下反应快速、收率高、选择性好、后处理简单,离子液体经简单再生后可多次套用。本文综述了以离子液体为反应介质或催化剂的微波辅助技术在多种类型有机反应中的研究成果,主要包括了环合反应、亲核取代反应、金属复分解反应、酰化反应、重排反应、聚合反应、偶联反应、氧化还原反应和选择性脱溴反应等。     

tert-Alcohol-functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid: catalyst for mild nucleophilic substitution reactions at room temperature

Encouraged by a synergistic effect on nucleophilic fluorination, an imidazolium mesylate salt (1a) possessing two different solvent properties in one molecule—tert-alcohol and ionic liquid was utilized in various nucleophilic substitution reactions. By a comparison study with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids, 1a has proved to be a better phase transfer catalyst even under room temperature conditions. It was successfully applied to other nucleophilic substitution reactions such as fluorination, chlorination, bromination, iodination, acetoxylation, azidation, and cyanation.     

Regioselectivity of styrene carbonylation in the presence of palladium(II) complexes

The influence of a catalyst on regioselectivity of styrene carbonylation in ionic liquids catalyzed by palladium(II) complexes was studied. The mechanism of the migration insertion of styrene at the palladium-hydrogen bond determining the regioselectrivity of the whole reaction, which is treated as electrophilic addition to the multiple bond of styrene, was studied. A study of the structure of intermediate complexes formed at this stage was performed using the B3LYP method of density functional theory.     

Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Nucleophilic Substitution Component Exchange of Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) of quaternary ammonium cations were set up by reversible nucleophilic substitution (S_N2′ and S_N2) exchange reactions of ammonium salts and tertiary amines. The reactions were conducted at 60 °C to generate thermodynamically and kinetically controlled mixtures of quaternary ammonium compounds and tertiary amines, and were accelerated by using iodide as a nucleophilic catalyst. Microwave irradiation was used to assist the exchange reaction between the pyridinium salts and pyridine derivatives. Finally, experiments towards the generation of dynamic ionic liquids were performed. The results of this study pave the way for the extension of dynamic combinatorial chemistry to nucleophilic substitution reactions.     

Ionic Liquid–Catalyzed Internal Redox Esterification Reaction

The internal redox esterification of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols was carried out using different ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts and reaction solvents. The basic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim]OAc), exhibited the best activity for this reaction. The influences of the amount of ionic liquid catalyst and reaction time on yield of saturated ester have been investigated. The results showed that ionic liquid anions have a crucial effect on the redox esterification of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols. The nucleophilic carbenes generated in situ from the ionic liquid cation were believed to be actual active species for this reactions.     

果糖在酸性离子液体中脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛

制备了多种离子液体,并将其作为催化剂和溶剂催化果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）。 制备的酸性离子液体包括磺酸基功能化酸性离子液体、咪唑类酸性离子液体和吡啶类酸性离子液体。 利用核磁共振仪和红外光谱仪对离子液体的结构进行表征。 利用紫外可见光分光光度计结合Hammett指示剂计算Hammett酸度函数,比较了酸强度的大小对反应的影响。 结果表明,离子液体的酸强度对反应有较大影响,在无其它催化剂和溶剂的情况下,离子液体具有较高的催化活性,通过使用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(BmimCl)作为催化剂,当反应温度为120 ℃,反应进行到4 h时,HMF收率可以达到74.97%。     

环硅氧烷开环聚合反应的机理及动力学研究

环硅氧烷在亲核或亲电催化剂、温度或辐射作用下,可开环聚合生成线型聚硅氧烷,聚合方法主要有本体聚合和乳液聚合.本体聚合可分为阴离子聚合和阳离子聚合,阴离子聚合就是在碱性催化剂(亲核试剂)作用下,使环硅氧烷开环聚合成线型聚硅氧烷的过程;阳离子聚合就是环硅氧烷在酸性催化剂(亲电试剂)作用下的开环聚合反应.乳液聚合则是单体和水(或其它分散介质)并用乳化剂配成乳液状态进行聚合,按所采用的乳化剂种类不同,主要有阴离子型和阳离子型两种类型.本文总结了近几年国内外环硅氧烷本体聚合和乳液聚合的开环聚合机理及动力学研究情况,并对今后此方面的研究进行了展望.     

The role of oxygen in catalysis

Catalytic reactions with oxygen are divided into two groups: electrophilic oxidation proceeding through activation of oxygen, and nucleophilic oxidation in which insertion of nucleophilic oxygen species into previously activated organic molecule occurs. The role of different types of lattice oxygen in the nucleophilic oxygen addition as well as catalyst properties determining the electrophilic pathway are discussed.     

新型高效 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体催化剂体系催化烯烃齐聚反应

烯烃齐聚是重要的化工反应之一, 是指低碳烯烃在催化剂存在下发生聚合反应, 生成一个或多个单体重复相连的化合物过程. 烯烃齐聚反应是一种碳链增长过程, 是生成线性α-烯烃的重要过程. 齐聚反应主要生成单体的二聚、三聚、四聚或五聚物等低聚体, 发生反应的单体主要是低碳烯烃如乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯和异丁烯等. 烯烃齐聚产物应用十分广泛, 可以用于合成环境友好的液体燃料、长链烷烃润滑油、表面活性剂、增塑剂、汽油柴油添加剂等重要化工产品, 同时齐聚产物本身亦是重要的化工中间体和化学试剂. 烯烃齐聚反应研究的重点内容是开发新颖高效的催化剂, 以满足不同需要, 而应用 Br(o)nsted 酸性功能化离子液体作为催化剂用于齐聚反应的报道较少.本文考察了新型高效催化剂体系 (Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体作为主催化剂, 三辛基甲基氯化铵作为助剂) 对烯烃齐聚反应的催化性能. 合成的 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体通过红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、1H 核磁共振和13C 核磁共振等进行系列表征,并进一步分析其结构与酸度的关系. 结果表明, 在相同的反应条件下, Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体[HIMBs]HSO4对烯烃齐聚反应具有最好的催化活性. 本文考察了不同离子液体、离子液体用量、不同助剂、助剂用量、反应时间、反应压力、反应温度和不同溶剂等因素对反应的影响, 得到了最佳反应条件: 催化剂体系为[HIMBs]HSO4与三辛基甲基氯化铵, [HIMBs]HSO4/异丁烯摩尔比为25%, [HIMBs]HSO4/助剂 (三辛基甲基氯化铵)摩尔比为20:1 , 140 ℃, 8 h, 反应起始压力为2.0 MPa, 无添加溶剂 (离子液体本身作催化剂和溶剂). 在最佳反应条件下对反应物进行了拓展, 并研究了催化剂体系的循环使用情况. 在最佳反应条件下, 异丁烯齐聚反应中反应物转化率为 83.21%, 三聚物选择性高达 35.80%, 二聚物选择性为52.02%, 四聚物选择性为 3.14%. 结果表明, 本文提出的催化剂体系对烯烃齐聚反应具有较好的催化性能. 同时, 催化剂体系可以通过静置分层与产物分离, 并进行循环使用. 根据以往的报道和反应产物分布, 推测了烯烃齐聚反应机理. 烯烃齐聚反应为酸催化反应, 生成碳正离子中间体进行碳链增长, 生成齐聚产物.     

新型PEG双子温控离子液体中的缩醛反应

制备了具备温控功能的新型PEG双子离子液体(IL200, IL400, IL1000), 考察了该离子液体和甲苯形成“高温均相, 低温两相”体系, 对芳香醛与乙二醇缩合反应的影响, 当离子液体3 mL, 甲苯5 mL, 对甲苯磺酸6 mmol, 苯甲醛5 mmol, 乙二醇15 mmol, 反应时间4 h, 温度80 ℃时, 产率达到92%. 该体系对芳香醛与乙二醇缩合反应有广泛的适用性, 且不经任何处理可多次循环使用.     

Michael additions of methylene active compounds to chalcone in ionic liquids without any catalyst: the peculiar properties of ionic liquids

Michael additions of malonodinitrile as well as several other reagents to chalcone have been found to proceed well in pure ionic liquids, without the addition of any catalyst. The catalytic effect of the residual acidity caused by hydrolysis of ionic liquids anions was excluded because HCl in dichloromethane did not catalyse the Michael addition of malonodinitrile. Piperidine was tested as the catalyst and was found to be a much better catalyst in ionic liquids than in dichloromethane. Therefore, the following question arose: what is the effect of ionic liquids on the dissociation constants of C? H acids?     

Broadening the reactivity spectrum of a phthalocyanine catalyst while suppressing its nucleophilic, electrophilic and radical degradation pathways

A robust molecule that resists degradation via nucleophilic, electrophilic and radical attacks is described. Coordinated O(2) is reduced catalytically, producing efficiently thyil radicals in spite of the extreme electronic deficiency of the catalyst.     

Electrophilic reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds in ionic liquids

The review summarizes and analyzes published data on electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions performed in ionic liquids.     

高价碘试剂介导的8-氨基喹啉C(5)位碳-氢键亲核氟化反应

8-氨基喹啉的C(5)位碳-氢键氟化反应近年来受到广泛关注,但大多需要使用过渡金属催化剂和亲电氟化试剂来实现.在高价碘试剂的介导下实现了无过渡金属催化条件下的8-氨基喹啉C(5)位碳-氢键亲核氟化反应.使用廉价易得且安全稳定的氟化银作为亲核氟化试剂,反应无需惰性气体保护,条件简单,操作方便,区域选择性好,底物范围较广,为喹啉类化合物的氟化提供了一种有潜在应用价值的新方法.     

Alkylation of benzene with 1-hexene in acidic ionic liquid systems: Et3NHCl-FeCl3and Et3NHCl-AlCl3ionic liquids

Summary The alkylation of benzene with 1-hexene has been investigated in different triethylamine hydrochloride-ferric chloride (Et₃NHCl-FeCl₃) and triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminium chloride (Et₃NHCl-AlCl₃) ionic liquids. Both high catalyst activity and monoalkylation selectivity were observed for these two type of ionic liquids. Systems prepared by modification with HCl in Et₃NHCl-FeCl₃ionic liquids prove to be very suitable solvents and catalysts for the reaction. When employing Et₃NHCl-AlCl₃ionic liquids as catalysts, the reaction takes place in biphasic mode with facile catalyst separation and catalyst recycling.     

UV-light induced photodegradation of bisphenol a in water: Kinetics and influencing factors

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and ethylene carbonate (EC) without using any solvent was investigated in the presence of ionic liquids as catalysts. The conversion of ethylene carbonate was affected by the structure of ionic liquid. For a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids, the one with shorter alkyl chain and the one with more nucleophilic anion showed higher reactivity. The conversion of EC also increased with CO₂ pressure and reaction temperature. Esterification of EC and methanol can be considered as a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to EC concentration. The activation energy was estimated as 50.1 kJ/mol.     

New nitrite ionic liquid (IL-ONO) and nanoparticles of organosilane-based nitrite ionic liquid immobilized on silica as nitrosonium sources for electrophilic aromatic nitrosation

An improved method for the synthesis of nitrosoarenes has been developed using a new nitrite ionic liquid (IL-ONO) and immobilized nitrite ionic liquid. These ionic liquids play as nitrosonium sources for electrophilic aromatic nitrosation of active aromatics at 0-5 °C. Their action was accomplished in water and the satisfactory results were obtained under the mild conditions in short reaction time.