INVESTIGATION OF THE ATRP OF n-BUTYL METHACRYLATE USING THE Cu（I）／N,N,N＇ N＂ N＂-PENTAMETHYLDIETHYLENETRIAMINE CATALYST SYSTEM

The polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate was investigated using the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization technique with CuBr and CuCl/N,N,N‘,N“,N“-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalytic systems. Various combinations of catalyst systems and initiators were utilized in order to optimize the polymerization conditions and to obtain well-defined polymers (i.e. controlled molecular weights and low polydispersities). It has been found that the optimal initiator for this system is a chlorine-based initiator, when the catalyst used is a Cu(I) salt in conjunction with the N,N,N‘,N“,N“-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine ligand. Bromine-based initiators tend to result in large amounts of initial termination, leading to polymers with less than ideal chain end functionality, even if CuCI is used as the Cu(I) species to invoke the halogen exchange. Additionally, the effects of the polymerization temperature, copper(I) species and the initiator structure were determined.     

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of N,N‐Dimethylacrylamide

Summary: The living polymerization of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide was achieved by atom transfer radical polymerization catalyzed by copper chloride complexed with a new ligand, N,N′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl 3‐hexoxo‐3‐oxopropyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (BPED). With methyl 2‐chloropropionate as the initiator, the polymerization reached high conversions (> 90%) at 80 °C and 100 °C, producing polymers with very close to theoretical values and low polydispersity. The ligand, temperature, and copper halide strongly affected the activity and control of the polymerization.

PDMA molecular weight and polydispersity dependence on the DMA conversion in the DMA bulk polymerizations at different temperatures: DMA/CuCl/MCP/BPED = 100/1/1/1, 100 °C (♦, ⋄); 80 °C (▴, ▵); 60 °C (▪, □); and DMA/CuCl/MCP/BPED = 100/1/1/2, 80 °C (•, ○).     

Mathematical Modeling of Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Bifunctional Initiators

Summary: Bifunctional initiators can produce polymers with higher molecular weight at higher initiator concentrations than monofunctional initiators. In this study, we developed a mathematical model for ATRP with bifunctional initiators. The most important reactions in ATRP were included in the model. The method of moments was used to predict monomer conversion, average molecular weights and polydispersity index as a function of polymerization time in batch reactors. The model was used to understand the mechanism of ATRP and to quantify how polymerization conditions affect monomer conversion and polymer properties by examining the effect of several rate constants (activation, deactivation, propagation and chain termination) and of catalyst and initiator concentration on polymerization kinetics and polymer properties. When compared to monofunctional initiators, bifunctional initiators not only produce polymers with higher molecular weight averages at higher polymerization rates, but also control their molecular weight distributions more effectively.

Effect of initial catalyst concentration on polydispersity index as a function of time.     

A new tetradentate ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization

The properties of a ligand, including molecular structure and substituents, strongly affect the catalyst activity and control of the polymerization in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A new tetradentate ligand, N,N′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl‐3‐hexoxo‐3‐oxopropyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (BPED) was synthesized and examined as the ligand of copper halide for ATRP of styrene (St), methyl acrylate (MA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), and compared with other analogous linear tetrdendate ligands. The BPED ligand was found to significantly promote the activation reaction: the CuBr/BPED complex reacted with the initiators so fast that a large amount of Cu(II)Br₂/BPED was produced and thus the polymerizations were slow for all the monomers. The reaction of CuCl/BPED with the initiator was also fast, but by reducing the catalyst concentration or adding CuCl₂, the activation reaction could be slowed to establish the equilibrium of ATRP for a well‐controlled living polymerization of MA. CuCl/BPED was found very active for the polymerization of MA. For example, 10 mol% of the catalyst relatively to the initiator was sufficient to mediate a living polymerization of MA. The CuCl/BPED, however, could not catalyze a living polymerization of MMA because the resulting CuCl₂/BPED could not deactivate the growing radicals. The effects of the ligand structures on the catalysis of ATRP are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3553–3562, 2004     

含有热引发转移终止剂的引发体系在反向原子转移自由基聚合中的应用

原子转移自由基聚合 (ATRP)是实现活性聚合的一种颇为有效的途径 ,可以实现多种单体的活性自由基聚合 .反向原子转移自由基聚合 (ReverseATRP)的概念始提出于 1995年 ,是对传统ATRP的改进和拓展 .近年来关于此体系的引发剂的拓展、过渡金属及单体的适用性都得到了很大发展 .本文简要综述了我们研究组在反向原子转移自由基聚合方面的研究进展     

ATRP法制备两亲性嵌段共聚物的研究

以α 溴代丙酸乙酯 (EPN Br)为引发剂、氯化亚铜 (CuCl)和联二吡啶 (bpy)组成的混合体系为催化剂 ,引发苯乙烯聚合 ,得到了端基为卤原子的单分散聚苯乙烯 (PS X)预聚体 .以此PS X为大分子引发剂、CuCl和N ,N ,N′ ,N″ ,N″ 五甲基二亚乙基三胺 (PMDETA) bpy的混合体系为催化剂 ,引发N ,N 二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)聚合 ,得到了分子量分布较窄的聚苯乙烯 b 聚N ,N 二甲基丙烯酰胺 (PS b PDMAA)两亲性嵌段共聚物 .考察了大分子引发剂的分子质量、聚合介质及配位剂等对聚合过程的影响 .并用GPC、IR、1 H NMR等对产物进行了表征 .研究结果表明 ,该聚合反应体系符合原子转移自由基聚合的特征 .     

ATRP of methyl methacrylate using a novel binol ester‐based bifunctional initiator

Novel bifunctional initiators [1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol bis(2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionate); (R)‐, (S)‐, and racemic‐] were synthesized from the esterification of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol and used as initiators in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in conjunction with N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), and copper (I) bromide or copper (I) chloride. The initiators synthesized were completely characterized by UV, FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectroscopies. A detailed investigation of the ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with the bifunctional initiators (BBiBN) along with CuBr or CuCl/PMDETA catalyst system in anisole was carried out at 30 °C. Thus, MMA polymerization is shown to proceed with first‐order kinetics, with predicted molecular weight, and narrow polydispersity indices. The ATRP of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) were also performed with BBiBN initiator in conjunction with CuBr/PMDETA catalyst system. The polymerization of GMA was carried out at 30 °C, but tBA was polymerized at 60 °C. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), FTIR, NMR, UV spectroscopies, and TGA were used for the characterization of the polymers synthesized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 902–915, 2004     

A copper‐based reverse atom‐transfer radical polymerization process for the living radical polymerization of polyacrylonitrile

The reverse atom‐transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) technique using CuCl₂/2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) complex as a catalyst was applied to the living radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). A hexasubstituted ethane thermal iniferter, diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS), was firstly used as the initiator in this copper‐based RATRP initiation system. A CuCl₂ to bipy ratio of 0.5 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution, but also provides rather rapid reaction rate. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 57.4 kJ mol^?1. Because the polymers obtained were end‐functionalized by chlorine atoms, they were used as macroinitiators to proceed the chain extension polymerization in the presence of CuCl/bipy catalyst system via a conventional ATRP process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 226–231, 2006     

原子转移自由基法合成八臂星型聚苯乙烯

设计合成了星型聚合物引发剂四(2,2-二氯乙酸)季戊四醇酯(TDCAP), 并通过原子转移自由基聚合合成了八臂星型聚苯乙烯. 用FTIR, 1H NMR和GPC等手段对引发剂和星型高分子的结构进行了表征.     

甲基丙烯酸2-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯的氧化共聚合的机理研究

研究了CuCl/五甲基二亚乙基三胺(PMDETA)催化的甲基丙烯酸2-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)在氧气存在下的氧化共聚合,通过改变单体配比、催化剂浓度和反应温度对实验条件进行研究.结果显示,在本实验中的单体配比([DMAEMA]∶[MMA]=10∶0～5∶5)、催化剂浓度([CuCl/PMDETA3]=3.1×10-5 mol/L～6×10-3 mol/L)和反应温度(30～80℃)下,聚合均可以顺利发生,而且聚合过程中单体转化率和所得聚合物的分子量都随着反应进行而增加,且分子量呈现宽分布.1H-NMR结果显示所得聚合物中含有DMAEMA和MMA的单体单元.DSC结果显示所得聚合物是一个部分相容体系.利用此方法所得的PDMAEMA进行MMA的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)扩链过程则证实,所得聚合物具有C—Cl末端官能团.由此可以认为,在以上过程中,O2先将CuCl氧化成[Cu(Ⅱ)Cl]+,[Cu(Ⅱ)Cl]+再将二甲胺基氧化成N—CH2.自由基,N—CH2.自由基与[Cu(Ⅱ)Cl]+构成反向ATRP体系,从而得到以C—Cl为末端的聚合物.     

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene Using Multifunctional Iniferter Reagents as Initiators

Summary: Two multifunctional iniferters, 1,4-bis-(α-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl-isobutyryloxy)-benzene (BDCIB) and 1,3,5-tris-(α-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl-isobutyryloxy)-benzene (TDCIB), were successfully synthesized and used as initiators to initiate the polymerization of styrene in the presence of a CuBr/PMDETA complex. The polymerization results demonstrated that the kinetic plots in all cases were first-order to the monomer, the molecular weight of the polymers increased linearly with the monomer conversion; meanwhile, the molecular weight distribution of the polymer was kept to a very low value (M_w/M_n ≤ 1.35). Furthermore, the measured molecular weights were very close to the calculated values, which indicated the high efficiency of the initiator for the polymerization of styrene. The effect of catalyst concentration and initiator concentration was not obvious and the influence of polymerization temperature was apparent, and the polymerization rate increased with the polymerization temperature. The results of chain-extension and ¹H NMR analysis proved that the polymer obtained was capped with diethylthiocarbamoylthiy (DC) group.     

二茂钛/锡/环氧化合物引发苯乙烯活性自由基聚合的研究

采用单茂钛CpTiCl3和二茂钛金属化合物(n-BuCp)2TiCl2,引发剂4-甲氧苯基缩水甘油基醚(I1),1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油基醚(I2),4,4′-亚甲基二(N,N-二缩水甘油基苯胺)(I4)和苯基缩水甘油基醚甲醛共聚物(I5)及还原剂Sn组成引发体系,引发苯乙烯活性自由基聚合,合成线型和多臂聚合物.探讨了不同茂钛金属化合物、引发剂和还原剂对苯乙烯聚合的影响;并采用13C-NMR和GPC对聚苯乙烯的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明所得聚合物是无规聚苯乙烯,聚合物分子量高,分子量分布窄.聚合行为属于活性自由基聚合.     

结构明确的梳形支化聚合物的合成与表征

通过活性聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚异戊二烯(PI)负离子与含1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)侧基的聚苯乙烯(PSe)的偶联反应合成了结构明确的每个重复单元含一条侧链的梳形支化聚合物,其中,PSe是通过Sc单体的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和Wittig反应制得的.用IR1、H-NMR、GPC和SLS等测试方法对所得梳形支化聚合物进行了详细表征,讨论了活性负离子链与PSe的DPE基团的配比对接枝率的影响.结果表明,活性负离子链与DPE基团的偶联反应是高效的,可以通过调节活性负离子链与DPE基团的加料比来控制接枝率.另外,还讨论了PSe和活性负离子链的分子量对接枝率的影响.结果表明,在实验范围内当活性负离子链过量时可获得几乎定量的接枝率.     

ATRP技术制备末端和中间功能化的温度敏感性聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺

合成了2种含有二硫吡啶结构的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发剂,ATRP引发剂结构采用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)表征.结果显示,二硫吡啶结构被成功引入引发剂结构末端或链中间.利用2种ATRP引发剂分别制备了链末端功能化和链中间功能化的聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(pDEAAm).采用1H-NMR和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对聚合物结构和分子量进行了表征.1H-NMR结果显示,二硫吡啶基团被引入聚合物链末端或中间.GPC结果表明,末端功能化和中间功能化的聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(pDEAAm)分子量分布指数分别为1.21和1.23,实现了分子量的可控聚合.并且,具有2个引发位点的引发剂引发单体得到聚合物的分子量较大.采用紫外-可见分光光度法研究了聚合物在溶液中的温度响应性.紫外-可见分光光度法结果说明,pDEAAm溶液在28°C发生相分离,在溶液中表现出温度响应性,且最低临界溶解温度(LCST)为28°C.在末端功能化和中间功能化温敏型pDEAAm可用于嵌段共聚物的合成以及与生物大分子的定位结合.特别对于中间功能化的pDEAAm,有望用于星型聚合物和多臂聚合物的设计和制备.     

Oligopeptide‐based amide functional initiators for ATRP

Polymer–peptide conjugates are receiving significant interest. Here, we show that, under the appropriate conditions, a small family of oligopeptide‐based initiators can be used successfully to initiate the polymerization of methacrylic monomers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), generating new examples of such materials. However, the use of the peptidic amide‐based initiators results in polymers which have a higher molecular weight than expected and a significantly higher polydispersity than those prepared from ester‐based initiators. In many cases significant initiator remains, suggesting that either not all peptides successfully initiate polymerization or that significant termination reactions occur early in the reaction. This low initiator efficiency agrees with other reports for amino acid‐based initiators. It therefore appears that such amide‐based initiators can be used successfully, but have a significantly lower applicability than the more commonly used ester‐based initiators. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6082–6090, 2008     

Atom-transfer radical polymerization of styrene with bifunctional and monofunctional initiators: Experimental and mathematical modeling results

Bulk atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene was carried out at 110 °C using benzal bromide as bifunctional initiator and 1-bromoethyl benzene as monofunctional initiator. CuBr/2,2′-bipyridyl was used as the ATRP catalyst. The polymerization kinetic data for styrene with both initiators was measured and compared with a mathematical model based on the method of moments and another one using Monte Carlo simulation. An empirical correlation was incorporated into the model to account for diffusion-controlled termination reactions. Both models can predict monomer conversion, polymer molecular weight averages, and polydispersity index. In addition, the Monte Carlo model can also predict the full molecular weight distribution of the polymer. Our experimental results agree with our model predictions that bifunctional initiators can produce polymers with higher molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions than monofunctional initiators. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2212–2224, 2007     

自组装制备聚(丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯)壳交联胶束

以1-氯代乙苯为引发剂、氯化亚铜/N,N,N′,N″,N″-五甲基二乙撑三胺(PMDETA)为催化体系、丁酮-异丙醇为混合溶剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合法制备不同分子量的大分子引发剂聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(1-PECl)及不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚(丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯)(P(tBA-b-DMAEMA))。通过1H-NMR表征了P(tBA-b-DMAEMA)的结构,GPC测试了其分子量及分子量分布。P(tBA-b-DMAEMA)在选择性溶剂中自组装形成核-壳结构的胶束,引用了乙烯基乙二醇二碘醚(BIEE)为交联剂与链段PDMAEMA发生化学交联反应从而得到稳定的壳交联胶束结构,并通过马尔文粒径仪研究了自组装所得胶束的温度及pH敏感性。     

原子转移自由基法合成4-(4′-甲氧基苯基甲亚胺)苯酚功能化的六臂星型聚苯乙烯

星型聚合物由于其独特的构型及其粘弹性能使其可能在交联剂,离子交换聚合物,表面活性剂,增容剂,热塑性弹性体等方面得到广泛的应用.星型聚合物按其链结构可以分为,星型(嵌段)聚合物[1],星型-支化聚合物[2],星型-梳状聚合物[3].星型聚合物的合成始于20世纪50年代活性负离子聚合[     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基悬浮聚合

以 1 苯基氯乙烷为引发剂 ,氯化亚铜为催化剂 ,2 ,2 联吡啶为配体 ,外加搅拌 ,氮气保护下进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)在 80℃下的原子转移悬浮聚合 .结果表明 ,聚合反应符合对单体浓度为一级的动力学关系 .经计算聚合体系的增长自由基浓度为 5 .74× 10 - 8mol L .聚合物分子量随转化率呈线性增加 ,分子量分布较窄 ,Mw Mn 在 1.37～ 1.40之间 .还以AIBN为引发剂 ,在三氯化铁和三苯基膦存在下进行了MMA的反向原子转移本体和悬浮聚合研究 .结果证明本体聚合具有好的可控特征 ,分子量随转化率呈线性增长 ,分子量分布指数在 1.2 7～ 1.31之间 .聚合反应速率较快 ,聚合体系中的增长自由基浓度较高 ,为 1.6 4× 10 - 7mol L .而在此催化体系下的悬浮聚合则完全失去了活性特征     

室温下甲基丙烯酸甲酯原子转移自由基乳液聚合反应研究

以卤化亚铜（CuX）/1,10-邻二氮菲（phen）配合物为催化剂、2-溴代异丁酸 乙酯（EBiB）为引发剂、十二烷基磺酸钠（SLS）为乳化剂,进行了甲基丙烯酸甲 酯（MMA）的原子转移自由基乳液聚合（ATRP）反应。结果表明,与较高温度（70 - 90 ℃）下的聚合反应相比,室温（25 ℃）时聚合反应有更好的可控性,通过 外加钝化剂的复合催化引发体系CuBr/CuBr_2/phen/EBiB或利用CuCl/phen/EBiB催 化引发体系的“卤素交换反应”,可进一步改善聚合反应的可控性。紫外发光谱测 定结果表明,CuBr/phen配合物在MMA相中的分配倾向随着温度的降低而增大,使得 室温下MMA的乳液ATRP保持了较好的可控性和较快的反应速度。