Catalytic Cracking of Naphtha to Light Olefins

A catalytic process that produces light olefins from naphtha was developed to improve the yield of the conventional steam cracker. In laboratory-scale tests, a newly developed zeolite-based catalyst at a reaction temperature of 650°C produced an ethylene-plus-propylene yield of about 60%, which is about 10% higher than the conventional process operated at around 820°C. A feasibility study carried out for a catalytic cracking process using the developed catalyst, that cracks 3000 tons-naphtha/day, indicated an energy saving of about 20% compared with the conventional process.     

C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进展

从催化剂类型、裂解工艺、催化裂解的影响因素和裂解机理4个方面对国内外C4／C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进行了综述。催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂主要采用ZSM-5分子筛系列催化剂，在此基础上发展了酸改性或水热改性高硅ZSM系列分子筛及介孔MCM41分子筛。总结了国内外C4／C5烃的裂解工艺，认为影响催化裂解的主要因素是裂解原料、催化剂类型及工艺条件。目前，裂解机理主要是自由基与碳正离子机理相结合的机理。并简述了本课题组目前有关C4烷烃催化裂解的主要研究进展。     

C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进展

从催化剂类型、裂解工艺、催化裂解的影响因素和裂解机理4个方面对国内外C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进行了综述。催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂主要采用ZSM-5分子筛系列催化剂,在此基础上发展了酸改性或水热改性高硅ZSM系列分子筛及介孔MCM-41分子筛。总结了国内外C4/C5烃的裂解工艺,认为影响催化裂解的主要因素是裂解原料、催化剂类型及工艺条件。目前,裂解机理主要是自由基与碳正离子机理相结合的机理。并简述了本课题组目前有关C4烷烃催化裂解的主要研究进展。     

Production of Low-carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio-oil

Low-carbon light olefins are the basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil and its model compounds (including methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and phenol) to light olefins were performed by using the La/HZSM-5 catalyst. The highest olefins yield from crude bio-oil reached 0.19 kg/(kg crude bio-oil). The reaction conditions including temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and addition of La into the HZSM-5 zeolite can be used to control both olefins yield and selectivity. Moderate adjusting the acidity with a suitable ratio between the strong acid and weak acid sites through adding La to the zeolite effectively enhanced the olefins selectivity and improved the catalyst stability. The production of light olefins from crude bio-oil is closely associated with the chemical composition and hydrogen to carbon effective ratios of feedstock. The comparison between the catalytic cracking and pyrolysis of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the bio-oil conversion to light olefins was also discussed.     

Catalytic Ignition of Light Hydrocarbons

Catalytic ignition refers to phenomenon where sufficient energy is released from a catalytic reaction to maintain further reaction without additional extemai heating. This phenomenon is important in the development of catalytic combustion and catalytic partial oxidation processes, both of which have received extensive attention in recent years. In addition, catalytic ignition studies provide experimental data which can be used to test theoretical hydrocarbon oxidation models. For these reasons, catalytic ignition has been frequently studied. This review summarizes the experimental methods used to study catalytic ignition of light hydrocarbons and describes the experimental and theoretical results obtained related to catalytic ignition. The role of catalyst metal, fuel and fuel concentration, and catalyst state in catalytic ignition are examined, and some conclusions are drawn on the mechanism of catalytic ignition.     

P改性HZSM－5分子筛上C4烯烃裂解性能研究 Catalytic Cracking of C4 Olefins over P－Modified HZSM－5 Zeolite

Propylene is one of the most important basic organic products. The traditional method for producing propylene cannot satisfy the faster-growing demand for it. The new methods to produce propylene include the catalytic cracking of olefin-rich hydrocarbon feedstocks[1～3], which has higher selectivity.     

Cu-Fe基催化剂上合成气直接制取低碳烯烃的研究

我们采用浸渍法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的Cu-Fe基催化剂,并结合其反应性能和XRD、H2-TPR和XPS等表征结果研究了其催化合成气直接制低碳烯烃的反应行为.结果表明,合成气直接制低碳烯烃Cu-Fe基催化剂的活性组分Cu和Fe之间存在明显的协同效应,Cu-Fe基催化剂表现出优异的合成气直接制低碳烯烃反应性能;Cu基催化剂中引入少量Fe组分明显提高了活性组分Cu的分散度,促进了Cu活性组分的还原,进而有利于催化剂反应性能的改进.初步推断Cu-Fe基催化剂上合成气转化生成低碳烯烃的主要反应历程为CO加氢生成含氧化合物(醇醚等)后再脱水生成低碳烯烃.     

生物质催化热解制取轻质芳烃

以轻质芳烃苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘(BTXN)为目的产物,采用双颗粒流化床反应器对3种木材生物质进行了热解实验. 结果表明,木材生物质的初次热解终止温度低,有利于低温催化转化. 生物质中92%的挥发分在673 K时已释放完全,且生物质在初期热解得到的焦油经过二次分解反应可以转化为其它产物,通过有效控制生物质热解二次气相反应,能够改变其产物的分布,从而获得不同的目的产物. 生物质的催化加氢热解实验结果表明,催化剂种类和热解温度对加氢热解产物收率及其分布均有影响, BTXN是热解或加氢热解过程中二次气相反应的中间产物. 为了获得高产率的BTXN, 必须选择加氢活性适度的催化剂. 当CoMo-S/Al2O3催化剂作为流化介质进行加氢热解时,在863 K时, BTXN的收率可达6 3%(干燥无灰质量基准), 而NiMo/Al2O3催化剂表现出了很强的加氢活性, CH4的收率高达99 5%.     

Aqueous Catalytic Polymerization of Olefins

Catalytic conversions in aqueous environments by transition metal complexes have become a well‐established field over the past two decades. However, the vast majority of investigations have focussed on small‐molecule synthesis. This may appear somewhat surprising as water is a particularly attractive reaction medium, especially for polymerization reactions. For example, aqueous emulsion and suspension polymerization is carried out today on a large scale by noncatalytic free‐radical routes. Polymer latices can be obtained as a product, that is, stable aqueous dispersions of polymer particles in the size range of 50 to 1000 nm. Such latices possess a unique property profile. Amongst other advantages, the use of water as a dispersing medium is particularly environmentally friendly. In comparison to these free‐radical reactions, aqueous catalytic polymerizations of olefinic monomers have received less attention. However, considerable advances and an increased awareness of this field have emerged during the past few years. A variety of high molecular weight polymers ranging from amorphous or semicrystalline polyolefins to polar‐substituted hydrophilic materials have now been prepared by catalytic polymerization of olefinic monomers in water. Polymer latices based on a number of readily available monomers are accessible and catalytic activities as high as 10⁵ turnovers per hour have already been reported. As another example, materials prepared by aqueous catalytic polymerization have been investigated as protein inhibitors. A versatile field spanning colloids, polymer, and coordination chemistry has emerged.     

担载型铁金属簇催化剂催化CO2加氢制低碳烯烃的研究

担载型铁金属簇催化剂催化ＣＯ_２加氢制低碳烯烃的研究黄友梅，翁善至，孟宪波，张传安（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，兰州７３００００）关键词低碳烯烃，ＣＯ_２加氢，担载型铁金属簇催化剂近年来，储量极丰富而又极便宜的二氧化碳重新引起世界各国科学家的兴趣，我...     

生物质气经由二甲醚两步法制备低碳烯烃

制备出NiSAPO-34及NiSAPO-34／HZSM-5催化剂,考察了其对二甲醚催化转化制备低碳烯烃的性能．利用Cu／Zn／Al／HZSM-55u筛选出的2％NiSAPO—34／HZSM-5催化剂进行生物质气经由二甲醚两步法制备低碳烯烃的实验,结果表明在SAPO-34上添2H2％的Ni不改变其结构,但降低了酸中心数量,并生成了较强的酸中心．添加少量具有稳定酸中心的HZSM-5,该催化剂的活性提高到3h以上,反应进行2h获得了最高的低碳烯烃选择性为90．8％．当把该催化剂应用到两步催化转化过程的第二个反应器中,其高催化活性可达5h以上．当以低氢碳比生物质气（H2／CO／CO2／N2／CH4=41．5／26．9／14．2／14．6／2．89）作为原料时,经两步转化,低碳烯烃的收率达到84．6g／m^3syngas.     

催化裂化轻汽油及醚化产品的气相色谱分析

1引言催化裂化轻汽油醚化工艺将催化裂化汽油中的叔碳烯烃转化为甲基叔烷基醚,不但可以提高辛烷值,增加含氧量,还可以降低蒸汽压和烯烃含量,因而是生产环境友好汽油的理想工艺。在催化裂化轻汽油醚化工艺的研究过程中,原料与产品需要快速准确的分析手段。本文采用气相色谱／质谱法（GC／MS）结合标准样对照法进行定性,根据采用自制的标准样测定的甲醇和醚类的相对重量校正因子进行定量分析,取得了满意的结果,为试验研究和工业生产提供了一种快速准确的分析方法。2实验部分2．1仪器与试剂MAT90型GC/MS联用仪（德国菲尼根公司）…     

ZSM-5分子筛晶粒尺寸对C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯的影响

 采用水热法合成了晶粒尺寸分别为20～30,1～2和0.2～0.3 μm的三种ZSM-5分子筛样品,并用SEM,XRD,氮低温物理吸附,NH3-TPD和TGA等技术对ZSM-5分子筛进行了表征,以考察其晶粒尺寸对C4烯烃裂解生产丙烯过程中催化剂活性和稳定性的影响. 结果表明,在常压,WHSV=10 h-1和550 ℃的条件下,以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,通过C4烯烃的催化裂解可以获得高收率的丙烯,反应初期丙烯的单程收率可达38%; 尽管三种晶粒尺寸的分子筛具有相近的比表面积和总酸量,但小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛(粒径0.2～0.3 μm)具有微孔短、外比表面积大和孔口多等特点,因而表现出较强的容积炭能力和较好的稳定性; 小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂经过10次再生重复使用,其催化生成丙烯的收率没有明显降低.     

Selective Production of Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Hexane over OSDA-Free Beta Zeolites

The catalytic cracking of n-hexane for producing light olefins on Beta zeolite synthesized under organic structure-directing agent free conditions (OFB) was carried out as a model reaction of naphtha cracking. The Al-rich H-form OFB (HOFB) catalyst exhibited a short catalytic life and a low selectivity to propylene even at the lower reaction temperature of 773 K, due to its high acid amount. Dealumination of HOFB by ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHFS) treatment and followed by nitric acid treatment resulted in the increase in the catalytic life and propylene selectivity, regardless of the reaction temperatures ranging from 773 to 923 K. This could be attributed to the lower amount of the acid sites especially the Lewis acid sites, which suppressed the secondary reactions of propylene and butenes and the hydride transfer to form coke. For example, the HOFB-AHFS(0.5 M)-HNO₃(6 h) catalyst showed a very high selectivity of ca. 41 C-% to propylene even at nearly 100 % n-hexane conversion, at the higher reaction temperature of 923 K.     

非官能化烯烃的不对称催化环氧化反应

手性环氧化合物是有机合成的重要中间体,由于三元杂环的张力使其很容易与各种亲核试剂作用,通过官能团转化反应,可以从环氧化物制备一系列不同结构的手性化合物.烯烃的不对称环氧化反应可以使潜手性的烯烃转化为带有手性碳的环氧化合物,在医药、农药、香料等精细化学品的合成上具有非常重要的意义.非官能化烯烃经手性催化剂诱导的不对称环氧化反应是获得光学纯手性化合物的有效方法.这些手性催化剂包括生物酶、金属卟啉、金属Salen配合物以及有机小分子催化剂.本文综述了这几种催化剂催化的非官能化烯烃不对称催化环氧化反应近几年的研究进展,介绍了催化剂的催化机理,并就其发展趋势提出了构想.     

大分子正十六烷的催化裂化

以具有新型多级孔中空薄壳结构的ZSM-5分子筛（Gel-ZSM-5）作为催化剂,正十六烷作为探针分子,研究了催化剂的孔道结构及酸性对大分子催化裂化反应的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂中的介孔、大孔多级结构非常有利于大分子反应物、中间产物以及结焦物在其表面及内部的快速传输,从而大幅提高催化转化率并延长了催化剂寿命;另外,催化剂多级孔表面的大量酸性位点可以显著提高针对大分子的催化反应性能,并且明显改善了产物的选择性.在较短的反应时间下,这种构效关系体现得更加显著.因此,合理的酸性分布和多级中空薄壳孔道结构将赋予催化剂在大分子催化裂化中具有更好的催化活性、选择性及更长的催化寿命,为设计新型高效催化剂提供了依据.     

Silica Nanotube Reactors for Catalytic Polymerization of Styrene and Olefins

Summary: Silica nanotube reactor (SNTR) has been designed and used as a novel catalytic polymerization reactor device to synthesize syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), and polyethylene with Cp*Ti(OCH₃)₃ and rac-Et(indenyl)₂ZrCl₂ metallocene catalysts in conjunction with methylaluminoxane (MAO). The highly crystalline sPS molecules polymerized within the SNTR form nano-scale polymeric fibrils of 30–50 nm in diameter that further intertwine to fill the nanopore. The polymer molecular weight of sPS has been found to increase significantly in the SNTR. A simplified mathematical reaction model for the SNTR suggests that hindered chain transfer reactions in the nanopores filled with rigid polymeric nanofibrils might have caused the extended polymer chain length. The morphological characteristics of polymeric nanofibrils and the effect of SNTR's geometric confinement on the polymer properties are also discussed. It is also demonstrated that the liberated SNTR can be a novel ‘See-Through’ tool for visual observation when it is analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.     

轻质直链烯烃异构化催化剂研究进展

上世纪80年代起,全球汽油质量开始向无铅、低芳烃、低蒸汽压、高辛烷值和高氧含量的方向发展,这也很大程度上推动了甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)和甲基叔戊基醚(TAME)的迅速发展,而作为其原料的C4和C5异构烯烃的来源也显得尤为重要.因此,关于C4、C5轻质直链烯烃骨架异构化技术的研究骤然升温,从而掀起了一股轻质直链烯烃骨架异构化技术的研究热潮.另一方面,汽油中C5~C8的直链烯烃通过骨架异构化反应能够有效地提高汽油辛烷值,以适应新的燃料规范的要求,这也在一定程度上推动了轻质烯烃骨架异构化技术的发展.1直链烯烃骨架异构化的机理研究由于…     

Catalytic Vapor Cracking for Improvement of Bio-Oil Quality

Bio-oil has attracted considerable interest as a promising renewable energy resource because it can be utilized as a feedstock in integrated bio-refineries for the production of highly valuable chemicals and next-generation hydrocarbon fuels. However, it is necessary to improve the bio-oil quality before it can be fed to bio-refineries. Currently, catalytic vapor cracking seems a more attractive process than catalytic upgrading technologies, such as hydrotreating and esterification, in order to improve the bio-oil quality. This review presents a summary of recent research and the state of art technology for the catalytic vapor cracking of bio-oil, focusing on the catalysts applied, upgrading methods and reaction mechanisms.