Simulations of Effect of High-Index Materials on Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fibres

Novel highly birefringent photonic bandgap fibres （PBGFs） are obtained by filling of a high index material in the air holes of total internal reflection birefringent photonic crystal fibres. The effect of the filling high index material on the transmission characteristics has been theoretically investigated. The photonic bandgap has been achieved by using plane-wave method. Moreover, the phase and group modal birefringence have been studied by a full-vector finite-element method. Numerical results show that very high group and phase modal birefringence with magnitude of order of 10^-2 and 10^-3 has been respectively acquired, which is much higher than those of the non-filled fibres. Furthermore, strong coupling between surface modes and the fundamental modes has been found in the bandgap of the birefringent PBGFs, whose effect on the birefringence and confinement loss has also been discussed.     

Multiple Period Resonances in Long Period Gratings in Photonic Crystal Fibres

In order to characterise long period gratings fabricated in endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibres with bulk cladding we perform eigenanalysis of guided modes supported by these fibres. Resonant coupling occurs only when the beating length equals the multiple grating periods. Experimentally obtained grating spectra and sensitivity are fully explained using modified phase matching condition.     

Fibre Bragg Gratings Inscribed in Homemade Microstructured Fibres

Fibre Bragg gratings （FBGs） are inscribed in homemade microstructured fibres by the standard phase mask method. Enhanced couplings between the forward fundamental mode and backward cladding modes are obtained. The mode coupling and spectral characteristics are investigated experimentally. The cladding mode resonances can be affected by filling active materials into the air holes, which will be useful for the implementation of tunable photonic devices in optical fibre communication and sensing systems.     

Modelling of Photonic Wire Bragg Gratings

Some important properties of photonic wire Bragg grating structures have been investigated. The design, obtained as a generalisation of the full-width gap grating, has been modelled using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. Different types of stop-band have been observed. The impact of the grating geometry on the lowest order (longest wavelength) stop-band has been investigated – and has identified deeply indented configurations where reduction of the stop-bandwidth and of the reflectivity occurred. Our computational results have been substantially validated by an experimental demonstration of the fundamental stop-band of photonic wire Bragg gratings fabricated on silicon-on-insulator material. The accuracy of two distinct 2D computational models based on the effective index method has also been studied – because of their inherently much greater rapidity and consequent utility for approximate initial designs. A 2D plan-view model has been found to reproduce a large part of the essential features of the spectral response of full 3D models.     

雪花形晶芯光子晶体光纤

设计一种新型光子晶体光纤，可在300 nm带宽范围内实现近零超平坦色散特性.光纤端面上所有空气孔按照通常的三角形规则均匀排列，中央位置十三个排列成雪花形的空气孔小于其它空气孔，这些孔共同构成光纤的纤芯.这类晶芯型光子晶体光纤与传统光子晶体光纤相比具有较大的模场面积，尤其是，通过最佳化匹配晶芯和包层中的空气孔大小可以在300 nm带宽范围内实现超平坦化色散特性，甚至可得到近零色散的平坦化色散曲线。尽管光纤的晶芯为雪花状，但近场很快会演化为类高斯型场分布.     

Variable Wavelengths Fiber Bragg Gratings Written with A Phase Mask and Four Prisms

Using only one diffractive element, the Talbot interferometer provides a robust and inherently stable method for reproducing fiber Bragg gratings with variable wavelengths, and reduces the complexity of the fiber grating fabrication system. However, the usable length of the grating is limited by the practical length of the mirrors. This paper presents a phase mask with two fixed prisms and two rotational prisms to inscribe fiber Bragg gratings with variable Bragg wavelengths. In this system, the fiber Bragg grating is inscribed by UV interference stripes of 193 nm derived from two rotational prisms and two fixed prisms, where phase mask is used as a beam splitter of ±1 order diffraction light. It is noteworthy that the tunable phase mask interferometer decreases the demand of the length of prism evidently.     

Variable Wavelengths Fiber Bragg Gratings Written with A Phase Mask and Four Prisms

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非均匀光子晶体光纤光栅慢光的研究

利用改进的全矢量有效折射率方法结合耦合模理论和传输矩阵法,研究了高斯切趾和线性啁啾对光子晶体光纤光栅群时延的影响。结果表明:随着高斯切趾系数的增大,群时延最大值先增后减,即存在群时延最大的切趾系数。线性啁啾使得光栅群时延产生一段线性良好的区域,而且啁啾系数的绝对值增大时,群时延的线性区域扩大。但是,线性啁啾并不能使光栅在某一波段获得较小的群速度。高斯切趾可以有效调节最大群时延峰的带宽和高度,是一种有效调节光栅群速度的方法。     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Photonic Band Gap in Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibres

Based on the full-vector plane-wave method （FVPWM）, a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre （HC-PCF） fabricated by using the improved stack-and-draw technique is simulated. Under given propagation constants β, several effective photonie band gaps with different sizes emerge within the visible wavelength range from 575 to 720 nm. The fundamental mode and second-order mode lying in a part of PBGs are investigated. In the transmission spectrum tested, the positions of PBGs are discovered to be shifting to shorter wavelengths. The main reason is the existence of interstitial holes at nodes in the cladding region. In the later experiment, green light is observed propagating in the air-core region, and the result is more consistent with our theoretical simulation.     

Influence of Deformation Holes on Properties of Photonic Crystal Fibres

Deformation of some air holes often occurs during the fabrication process of photonic crystal fibres （PCFs）. Effects of the location and size of deformation holes on the properties of actual triangular lattice PCFs are investigated in detail. Numerical results demonstrate that the properties of PCFs, especially birefringence, are sensitive to the location and size of deformation holes. These would be very helpful to improve the fabrication technique of the PCF and also offers an efficient way to design high birefringence PCF.     

Numerical Analysis of Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fibers with Bragg Reflectors

We analyze theoretically the coupling properties of Bragg gratings written in highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers with doped core and show how they can be tuned by the parameters of a microstructured fiber. We apply the coupled mode theory combined with a fully vectorial mode solver based on the plane-wave method. The results indicate large differences in interaction with the grating for the two linearly polarized fundamental modes. We show fiber designs, which provide single-mode operation with high birefringence and at the same time a high coupling efficiency of the grating. Such features can be used in fiber sensors, fiber laser configurations or to introduce a polarization dependent feedback in a long external cavity system with a semiconductor laser.     

多层光纤布拉格光栅的理论与实验研究

从理论和实验两方面研究了在非周期性多层光纤上写入布拉格光栅的光学特性。从耦合模理论出发,讨论了光纤具有多于一个光敏层的情况。在实验室自制的两类多层光纤上写入光栅的实验也表明,该类光栅具备有一般光栅的普遍光学特性,说明在使用多层光纤作为关键部分构建器件时,需要的各类光栅部件能够通过直接在该类光纤上写入光栅实现。紫外光在氢载掺铒多层光纤上写入光栅的实验说明分层的异种元素掺杂将导致芯区应力增加,从而辅助提高光纤的光敏性。     

Properties of Zero Dispersion Wavelengths in Silica Strands and Photonic Crystal Fibres

To design and calculate the zero-dispersion wavelength is one of the important aspects for highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibres. By using the air filling fraction f defined as f = （ 6d） / （ 2π∧ ） here for the cladding effective index, and the step effective index model, the relationship between the properties of chromatic dispersion and the two different structures has been analysed. It is pointed that the variation of the zero dispersion wavelength is insensitive to the core diameter change in one range of core diameter D, while keeping the air filling fraction f constant. In the other range of core diameter D, the photonic crystal fibres have the best nearly-zero ultraflattened dispersion. These properties are significant to the design of chromatic dispersion and zero dispersion wavelength in photonic crystal fibres.     

Mode Exciting Properties of Photonic Crystal Fibres with the Optical Field Incident from a Single Mode Fibre

We numerically investigate the mode exciting properties of photonic crystal fibres by using the beam propagation method when the optical field is input from a traditional single mode fibre. The results show that both the excited mode spectrum and the coupling-efficiency of each excited mode depend on the normalized pitch А/λ and the normalized hole-size А/λ. Furthermore, we obtain the boundary profile of the optimizing coupling-efficiency for the excited fundamental mode： the boundary （А/λ）＊ is linear to the boundary （А/λ）. All of these will pave the way for smoothing applications of photonic-crystal fibres, such as splicing and designing photonic-crystal-fibre functional devices.     

介质层厚度无序对Bragg微腔模式的影响

采用本征模展开法(EME)结合完全匹配层（PML）边界条件,研究了由TiO2和SiO2复合膜结构组成的平面光子晶体Bragg微腔的模式特性,分析了介质厚度无序对微腔模式的调制以及入射角对局域长度的影响.结果表明,若光束正入射,带边局域长度要大于禁带局域长度,随着无序度的增加光子通带的透过率逐渐降低,而禁带的透过率逐渐上升.当无序度较小时,局域长度随随机度的变化在带边和禁带内表现出相反的规律.当无序度较大时,局域长度不仅和随机度、带隙有关,还受到材料的影响;若光束斜入射,TE模的局域长度要远小于TM模对应的值,且其最小值向短波方向移动。此外,入射角和膜层数的变化都会导致局域长度的起伏.     

多孔芯光子晶体光纤及其偏振特性

强激光与气体的长距离相互作用能产生许多新奇的物理效应,而自由空间光束的自聚焦、衍射、散射等问题限制了该科技领域的发展。本文提出了一种新型多孔芯光子晶体光纤,纤芯亚波长、低折射率空气孔可以传光,具有宽带、低损耗、单模传输特性。利用倏逝波耦合效应,研究了纤芯亚波长空气孔束缚光的原理。根据光波传输的电磁场理论,分析了低折射率空气孔中的光强增大效应。强光在空气孔中长距离传输,为光与物质的相互作用提供了新条件,可以用于气体传感、非线性光学、高集成光子技术、原子操控等。由于纤芯空气孔可以传光,改变空气孔的大小,直接影响模场分布,进而可以获得很高的结构双折射。通过光纤结构参数的合理设计,分别获得了B=4×10^-2的高双折射、纤芯直径5 μm的大模场高双折射、大模面积单偏振单模特性,在光纤偏振器、光纤滤波器、光开关及光纤传感等领域有广泛的应用前景,为新型光场调控提供了新方法。     

椭圆芯非六角对称高双折射聚合物PCFs

采用全矢量平面波展开法,以聚合物PMMA为基材,研究了椭圆芯非六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤（Photonic Crystal Fibers,PCFs）的传输模场和偏振特性,从理论上分析了其模式双折射和光纤结构参量的关系.研究结果表明,该PCFs基模的两个正交偏振态不再简并,模场呈现明显的椭圆并具有较强的线偏振特性;另外,该光纤的模式双折射强烈地依赖于光纤的结构参量,通过适当调节光纤的相对孔间距比,有望在给定波长范围内实现更高双折射单模运行.     

光子晶体理论应用于光纤布拉格光栅的研究

将光纤布拉格光栅近似为一维光子晶体，研究光栅的能带结构和光学传输特性。利用平面波展开法对光子晶体进行理论研究，将研究方法移植到光纤布拉格光栅上，并对其进行数值分析，得到光栅的传输特性。研究表明，光栅反射谱有多个反射峰，峰值中心频率是基频的整数倍，而且峰值处存在光子带隙，反射峰带宽对应光子带隙宽度，中心频率和带宽随光栅长度、高介电常量材料占空比、调制深度而变化。结果与传统的耦合模理论一致。