环糊精和环糊精包合物

本文作者结合自已的工作，扼要介绍了环糊精化学几个主要领域的研究概况，着重叙述了环糊精的包合作用与环糊精的修饰，描绘了环糊精化学的发展前景。     

槲皮素-β-环糊精包合物的研究

槲皮素具有抗氧化、抗自由基、抗癌防癌、抗菌和抗过敏等作用［１］，对由腺苷二磷酸、胶原或凝血酶引起的血小板聚集及血栓有抑制作用．但由于槲皮素几乎不溶于水、稳定性差等影响了其临床应用．难溶性药物被β－环糊精（β－ＣＤ）包合后，能增加药物的溶解度和调节释放...     

大蒜油环糊精包合物的制备

制备并鉴定温江大蒜油环糊精包合物。以大蒜油的平均利用率和包合物产率为指标,通过正交实验考查大蒜油与环糊精的投料比、包合温度、包合时间对包合工艺的影响,得出最佳包合工艺:投料比1∶8、包合温度60℃、包合时间2 h,此时挥发油的平均利用率为62.3%,包合物收率为72.1%。使用薄层色谱法对包合物进行鉴定,结果显示大蒜油与环糊精包合后,没有显示与大蒜油有相同的斑点,而大蒜油与环糊精的混合物有相同斑点。     

环糊精衍生物及包合物构建荧光探针的研究进展

环糊精是超分子化学中的一类重要主体化合物,在药物缓释、化学传感、对映体分离以及新型材料等众多领域都得到了广泛的应用.由于环糊精具有外亲水内疏水的桶形结构,其空腔内可以插入具有识别功能的受体分子或荧光染料,可通过螯合或置换方式实现对目标分子的识别,因此基于环糊精衍生物及包合物构建荧光探针也受到了人们的极大关注.总结了基于环糊精设计合成的荧光探针在检测金属离子、阴离子和分子等方面的应用,重点描述了识别性能和识别机制,为环糊精衍生物及包合物在荧光检测领域的应用提供理论依据.     

4,4''-联吡啶-β-环糊精包合物研究

本文合成了以β-环糊精为主体、4,4'-联吡啶为客体的晶体包合物,通过元素分析、红外光谱、差热、X-射线粉末衍射等分析方法确定了包合物的形成,实验结果表明：β-环糊精与4,4'-联吡啶分子形成摩尔比为2∶1的包合物,4,4'-联吡啶的吡啶环嵌入β-环糊精分子的疏水性空腔内。     

桂油与β-环糊精包合物的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了桂油与 β -环糊精的包合物 ,并用差热分析仪和气相色谱仪对包合物进行了分析 ,研究结果表明该方法包合桂油有利用率高、操作简便等优点 ,有利于拓宽桂油的应用面。     

人参二醇类皂苷的生物转化动态及人参稀有皂苷C-K或F2的制备

为了低成本有效制备人参稀有皂苷C-K或F₂, 将A. niger g.848菌酶用于转化含有人参皂苷(质量分数)分别为49.6% Rb₁, 25.9% Rd, 19.3% Rc和5.23% Rb₂的西洋参二醇混合皂苷. 霉菌发酵时, 采用人参二醇皂苷诱导物比人参提取液诱导物的产酶总活力提高10%~15%. 所产的2种诱导酶均能水解人参二醇皂苷的3-O-和20-O-多种糖基, 均为人参皂苷酶Ⅰ型; 但是人参二醇皂苷诱导物所产酶几乎全部转化人参二醇皂苷为C-K, 而人参提取液诱导物所产酶则残留中间产物. 使用黑曲霉人参二醇皂苷诱导所产酶, 在转化西洋参二醇皂苷的动态研究中发现, 酶反应1.5~2.5 h, 主要为产物F₂; 酶反应12 h后, 主要产物为C-K皂苷. 基于此, 40 g人参二醇类皂苷在45 ℃粗酶反应24 h, 经处理得到含C-K质量分数为87%的23 g酶反应产物, C-K转化率达85%(摩尔分数). 用40 g西洋参二醇皂苷在45 ℃粗酶反应2.5 h, 经处理得到含有质量分数为58%的F₂和27%的C-K的26 g酶反应产物, F₂转化率为50.4%, C-K转化率为29.5%. 通过人参二醇皂苷诱导的黑曲霉粗酶转化人参二醇类皂苷动态研究, 建立了C-K转化率为85%, F₂转化率为50%的制备方法, 为大批量制备提供了基础依据.     

黄酮类化合物与β-环糊精包合物的光谱学表征

用X-射线粉末衍射、差热分析、紫外和红外吸收光谱等测试方法对4种黄酮类化合物与β-环糊精的包合物进行了表征;比较了包合物与游离主、客体的光谱性质的差异。     

β-环糊精包合物的结构研究

β 环糊精 (简称 β ＣＤ)是由 7个葡萄糖残基以α 1 ,4 糖苷键连接而成的环状化合物 ,具有亲水的外围及疏水的内腔 ,在溶液中可与多种有机物形成包合物[1,2 ].因 β ＣＤ对客体分子的形状、大小和极性等具有选择性[3],因而可能形成不同物质的量的比的结构模型包合物 .有关包合物制备及物质的量的比确定的文献报道很多[4 ,5 ],但研究包合物结构模型的文献却不多见 .本文用ＤＳＣ确定了 β ＣＤ与胆固醇、癸二酸和香兰素包合物的最佳物质的量的比 ,用ＸＲＤ分析包合物晶体的结构周期 ,得到较明显的 2倍于 β ＣＤ内腔高度的结构周期和“头头…     

Crystal packing patterns of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes crystallize in two basically different patterns, the cage and the channel type. The cage type occurs when cyclodextrins are packed crosswise (fishbone) or, if they are packed side-by-side, in layers and adjacent layers are displaced by about one half molecule. In each case, the internal cavity of one cyclodextrin is closed on both sides by neighbouring cyclodextrins. On the other hand, channel complexes are formed if cyclodextrins are stacked like coins in a roll so that cavities line up to produce long channels. In these crystal structures, cyclodextrins can be arranged in head-to-head or head-to-tail mode. In the smaller -cyclodextrin, cage type structures are formed with small, molecular guests whereas long molecular guests and ionic guest molecules induce channel type structures. The latter are generally preferred with the - and -cyclodextrin series which is probably due to the higher tendency for self aggregation in these two members of the cyclodextrin family.Part XXII of the series Topography of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. For part XXI, see ref. 6.     

Physicochemical characterization of cholesterol-beta cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Study and characterization of molecular complexes between cholesterol and beta cyclodextrin has been done using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR). Whatever the value of the molar ratio cholesterol/βCD used during the preparation, the same compound is always obtained. Corresponding to a molar ratio 1/3 (cholesterol/βCD), this compound is a stable hydrate which, contrary toβCD, contains at room temperature a large amount of molecules of water. It can be dehydrated under low pressure but the thermal degradation occurs at 200°C (250°C forβCD). This implies that cholesterol is strongly bounded toβCD.     

Structure and spectroscopic properties of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

We compare spectroscopic properties of higher order complexes of organic guests (e.g. naphthalene, phenols, indole, C₆₀ fullerene) with cyclodextrins (CDx) to results of molecular modeling investigations. Naphthalene 1:2 complexes with -CDx show high spectral resolution and peculiar triplet properties. Molecular simulations and calculation of the experimentally measured induced circular dichroism (ICD) provide detailed structural information.     

Fluorescence study of tetracaine–cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

The steady-state fluorescence emission from the local anaesthetic tetracaine (TCA) in water–solvent mixtures and in the presence of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) was investigated at various pH values. Emission was observed from the locally and the intramolecular charge transfer excited states. The TCA–CD system was found to be characterised by 1:1 associate in every case. The association constants of each complex were determined.     

Electrospinning of polymer-free nanofibers from cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

The electrospinning of polymer-free nanofibers from highly concentrated (160%, w/v) aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and its inclusion complexes with triclosan (HPβCD/triclosan-IC) was achieved successfully. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology measurements indicated that the presence of considerable HPβCD aggregates and the high solution viscosity were the key factors in obtaining electrospun HPβCD and HPβCD/triclosan-IC nanofibers without the use of any polymeric carrier. The HPβCD and HPβCD/triclosan-IC solutions containing 20% (w/w) urea yielded no fibers but only beads and splashes because of the depression of the self-aggregation of the HPβCD. The inclusion complexation of triclosan with HPβCD was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and turbidity measurements. The characteristics of the HPβCD and HPβCD/triclosan-IC nanofibers were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the electrospinning of HPβCD/triclosan-IC solution having a 1:1 molar ratio was optimal for obtaining nanofibers without any uncomplexed guest molecules.     

Potentiometric characterisation of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of local anaesthetics

The complexation of several local anaesthetics by β and γ-cyclodextrins was studied by potentiometry with glass electrode. Tetracaine and dibucaine complexation constants were determined at 25°C in the presence of 0.1 M of NaCl. It was found that prilocaine and lidocaine complexes cannot be detected.     

Study of inclusion complexes of cyclodextrin by cyclic voltammetry

The inclusion complexes of a series of organometallic compound-cyclodextrin and aromatic compound-cyclodextrin have been studied by cyclic voltammetry using glassy carbon electrode. The variations of peak potential and peak current are showed on cyclic voltammogram when the electroactive guest molecules are complexed by cyclodextrins. Dissociation constants of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes have been calculated on the basis of this variation by both potential and current methods. According to the magnitude of dissociation constants the relationship between the stability of cyclodextrin inclusion complex and the degree of matching host molecule with guest molecule has been discussed.     

Ability of the acetotoluides to form cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Conclusion These series of experiments have shown that the -CD cavity was too small to allow stable inclusion complex formation. p-ACT is the isomer within this series that is best able to form inclusion complexes with -CD, then m-ACT and finally o-ACT. This would seem to indicate that the benzene ring of the molecule is the part of the structure most likely to penetrate the cavity since (a) -CD could not form stable complexes with any of the guest molecules and (b) less effective entry into the -CD cavity is the results of the acetamido group moving from p^–m^–o^– positions. Benzene ring penetration of the CD cavity is therefore required for stable inclusion complex formations in this group of compounds.     

Inhibition of cyclodextrin acid hydrolysis by some inclusion complexes

Acidic hydrolysis of ??-cyclodextrin in the solution of hydrochloric acid containing some aliphatic alcohols was investigated. The reaction was carried out at 90 °C. It was observed that the rate of the reaction has decreased with the increase in concentration of a guest.     

Influence oftert-butyl alcohol on cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of pyrene

The effect oftert-butyl alcohol on complexes of pyrene and various cyclodextrins is investigated. The equilibrium constant for the complexation is derived from the fluorescence decay parameters. A greater than twofold enhancement of pyrene lifetime is observed in the presence oftert-butyl alcohol and -cyclodextrin or -cyclodextrin. As the number of hydroxyl groups decreases, substituted -cyclodextrins show smaller enhancements to both the fluorescence lifetime and the formation constant. These observations are explained by proposing that alcohol molecules are associated with the inclusion complex. This association increases the apparent hydrophobicity of the cyclodextrin cavity, protects the molecule from collisional quenching and deactivation, and provides additional rigidity to the system.