最大似然法在HL-2A汤姆逊散射中的初步应用

介绍了一种处理HL-2A汤姆逊散射原始实验数据的新方法--最大似然法。该方法用数理统计的手段,通过使理论推导出的数据与实际采集到的散射数据最大可能的一致,得到了较准确的等离子体电子温度T_e和密度n_e。将计算所得的结果与现在汤姆逊散射系统所用的比值法得到的结果相比较,验证了该方法的可适用性,并能够克服比值法的一些缺陷。     

人工神经网络在HL-2A装置汤姆逊散射数据处理中的应用

人工神经网络是一种强大的非线性数据分析算法,其中的感知器神经网络第一次被用于处理HL-2A装置上汤姆逊散射系统的电子温度数据。采用输入层、隐藏层和输出层等三层神经网络结构,输入层为标定数据或测量数据,隐藏层使用sigmoid函数作为传递函数,输出层为电子温度值。从数据处理结果可以看出,该计算方法与传统的χ²最小值方法计算的结果吻合,能够得到可靠的电子温度数据。而且由于计算温度时采用矩阵计算,计算速度比使用χ²最小值法提高20倍以上,为将来利用汤姆逊散射测量的电子温度数据实现等离子体剖面实时反馈控制提供了可能。     

基于Mie散射理论的颗粒粒度分布转换

使用动态光散射法可以获得颗粒的光强加权平均粒径,以及光强加权颗粒粒度分布。为获得数量或体积加权颗粒粒度分布,提出从光强分布到数量分布转换的直接比值法。该方法首先依据Mie散射理论求解不同粒径颗粒的散射光强,然后将光强分布与对应颗粒的散射光强进行比对,获得颗粒的数量分布,进而得到颗粒的体积分布。使用动态光散射法测量得到聚苯乙烯乳胶球混合样品的光强分布,利用直接比值法将光强分布转换为数量分布和体积分布,并与扫描电子显微镜测量的数量分布进行了对比,实验数据表明采用直接比值法能够获得准确的数量分布。     

基于Mie散射光强的多角度动态光散射复合角度加权方法

针对多角度动态光散射测量技术中通过Mie散射光强计算的角度权重估计方法存在信息利用率与抗噪性之间的矛盾,提出利用每一角度所有粒度的整体Mie散射空间特征进行角度加权和利用每一粒度对应Mie散射光的细节特征对核矩阵做元素加权的复合角度加权方法,并结合正则化方法进行了模拟和实测的多角度动态光散射数据反演.与采用光强比值法和光强均值法的反演结果比较表明,多角度动态光散射反演结果与角度加权方法密切相关.无噪声影响时,光强比值法和复合角度加权法都能得到准确的颗粒粒度分布,但光强均值法信息利用率不高;随着噪声水平的提高,光强比值法反演结果急剧变差,表现出较低的抗噪性能.复合角度加权方法通过兼顾信息利用率和抗噪性能,使得增加散射角时信息增多的优势得以更好地显现,并且有效地抑制了角度增多带来的噪声影响.该加权方法显著提高了多角度动态光散射进行颗粒测量,特别是对多峰分布颗粒体系测量的准确性.     

任意椭圆偏振激光场非线性汤姆逊散射的一般表述与X射线产生的优化条件

基于相对论条件的电动力学,解析求解了任意椭圆偏振条件下激光场的非线性汤姆逊散射的一般表示.利用解析结果得到了背向非线性汤姆逊散射高次谐波的极值条件.结果表明对于基频背向汤姆逊散射,在相同条件下,圆偏振激光具有最大值而线偏振是最小值,如果激光偏振态从圆偏振连续的过渡到线偏振,背向汤姆逊散射的角功率随之单调递减.这一效应对高强度入射激光尤为重要,当 a² >5时,圆偏振情形的贡献几乎是线偏振的2倍.这对基于汤姆逊散射机制的X射线源实验研究具有重要参考意义. 关键词： 非线性汤姆逊散射 偏振度 极值     

用红外钕玻璃激光散射仪测量等离子体电子温度

 简要介绍了汤姆逊散射法测量等离子体电子温度的原理，给出了HT-7超导托卡马克上红外钕玻璃激光散射仪测量电子温度的计算方法，并从概率论的观点出发，分析了该仪器测量等离子体电子温度的有效范围，在100eV～5keV。     

用红外钕玻璃激光散射仪测量等离子体电子温度

简要介绍了汤姆逊散射法测量等离子体电子温度的原理,给出了HT-7超导托卡马克上红外钕玻璃激光散射仪测量电子温度的计算方法,并从概率论的观点出发,分析了该仪器测量等离子体电子温度的有效范围,在100eV～5keV。     

HL-2A装置YAG激光汤姆逊散射测量电子温度的初步结果

 叙述了激光汤姆逊散射的实验原理,介绍了HL-2A装置上改进后的激光汤姆逊散射系统。高脉冲功率Nd：YAG激光光源发出的1 064 nm的激光能很好地满足测量等离子体电子散射光的要求,硅雪崩光电二极管和窄带干涉滤波片组成的多色仪的使用,大大提高了散射光的测量效率。数据处理方法采用按测量误差进行权重分析的查表法,提高了数据处理的速度。最后介绍了各种放电条件下的单空间点电子温度的测量结果。     

软X射线激光汤姆逊散射实验尝试

汤姆逊散射是诊断高温稠密等离子体状态参数的重要方法之一, 受到广泛的关注. 但是目前用于进行汤姆逊散射的探针光波长多局限于可见光或紫外光, 能够诊断的区域电子密度远低于驱动激光的临界密度. 相比较而言, 以软X射线激光作为探针, 有希望诊断更高密度区域的等离子体. 利用“神光Ⅱ”高功率激光装置产生的类氖锗软X射线激光作为探针, 开展了软X射线激光汤姆逊散射实验的尝试. 根据散射的条件, 分别进行了非相干散射和相干散射的实验, 但均未能获得明显的散射谱. 理论分析表明, 主要原因可能是实验中作为探针的类氖锗软 X射线激光的聚焦功率密度不够, 通过优化实验条件, 有希望在今后的研究中获得相干汤姆逊散射的结果. 关键词： 等离子体诊断 软X 射线激光 汤姆逊散射     

激光惯性约束聚变中光学汤姆逊散射研究进展

当前,激光惯性约束聚变在越来越接近点火的极端能量密度条件下,实验与模拟的偏离逐渐增大,一个关键原因是缺乏对黑腔等离子体状态及其影响黑腔能量学和内爆对称性的细致研究和判断。光学汤姆逊散射主动式、诊断精确、参数完备的优点,使之成为激光惯性约束聚变黑腔等离子体状态参数精密诊断的标准方法。中国面向激光惯性约束聚变研究的光学汤姆逊散射实验技术的发展与神光系列激光装置的建设和在其上开展的物理实验紧密相关。近年来,四倍频汤姆逊散射实验技术在神光III原型和100 kJ激光装置上相继建立,部分实验结果不仅加深了对激光惯性约束聚变靶物理的认识,还反映了实验条件对汤姆逊散射诊断的影响,促进了实验技术的精密化发展。在未来,还需要进一步发展多支路汤姆逊散射、五倍频汤姆逊散射和超热相干汤姆逊散射等新技术,面向点火黑腔条件,大幅提升激光等离子体状态参数的诊断精度,开展新物理机制的探索和研究,在激光惯性约束聚变和其他高能量密度物理科学领域发挥更重要的作用。     

Topology-based signal separation

Traditional noise-filtering techniques are known to significantly alter features of chaotic data. In this paper, we present a noncausal topology-based filtering method for continuous-time dynamical systems that is effective in removing additive, uncorrelated noise from time-series data. Signal-to-noise ratios and Lyapunov exponent estimates are dramatically improved following the removal of the identified noisy points.     

对强荧光背景拉曼光谱定量分析的研究

针对拉曼光谱定量分析中的难点问题—对具有强荧光背景物质的定量分析,文章分别对具有较强荧光背景的不同浓度下的纯甲醇溶液及不同浓度比例的甲醇和乙醇混合溶液的拉曼光谱数据采用新的归一化法结合基线校准技术进行拉曼光谱定量分析;同时,对由数据采集时的时空差异所引起的样品数据组间的波动性进行了研究。模拟时空变化来采集定量分析中所需的谱数据,并使用统计学方法评价样品的组间差异,讨论了此方法对样品组间差异的消除效果。研究证明,此方法具有较好的分析精度和消除不同样品组数据的组间差异的能力,对甲醇的定量分析,其相对误差为4.7%,组间数据的相对标准偏差为4.2%。从而使对具有强荧光背景干扰的溶液进行简单、快速、精确的定量分析成为可能。     

Masking patterns in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). II: Physiological effects

Responses of individual eighth-nerve fibers in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were measured to tone bursts at best frequency against a background of continuous, broadband masking noise. These data were used to calculate critical masking ratios to describe the fibers' responses to tones embedded in noise. In the frequency response range of the amphibian papilla (100-1000 Hz), critical ratios increase with tone frequency. Critical ratios of basilar papilla fibers (1000-2000 Hz) are generally higher than those of amphibian papilla fibers. Critical ratios are also significantly related to fiber threshold such that fibers with high thresholds, regardless of their best frequencies, have higher critical ratios and are thus less selective to signals embedded in noise. Critical ratios based on neural responses show a somewhat different frequency-dependent trend than do critical ratios based on psychophysical data presented previously for this species [A. M. Simmons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1087-1092 (1988a)]. In addition, these neural critical ratios do not appear to be level independent, as are psychophysical critical ratios. The data suggest that frequency selectivity of hearing in the bullfrog as measured behaviorally is probably not mediated solely by spectral filtering in the auditory periphery.     

An Improved Analysis of Masses and Decay Constants of Heavy Flavour Mesons within Variational Approach

We employ the variational method to study the properties such as masses, decay constants, oscillation frequency and branching ratios of leptonic decays of heavy flavour mesons with linear cum coulomb Cornell potential.Gaussian function, Coulomb wave function and Airy function are taken as the trial wave-function of variational method in this study. Our analysis suggests that Gaussian trial wave-function provides results which are in close proximity with the experimental results. We also make a comparison with the results from QCD Sum rules and lattice QCD, as well as with recent PDG data.     

Testing two versions of lattice gauge theory: Creutz ratios inU(1)3

In our simplicial version of lattice gauge theory, we approximate Euclidean path integrals by tiling space-time with simplexes and by linearly interpolating the fields throughout each simplex from their values at the vertices. We compare this method with Wilson's lattice gauge theory forU(1) in three dimensions. As a standard of comparison, we compute the exact values of Creutz ratios of Wilson loops in the continuum theory. Monte Carlo computations using the simplicial method give Creutz ratios within a few percent of the exact values for reasonably sized loop atβ=1, 2, and 10. Similar computations using Wilson's method give ratios that typically differ from the exact values by factors of 2 or more for 1⩽β⩽3.5 and that have the wrongβ dependence. The better accuracy of the simplicial method is due to its use of the action and domain of integration of the exact theory, unaltered apart from the granularity of the simplicial lattice. We also present data on the action density and the mass gap. Research supported by the U.S. epartment of Energy under grant DE-FG04-84ER40166.     

A Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering Method to Calculate Translational and Rotational Diffusion Coefficients of Nanorods

A new analysis of depolarized dynamic light scattering data is presented, which allows the unambiguous determination of rotational and translational diffusions coefficients of nanorods in suspension. By visualizing data scaling, purely translational diffusive motions can be isolated from vertically polarized scattering, allowing the unique determination of rotational diffusion from the depolarized scattering. The method is applied to nanorods with four different aspect ratios, and compared with theoretical predictions. Diffusion coefficients obtained show good agreement with calculations based on the direct measurements of rod length and diameter. Where the theories are shown to be valid, the method allows the measurement of statistically meaningful particle sizes and aspect ratios.     

Two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm for determination of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio and its application to CALIPSO lidar measurements

A modified two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm is proposed to aid in the retrieval of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratio) as well as backscatter coefficients and extinction color ratios from simultaneous two-wavelength elastic backscatter lidar measurements. To demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm, both the Raman method and the two-wavelength method have been applied to the ground-based measurements at 355 and 532 nm; moreover, it has been applied to the data acquired by the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar, and to the simultaneous ground-based lidar measurements carried out at Napoli (southern Italy, 40.838 °N, 14.183 °E, 118 m above sea level). Three cases of Saharan dust transport towards Europe have been considered. From the comparison, it can be found that the values of lidar ratio and backscatter coefficient retrieved by the modified two-wavelength algorithm are in good agreement with those obtained by the Raman method. Moreover the retrieved mean values of the lidar ratios and color ratios are in agreement with those reported by other authors.     

基于光谱表示和独立成分分析的混合颜料成分分析方法

在混合颜料成分分析中,反射光谱法通过计算相似性来判断基本颜料种类,容易受多种基本颜料的影响,造成分析结果不准确。将光谱表示为信号,结合独立成分分析,提出一种基于光谱表示和独立成分分析的混合颜料成分分析方法。首先,采用光谱仪获取混合颜料光谱信息,并将其表示为离散信号的形式;然后,对信号进行独立成分分析,得到基本颜料的光谱信息;随后,通过计算基本颜料光谱与已知颜料光谱的相似性,确定基本颜料种类;最后,逆用Kubelka-Munk混色公式就可以得出基本颜料的比例。我们采用蒙赛尔色卡光谱制作模拟数据,分别进行正常/扰动情况下三种色卡光谱混合信息的成分分析试验,以及从8种色卡光谱中选择若干种混合后的成分分析实验。分离出的光谱形态与已知的原始颜料光谱形态极其相似,平均相似比为97.72%,最大相似比可以达到99.95%,得出的基本颜料比例与混合时的比例基本相同。实验结果表明本方法适用于混合颜料成分分析。     

Retrospective intra-scan motion correction

This paper analyzes the effects of intra-scan motion and demonstrates the possibility of correcting them directly in k-space with a new automatic retrospective method. The method is presented for series of 2D acquisitions with Cartesian sampling. Using a reference k-space acquisition (corrected for translations) within the series, intra-scan motion parameters are accurately estimated for each trajectory in k-space of each data set in the series resulting in pseudo-random sample positions. The images are reconstructed with a Bayesian estimator that can handle sparse arbitrary sampling in k-space and reduces intra-scan rotation artefacts to the noise level. The method has been assessed by means of a Monte Carlo study on axial brain images for different signal-to-noise ratios. The accuracy of motion estimates is better than 0.1 degrees for rotation, and 0.1 and 0.05 pixel, respectively, for translation along the read and phase directions for signal-to-noise ratios higher than 6 of the signals on each trajectory. An example of reconstruction from experimental data corrupted by head motion is also given.