Synthesis and surface activity properties of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene nonionic trimeric surfactants

A series of trimeric n-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactants (TAP) were successfully synthesized and the molecular structure were confirmed by NMR, FTIR spectrum and elemental analysis. Using the same synthesis route, the trimeric nonylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactant (TNP) was synthesized using industrial product nonylphenol and paraformaldehyde, and its molecular structure was characterized by ¹HNMR, FTIR spectrum and elemental analysis. The optimal reaction conditions were established. The surface activity properties of TAP and TNP (such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc), the values of surface tension at the cmc (γ_cmc), the maximum surface excess concentration (Γ_cmc), and the minimum surface area per surfactant molecule (A_cmc)), were determined by means of Wilhelmy plate method and steady-state fluorescence probe method, respectively. The experimental results show that the lengths of the hydrophilic group oxyethylene (EO) chains and hydrophobic group methylene chains have an influence on the cmc, γ_cmc, Γ_cmc, and A_cmc of series of surfactants. Furthermore, TAP are arranged to staggered three-dimensional array mode at the air-water interface, which has exhibited better surface properties, such as low cmc values, strong adsorption affinities and wet abilities.     

Durees de vie des niveaux 1D2 ET 1S0 du magnesium

Radiative lifetimes of the excited n¹S₀ (n = 4, 5) and n¹D₂ (n = 3, 4) states in magnesium have been measured by time resolved fluorescence technique using two photon excitation.     

Torsion-rotation levels of the OH stretch fundamental of CD3OH

The infrared absorption of CD₃OH in the OH stretch region has been observed at 0.025-cm^?1 resolution. Seventeen excited-state torsion-rotation levels E′_nτK have been determined with the aid of combination differences and Loomis-Wood diagrams. Of these levels, seven belong to n = 2 and nine to n = 1. No levels for which n = 0 could be determined. Analysis of the observed levels yields a hindering potential barrier in the excited state of 407 cm^?1.     

Messung des totalen Wirkungsquerschnitts von27Al für schnelle Neutronen mit Si(Li)-Detektoren

The total fast neutron cross section of²⁷Al has been determined by transmission measurements using Si(Li)-solid state detectors for neutron spectroscopy. The energies of the bombarding neutrons have been in the range betweenE _n=5,24 andE _n=7,26 MeV. A comparision has been made between the total cross sections obtained in this experiment and values obtained via the time-of-flight technique. At most neutron energies the agreement was within experimental errors quoted for the works being compared.     

Mass and magnetic moment of Σ− by the exotic atom method

The energies and lineshapes of five circular transitions (n = 15 → n = 14 through n = 11 → = 10) of the Σ^?Pb atom were measured wit of the transitions 15 → 14 through 12 → 11 were determined; these energies were compared with energies calculated from quantum electrodynamics, and the mass of Σ^? was adjusted to achieve a best fit. The result was m_Σ^? = 1197.24 ±0.15 MeV. The lineshape of the 12→11 transition, which is broadened by the fine structure, has been analyzed to extract the magnetic moment of Σ^?. The result was μ_Σ^? = ?1.40_?0.28^+0.41or 0.651_?0.40^+0.28 nuclear magnetons. Comparisons with SU (3) predictions are made.     

Electronic excitations and luminescence of SrMgF4 single crystals

The electronic and crystal structures of SrMgF₄ single crystals grown by the Bridgman method have been investigated. The undoped SrMgF₄ single crystals have been studied using low-temperature (T = 10 K) time-resolved fluorescence optical and vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy under selective excitation by synchrotron radiation (3.7–36.0 eV). Based on the measured reflectivity spectra and calculated spectra of the optical constants, the following parameters of the electronic structure have been determined for the first time: the minimum energy of interband transitions E _g = 12.55 eV, the position of the first exciton peak E _n = 1 = 11.37 eV, the position of the maximum of the “exciton” luminescence excitation band at 10.7 eV, and the position of the fundamental absorption edge at 10.3 eV. It has been found that photoluminescence excitation occurs predominantly in the region of the low-energy fundamental absorption edge of the crystal and that, at energies above E _g , the energy transfer from the matrix to luminescence centers is inefficient. The exciton migration is the main excitation channel of photoluminescence bands at 2.6–3.3 and 3.3–4.2 eV. The direct photoexcitation is characteristic of photoluminescence from defects at 1.8–2.6 and 4.2–5.5 eV.     

Measurement of the collisional transition rate between the hydrogen levels n = 3 and n = 4

The ratio of the collisional transition rate C₄₃ and the total loss rate V₄ of the level n = 4 has been measured by means of dye-laser fluorescence in a rf hydrogen plasma. In a further experiment using a nitrogen-laser-pumped dye-laser (with pulses short compared to the life time of the n = 4 level), the total loss rate V₄ of this level has been determined by observing the exponential intensity decay of the H_β line. From the results of these two experiments, the excitation rate C₄₃ is obtained. Agreement with theoretical values is found.     

Overshoot inversion of a Nd laser system

An important parameter of pulsed solid state lasers is the maximum inversion n_max which has to exceed the threshold inversion n_th to start the laser. The overshoot Δn=n_max-n_th is determined experimentally for a Nd-glass laser, operating in the TEM₀₀ mode and compared with theoretical predictions. Both investigations indicate a relation between normalized pump rate and inversion overshoot of the type Δn ∝ (W/W_th-1)^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}.     

Calculation of X-ray and Auger transition rates, lifetimes, X-ray wavelengths, and fluorescence yields of variously ionized silicon atoms

X-ray and Auger transition rates, X-ray wavelengths, and fluorescence yields are calculated for variously ionized silicon atoms with configurations 1s2s^m2pⁿ, m=0-2, n=1-6. The calculation has been performed using the Hartree-Fock atomic model. Intermediate coupling and configuration interaction have been taken into account. The energies and widths are found to be strongly affected by configuration mixing. The results from the present calculation have been compared with those available in the literature. The theoretical K_α hypersatellite and satellite spectra fall into several well-separated regions, corresponding to each of the possible number of spectator electrons in the 2s and 2p shells. The dependence of radiative rates and fluorescence yields on the number of spectator electrons is also investigated.     

Photoinduced intramolecular electron-transfer reactions in carbazole-fullerene and phenothiazine-fullerene linked compounds in benzene and benzonitrile as studied by fluorescence, transient absorption, time-resolved EPR, and magnetic field effects

Photoinduced intramolecular electron-transfer reactions in carbazole (Cz)-fullerene (C₆₀) (Cz(8)C₆₀) and phenothiazine (Ph)-C₆₀ (Ph(n)C₆₀ (n=8, 10, 12)) linked compounds have been investigated in benzene and benzonitrile by fluorescence, transient absorption, and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, and by magnetic field effects on the decay rate constants of the photogenerated biradicals. In benzonitrile, photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from Cz to the singlet excited state of C₆₀ (¹C₆₀ ^*) occurred in Cz(8)C₆₀, but not to the triplet excited state (³C₆₀ ^*), while the intramolecular electron-transfer to both¹C₆₀ ^* and³C₆₀ ^* occurred in Ph(n)C₆₀ (n=8, 10, 12). In benzene, on the other hand, no electron transfer to both¹C₆₀ ^* and³C₆₀ ^* took place in all linked compounds. These results were interpreted in terms of the different Gibbs free energy changes in the two solvents.     

Energy levels in As from the As(p,d) As reaction

The ⁷⁵As(p, d) ⁷⁴As reaction has been used to identify 23 excited states in ⁷⁴As. The l_n values, or mixture of l_n values, to 19 levels have been determined from DWBA fits. The spectroscopic sum rules show a neutron shell filling which is consistent with other N = 42 isotones.     

Observation of hydrogenlike and heliumlike krypton spectra

Hydrogenlike and heliumliken=2→n=1 lines in Kr have been produced and studied for the first time. HydrogenlikeL y α lines have been observed and the fine structure interval has been determined. The absolute energy of the¹P₁,³P₂,³P₁ lines of heliumlike Kr have been measured and compared to Multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock Calculations.     

Lifetime measurements of Rydberg states in the 6snd 1 D 2-series of BaI

We have measured the lifetimes of 10 Rydberg states from 6s8d ¹ D ₂ to 6s 17d ¹D₂ in the Ba I spectrum by time-resolved recording of the exponential decay of the resonance fluorescence in an atomic beam. The excitation was performed by use of two pulsed dye lasers simultaneously pumped by one nitrogen laser. The lifetime results differ strongly from Coulomb approximation calculations and show deviations from a(n ^*)³-dependence.     

Measurement of total decay rates of excited states in a deuterium plasma by laser-resonance fluorescence

In a deuterium plasma with an electron density of 2.8 × 10¹³ cm^-3 and an electron temperature of 1850 K, the n = 2 level is coupled to the n = 6 level by absorption of short-pulsed laser light. Due to inelastic and superelastic electron collisions, the enhanced n = 6 population density is distributed to its neighbouring levels, i.e., n = 5 and n = 7. The laser-resonance fluorescences of the Balmer lines D₅, D₆, and D₇ were measured with time resolution. The transient behaviour of the fluorescence is compared with numerical calculations, which are based on the rate equations for population densities of a system with 5 states. It is observed that the rate coefficients of Johnson cannot explain our experimental data. The coefficients of Vriens and Smeets compare favourably with the measurements within experimental errors.     

Nano-control of self-assembled biomolecular structures

We have controlled the structure of self-assembled systems by introducing charges (charge effect) and polymeric tails (steric effects) on a spherical–cylindrical shape of nonionic surfactant micelles. In detail, we studied the effects of a phospholipid (DL-α-phosphatidycholine dimyristol: DMPC) on the shape of nonionic surfactant micelles (penta-ethyleneglycol mono-n-dodecyl ether: C₁₂E₅), which has been studied in terms of an aggregation number, critical micellization concentration (CMC), second virial coefficient (A₂), and hydrodynamic diameter (D_H) by laser light scattering. DMPC, DOPC (DL-α-phosphatidylcholine dioleoyl), and DMPE (DL-α-phosphoethanolamin dimyristol) molecules added in C₁₂E₅ micelle solutions decrease the spontaneous curvatures, leading to an increase of the end-cap energy E_c that favors micellar growth. Based on the CMC values, the total free energy per micelle of C₁₂E₅/DMPC mixtures is estimated. The free energy per micelle of C₁₂E₅/DMPC mixtures decreases as DMPC is added. This is consistent with the decrease of A₂ and the strong hydrophobicity of DMPC compared with C₁₂E₅. The average contour length, the diffusion coefficient, and the end-cap energy of mixed micelles are estimated based on the CMC and molecular specific volumes of the moiety. The end-cap energy of the mixed micelles and the average contour length increase as DMPC is added, which is also reasonable considering the molecular structure of DMPC. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic laser light scattering are in excellent agreement with the estimated diffusion coefficients obtained from a one-dimensional growth model based on static light scattering measurements.Charged lipid (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane) and polymer lipid (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-[poly(ethylene glycol)]) increase the spontaneous curvatures, resulting in breaking micelles into small size. When the lipids are added, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles of C₁₂E₅/lipids is nearly temperature independent due to the strong charge or steric repulsion.     

Semiinclusive two-particle correlations and independent cluster emission at ISR energies

Semiinclusive two-particle correlations are calculated in the independent cluster emission model. The resulting semi-inclusive correlation functions ?₂ⁿ(y₁ = y₂ = 0) agree rather than well experimental data, esp. with respect to the multiplicity dependence. The average number of charged particles per cluster found from comparison with semiinclusive data is 2.5 charged particles per cluster, a value found earlier also from analysis of inclusive correlations.     

The ν6 parallel band of cyclopropane at 3100 cm−1

The ν₆ fundamental of cyclopropane has been recorded on a 4.5-m vacuum spectrometer. Deconvolution of the spectrum has revealed considerably more detail than found in previous investigations. New information of a qualitative nature has been learned about the highly perturbed upper state and improved values of the band center and the upper-state rotational constant have been obtained. A lower-state combination-difference analysis using J values up to J = 23 has resulted in values of B″ and D″_J which are in excellent agreement with recent investigations. The following values of molecular constants, in wavenumber units (cm^?1), have been determined: B″ = 0.67023, D″_J = 0.93 × 10^?6, ν₀ = 3101.529, and B′ ? B″ = ?0.0019. The present data have been used with data from recent Raman and infrared spectra of C₃H₆ in a combined least-squares fit to the ground-state constants.     

Hyperfine structure and radiative lifetimes in the 3s 2 n p 2 P 3/2 sequence of27Al using time resolved laser spectroscopy

Using time-resolved laser spectroscopy we have determined the hyperfine structure in the 3s ² n p ² P _3/2 sequence of²⁷Al (I=5/2). The magnetic-dipole interaction constants were found to scale withn ^*?2.85 (n ^* is the effective principal quantum number) in the investigated regionn=6–12. Significant quadrupole interaction constants were obtained forn=6–9. The measured radiative lifetimes forn=6–12 scale withn ^*2 .     

The Torsion–Inversion Energy Levels in theS1(n, π*) Electronic State of Acetaldehyde from High-Resolution Jet-Cooled Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum (LIF) of acetaldehyde that results from the emission from theS₁(n, π*) electronic state has been observed under very high resolution with a CW pulse-amplified laser under jet-cooled conditions. The origins of seven bands were determined by rotational analyses with a rigid-rotor Hamiltonian. The origins were fitted to a set of levels that were obtained from a Hamiltonian that employed flexible torsion–wagging large amplitude coordinates. The potential surface derived from the fitting procedure yielded barriers to torsion and inversion of 721.43 and 585.13 cm⁻¹, respectively. Minima in the potential hypersurface at θ = 58.6° and α = 35.7° defined the corresponding equilibrium positions for the torsion and wagging coordinates.     

Efficient second harmonic generation in CDA

Efficient second harmonic generation at 0.532 μ has been achieved in a temperature tuned CDA crystal when a narrow beam divergence Nd:YAG laser was used. At a crystal temperature of 40.3°C, a peak second harmonic power of 7.5 MW was obtained with a peak power conversion efficiency of 33%. The temperature variation of the refractive indices in CDA has been determined to be d(n^e_2ω?n⁰_ω)/dT = 7.2 × 10^?5°C^?1.