A study on spatially extended phase objects using speckle photography

We present an application of an improved speckle photography technique for spatially extended phase objects. A contour mapping of a thin lens displaying its phase variation is presented. A theoretical analysis is investigated followed by the experimental presentation. Reasonable interference fringes are obtained and compared with the fringes obtained for hot air. The phase information of the object is extracted using the point-by-point technique.     

Refractive index measurement

A method for the determination of refractive index, which may be applied to plane-parallel transparent materials is described. It can be used for materials whose refractive indices are large (that is > 1.7) and it gives an accuracy of 6–7 units in the fifth decimal place. Experimental verification of the method has been performed to justify the accuracy.     

甲苯硝化物的折光率及介电波谱

介电波谱 (DS)用偶极及折射率作为探测器以测试介电物质的结构和反应过程。介电分析比较简单 ,并能得到其它方法不可能得到的结果。以 2 ,4 二硝基甲苯和 2 ,6 二硝基甲苯 (同分异构体 )为介电波谱分析的示例 ,得到了很好的结果。     

用数字滤波消除散斑条纹图噪声

本文讨论了散斑摄影条纹图的噪声来源及模型,设计合适的数字滤波器.采取正交实验手段,全面分析了噪声、条纹对比度和密度对条纹方向及间距测量精度的影响.     

利用旋转液体特性测量液体折射率

在XY-1型旋转液体实验仪的圆柱形容器底部加装了圆形平面镜,利用旋转液体的几何特性和折射定律,即可测量液体的折射率.     

光纤模斑谱复合材料固化传感器研究

本文报道了一种新型光纤传感器,其原理为通过测量光纤末端近场模斑谱来反映埋置在周围的树脂折射率的变化。计算了随着在树脂固化过程中折射率变化的功率谱密度分布,给出截止频率与折射率的近似关系。通过测量折射率匹配液,对传感器误差进行了估计。给出了利用这种传感器进行复合材料树脂固化监测的实验结果。发现这种光纤传感器的信号可以用来反映固化凝胶点和固化结束点。指出由于固化后光纤仍保持光波导特性,该光纤还可以用来监测受环境扰动的结构,如温度变化、振动等     

Refractive index of standard oils as a function of wavelength and temperature

The refractive indices (n) of eight standard oils from Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany were determined with an accuracy of ±1×10⁻⁴ by using Abbe Refractometer. The measurements were performed at temperature 20°C in the spectral range 0.4–0.7 μm. The experimental data were fitted to the simple Cauchy dispersion formula and the results were found to be consistent within the limits of experimental error. In all cases, the refractive index decreased monotonically with increasing wavelength. The refractive indices (n) of these oils have been measured as a function of the temperature t (20°C up to 50°C) at λ=0.589 μm and were found to have linear temperature dependencies. The refractive indices of the studied oils and the uncertainty in their values are calculated at λ=0.589. The Lorentz–Lorenz (L–L) formula has been tested and it was found to be valid with a maximum deviation of 0.4% and was used to calculate the molecular polarizability θ.     

测量光纤折射率分布还原算法的研究

用透射式微分干涉法测量光纤内部折射率分布,其原理是利用旋转检偏器对测量光束进行调制,从相位分布和光程分布中计算出折射率分布。其中,从光程分布中解算出折射率分布的算法是关键。讨论了该算法的数学模型,推导了测量公式,并对算法的稳定性和误差进行了分析。利用自行研制的系统对渐变折射率分布光纤进行实测,与在NR 9200光纤测量仪上的结果进行了比较,对主要误差源进行了分析和计算机模拟。实测和模拟计算结果表明,该算法原理正确,系统稳定,测量精度优于10-3,完全可以用来测量光纤折射率分布。     

Refractive index distribution measurements by means of spectrally-resolved white-light interferometry

A new procedure to measure the spatial distribution of the refractive index in transparent media is presented. It is based on the spectral analysis of optical interferograms obtained from a wide, continuous-spectrum light source. The method yields fairly high precision (up to 10^-8) in the measurements of local values of differential refractive index, Δn (Δn=n−n_ref), along a line in the sample. By means of a CCD TV-camera linked to a microcomputer, fast recording and automatic data processing are achieved. As an application, we present an experimental study of a thermal gradient in a liquid sample.     

旋转孔径白光散斑照相法的研究

本文报道利用旋转孔径法进行白光散斑照相,研测动态问题.其不仅具有旋转孔径激光散斑照相的优点,而且最突出的优点是能走出实验室,到现场进行动态测量研究.     

大尺寸磷酸二氢钾晶体的折射率均一性研究

采用德国Trioptics公司生产的新一代全自动高精度折射率测量仪,测量了磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体不同部位的样品位于近紫外到近红外波段(0.253—1.530μm)内12个不同波长处的折射率,测量精度达到10-6量级.结果表明,大尺寸KDP晶体不同部位样品的折射率存在不均一性,靠近晶体恢复区的样品折射率小于晶体锥头区的样品折射率,偏差在10-5—10-4量级.研究发现,这种折射率不均一性与晶体不同部位的结晶质量存在差异有关.另外,将测量数据与其他文献中的数据进行对比.结果显示,所测试的样品数、波段宽度、测量点数量以及数据的精度均超过其他文献,结合测试条件分析了不同文献数据存在差异的原因.最后,使用最小二乘法拟合得到了KDP晶体较为可靠的Sellmeier方程.     

Automatic refractive index profiling of fibers by phase analysis method using Fourier transform

Automatic fringe pattern analysis is a powerful and inexpensive digital image-processing technique. It is used to analyze the fringe pattern obtained by different optical techniques, such as multiple-beam Fizeau fringes. To perform accurate and fast automatic measurement of fiber refractive index profile, phase analysis method has been used with the Fourier transform technique. In this paper, the refractive index profiles of polyethylene fibers with different draw ratios are presented by two methods, fringe shift method and phase analysis method. A comparison between the results obtained is presented.     

基于光纤白光干涉测量技术的折射率测量仪

设计了基于光纤白光干涉测量技术的折射率测量仪,用来测量尺寸较小、形状简单的透光材料折射率。与传统折射率检测方法相比较,光纤折射率测量仪具有设备尺寸小、测量精度高、操作简易、便于携带等优点。实验测得某种石英玻璃的折射率值为1.464,与标准值偏差为0.02,误差为1.4%;测得某种普通玻璃的折射率为1.502,与标准值偏差为0.002,误差为0.1%;测得K9玻璃的折射率为1.507,与标准值偏差为0.009,误差为0.6%。     

Refractive index sensing by using Fano resonance enhanced two‐photon luminescence

Utilizing three‐dimensional vectorial electromagnetic simulation, we propose a new refractive index sensing mechanism based on Fano resonance enhanced two‐photon‐absorption induced luminescence (TPL). The TPL from gold nanodisk heptamer (GNDH), which is affected by the refractive index of surrounding material, is used as an example to demonstrate the sensing mechanism facilitated by Fano resonance. The sensitivity of our method is about one order of magnitude better than the conventional refractive index sensing strategy employing plasmonic Fano resonance, while the size of the sensing probe can be further reduced at the same time.

     

Improvement of ultrasound speckle image velocimetry using image enhancement techniques

Ultrasound-based techniques have been developed and widely used in noninvasive measurement of blood velocity. Speckle image velocimetry (SIV), which applies a cross-correlation algorithm to consecutive B-mode images of blood flow has often been employed owing to its better spatial resolution compared with conventional Doppler-based measurement techniques. The SIV technique utilizes speckles backscattered from red blood cell (RBC) aggregates as flow tracers. Hence, the intensity and size of such speckles are highly dependent on hemodynamic conditions. The grayscale intensity of speckle images varies along the radial direction of blood vessels because of the shear rate dependence of RBC aggregation. This inhomogeneous distribution of echo speckles decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a cross-correlation analysis and produces spurious results. In the present study, image-enhancement techniques such as contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), min/max technique, and subtraction of background image (SB) method were applied to speckle images to achieve a more accurate SIV measurement. A mechanical sector ultrasound scanner was used to obtain ultrasound speckle images from rat blood under steady and pulsatile flows. The effects of the image-enhancement techniques on SIV analysis were evaluated by comparing image intensities, velocities, and cross-correlation maps. The velocity profiles and wall shear rate (WSR) obtained from RBC suspension images were compared with the analytical solution for validation. In addition, the image-enhancement techniques were applied to in vivo measurement of blood flow in human vein. The experimental results of both in vitro and in vivo SIV measurements show that the intensity gradient in heterogeneous speckles has substantial influence on the cross-correlation analysis. The image-enhancement techniques used in this study can minimize errors encountered in ultrasound SIV measurement in which RBCs are used as flow tracers instead of exogenous contrast agents.     

Refractive index of two-level gas in quantized field of counterpropagating waves

An expression for the refractive index of a gas of two-level atoms in the quantized single-mode field of counterpropagating waves is calculated. It is shown that in the limit of large numbers of photons the result reproduces the quasiclassical result in only the case of standing wave where intensities of both waves are equal. Explanation of this “strange” situation where the abilities of quantum field theory turn to be more restricted than those of classical theory is given.     

Microscopic 3-D displacement field measurements using digital speckle photography

A technique to measure object shape and 3-D displacement fields in micro-scale is offered by microscopic stereo digital speckle photography. The displacement of the random features that are often present on many engineering surfaces when viewed in a microscope is measured with the system, using image correlation. In this paper the equipment, physical model and calibration routines are described. The technique can be applied for sub-mm sized objects of arbitrary shape for small deformation fields. As a verifying experiment, an in-plane rotation of a flat calibration plate is presented. The expected in-plane errors are shown to be less than 0.1 μm and the corresponding out-of-plane errors about three times larger. As a pilot experiment, micro-structural paper expansion is studied, when exposed to humidity. The scaling properties of the microscope as well as the sampling criteria and reliability of the system are discussed in detail.     

Matlab软件在迈克尔逊实验仪测空气折射率中的应用

通过压强变化时显示屏上干涉条纹出现或者消失的数量,迈克尔逊实验仪可以测定空气的折射率。实验中测量的物理量较多,人工处理数据比较繁琐,且容易出错,因此使用Matlab软件处理数据可以直接得到不同气压的空气的折射率,处理过程快捷精确。Matlab软件处理数据时,对实验数据进行了最小二乘法处理,可以得到空气折射率随气压变化的拟合直线。     

石英玻璃紫外波段折射率测量

 折射率是光学材料基本参数之一,采用直角照射法折射率测量原理,以光电瞄准法紫外光信号探测、气浮轴承构成精密测角仪角度精确测量、锁相放大器微弱信号检测、软件分析角度值与光强度变化的数据处理模型、计算机自动控制等手段,完成了一套光学材料紫外波段折射率测量仪,实现了光学石英玻璃紫外波段折射率自动测量,并实际测量得到了250 nm~450 nm波长下光学石英玻璃的折射率值。     

利用光子晶体测量透明液体折射率

设计了用反Opal结构光子晶体测量透明液体折射率的实验.根据布拉格公式推导了用反Opal光子晶体测量透明液体折射率的公式.利用紫外-可见分光光度计分别测得光子晶体处于空气和透明液体中的透射谱,由透射谱分别确定光子晶体处于2种介质中的禁带中心波长,将中心波长代入测量公式即可得到透明液体折射率.实验测量了水和甘油的折射率,得到了与公认值相吻合的结果.