Transport and focusing of a low-energy electron beam in low-pressure ionized argon

The transport and focusing of low-energy electron beams with effective transfer of stored energy in low-pressure ionized argon are investigated under the conditions of a high degree of charge neutralization in an external longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that a nonuniform magnetic field provides the range of parameters where one can tightly stabilize the position of the maximum of the beam on the target and, if necessary, compress the beam. It is demonstrated that the parameters of the electron beam can be controlled by appropriately selecting the configuration of the magnetic field matched to self-fields.     

短脉冲强激光驱动磁重联过程的靶后电势分布特征

超短超强激光因其极端的物理参数范围以及可用于研究相对论等离子体等特征,成为当前激光驱动磁重联物理的研究热点.通常采用两路激光与平面靶相互作用实现激光驱动磁重联,然而在实验诊断中,由于激光等离子体自身的复杂性导致很难辨别磁重联的物理特征.本文对两路短脉冲激光驱动平面靶磁重联进行了数值模拟,重点分析了靶后电势分布特征和磁重联之间的关系.模拟结果显示,靶后电势分布可以直接影响被加速离子在探测面上的空间分布,因此可用来直接诊断短脉冲激光驱动磁重联实验.     

Construction and study of a magnetoactive plasma ion source

The interaction of intense electron beams with plasmas in a nonuniform magnetic field is studied for the purpose of obtaining a magnetoactive plasma ion source. The resulting experimental data are used to trace the dynamics of the changes in the basic parameters of the source, both during the stage where it interacts with the beam and in the cooling stage. It is found that the charged particles are contained for a long time and that the efficiency of energy transfer from the beam to the source is high. This source is intended to be used for shaping and accelerating multiampere ion beams. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 44–47 (April 1999)     

高品质激光尾波场电子加速器

激光尾波场电子加速的加速梯度相比于传统直线加速器高了3—4个量级,对于小型化粒子加速器与辐射源的研制具有重要的意义,成为当今国内外的研究热点.台式化辐射源应用需求的提高,特别是自由电子激光装置的快速发展,对电子束流品质提出了更高的要求,激光尾波场电子加速的束流品质和稳定性是目前实现新型辐射源的首要障碍.本文归纳整理了中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所电子加速研究团队十年来在研制台式化激光尾波场电子加速器过程中采取的方案和取得的进展.例如率先提出了注入级和加速级分离的级联加速方案,通过实验获得了GeV量级的电子束能量;基于级联加速方式利用能量啁啾控制,实验获得世界最高品质的电子束流;通过优化激光系统稳定性和特殊的气体喷流结构,获得稳定的高品质电子束流输出等.这一系列实验结果有利于进一步推进激光尾波场电子加速器的应用.     

非均匀磁场约束条件下的电子束空气等离子体特性

为了揭示大气环境电子束等离子体的性质,基于蒙特卡罗程序包Geant4建立了一个包含电离、激发以及轫致辐射等物理过程的计算模型,用于模拟非均匀磁场约束条件下高能强流稳态电子束的输运特性、以及大气环境等离子体的性质。结果表明:非均匀磁场可以有效控制电子束在空气中的输运轨迹,显著降低电子束的发散;随着电子束在空气中行程的增加,电子束能谱开始展宽并向低能区移动;输运装置出口能量损失比电子束射程末端高2个量级,且随着电子束输运距离的增加,等离子体密度降低;等离子体密度的高低与电子束能量直接相关。     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。     

Generation of high-current relativistic electron beams with stable (for a microsecond) parameters using explosive emission cathodes

Cold explosive emission cathodes, in which a plasma serves as an emitting surface, are used to generate relativistic electron beams with a high current density in a magnetic field. The plasma parameters change within a microsecond, thereby significantly changing the geometry of the electron beam. This paper is a review of techniques for stabilizing the geometry of microsecond high-current relativistic electron beams. It is shown that only a transverse-blade explosive emission cathode in a magnetically insulated diode can generate such beams (500 keV, 3 kA) the current density profile and electron trajectory pitch factor of which remain constant for a microsecond.     

Estimation of the longitudinal electric field produced by a relativistic electron beam in a plasma

An axially symmetric model is used to analytically estimate the longitudinal electric field created in a plasma by an injected electron beam. The relationship can be used to estimate the electron beam energy loss in the range of parameters where theoretical studies rely only on numerical simulations. The results are of interest for creating relativistic electron beams, studying their relaxation in plasma, and developing new methods for charged particle acceleration.     

Temperature and density measurements in a non-axisymmetric,continuously operating fusion experiment using a heavy ion beam probe

Two-dimensional electron temperature and density data have been obtained in the midplane of the non-axisymmetric magnetic confinement device ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) through the use of a heavy ion beam probe. This beam probe differs from others operated on toroidal or open magnetic geometries in its combination of complete computer control with the steady-state nature of EBT which allows, under normal operating conditions, for extensive calibration of the system in situ, minimizing both alignment and acquisition errors, along with the use of synchronous detection to dramatically improve the quality of the detected signal over what is typically possible in fast pulse devices. These techniques are important and applicable to long pulse devices where the beam probe may be an ideal diagnostic to measure, for example, parameters of the edge plasma. While the EBT beam probe was implemented to obtain profiles of plasma space potential, we have found that it can also be used effectively to measure the temperature and density profiles in the midplane between magnetic field coils. The data obtained support the contention that the formation of a hollow temperature profile in the T-Mode sufficiently inverts the plasma pressure such that stability of the core plasma would be expected even without diamagnetic effects from the hot electron rings which have previously been considered essential     

Low-impedance plasma systems for generation of high-current low-energy electron beams

The results of experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the generation of low-energy (tens of keV) high-current (up to tens of kA) electron beams in a low-impedance system consisting of a plasma-filled diode with a long plasma anode, an auxiliary hot cathode, and an explosive emission cathode. The low-current low-voltage beam from the auxiliary cathode in an external longitudinal magnetic field is used to produce a long plasma anode, which is simultaneously the channel of beam transportation by residual gas ionization. The high-current electron beam is formed from the explosive emission cathode placed in the preliminarily formed plasma. Numerical modeling is performed using the KARAT PIC code.     

强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的产生及其特性的研究

本文论述产生强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的物理机制及其特性,结合国际上和中国原子能科学研究院的工作来说明产生这种束流的几个关键的技术问题,如阴极等离子体的形成和运动,电子束流自磁场对束流箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响、阳极等离子体的形成及其影响等。至今为止国际上尚未形成一种比较严格的理论模型来解析该二极管中的电子束行为,本文试图将国际上有关这方面的研究做个综述并对一些分析做些改进,如束流自磁场对箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响。     

神龙二号热阴极注入器束流调试

神龙二号注入器是一台感应叠加型强流脉冲电子束源,采用热阴极工作模式,为神龙二号加速器提供间隔可调的三脉冲电子束。该注入器的束流调试采取PIC模拟和实验调试交互验证、互相促进的方式,先是通过束斑测量确定引导线圈磁场的加载范围,然后通过PIC方法逐级梳理阳极段束线各线圈的磁场配置,再通过束斑测量加以确认。通过这种束流调试方法,获得了保持束流脉冲平顶完整通过的三种磁场配置,以适应下游加速段束流传输的不同要求。讨论了影响束流调试效果的因素,认为提升神龙二号注入器性能的关键是进一步改进大面积热阴极发射的均匀性。     

Multi-pulsed intense electron beam emission from velvet,carbon fibers,carbon nano-tubes and dispenser cathodes

The experimental results of studies of four kinds of cathode emitting intense electron beams are demonstrated under multi-pulsed mode based on an experimental setup including two multi-pulse high voltage sources.The tested cathodes include velvet,carbon fibers,carbon nano-tubes(CNTs)and dispenser cathodes.The results indicate that all four are able to emit multi-pulsed beams.For velvet,carbon fiber and CNTs,the electron induced cathode plasma emission may be the main process and this means that there are differences in beam parameters from pulse to pulse.For dispenser cathodes tested in the experiment,although there is a little difference from pulse to pulse for some reason,thermal-electric field emission may be the main process.     

激光驱动强流电子束产生和控制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)电子束快点火物理方案中,需要超强拍瓦激光脉冲驱动MeV能量的强流电子束,并沉积数十kJ能量到压缩氘氚芯区。强流电子束的束流品质是影响点火成功的关键因素之一,为深入了解强流电子束产生物理过程,研制成了三维高性能、适应上万CPU核规模的并行粒子模拟程序,并开展了大规模数值模拟研究,探索了强流电子束的产生机制和输运规律。回顾了近几年来快点火研究团队围绕强流电子束产生和控制开展的研究,介绍了导致束流品质差的两大物理原因:预等离子体效应和束流不稳定性磁场的随机散射。针对这两个物理原因,提出了四种提高强流电子束品质的方法:(1)双层金锥靶减弱预等离子体的负面效应;(2)输运丝产生环向磁场准直强流电子束;(3)外加磁场导引强流电子束提高耦合效率;(4)抑制束流不稳定性以降低随机磁场对电子束流的散射。     

双等离子体团相互作用的磁流体力学模拟

利用商用磁流体力学模拟程序USIM对双等离子体团相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,分别考察和比较了双对流等离子体团在外加磁场和无外加磁场情况下,相互作用的物理过程.发现在外加磁场情况下等离子体团相互作用会伴随着磁重联(反向磁场)、磁排斥(同向磁场)以及一些不稳定过程.针对激光产生等离子体团错位相互作用实验,进行了标度模拟,发现外加磁场起着重要作用,进一步表明激光等离子体的磁化特征.研究结果为下一步在神光Ⅱ激光装置进行强磁环境下等离子体实验提供理论指导.     

微秒长脉冲有磁场高功率微波二极管真空界面设计

介绍了一种微秒长脉冲有磁场的真空二极管界面的设计和实验结果。采取了三种措施来抑制沿面闪络:一是阴极电子束挡板,用来拦截来自阴极和电子束漂移管的回流电子束;二是接地屏蔽板,使电场等势线和界面成约45°角,使阴极三结合点处发射的电子远离绝缘板;三是降低阴极三结合点处的场强,并使用一悬浮电位的金属环阻止电子倍增过程。计算了二极管内电场、磁场分布和电子束的运动轨迹并据此优化了真空界面的结构,实验验证了该二极管真空界面可以在400 kV、800 ns条件下正常工作,可以支持长脉冲高功率微波器件的研究。     

The long pulse effect in FEL's

The paper, by means of Green's function and Fourier spectral theory, investigates spontaneous radiation of a single pulse electron bean in free electron lasers with a helically periodical magnetic field. It is found that there are fast and slow electroagnetic waves as well as normal in the interaction region, and that the energy spectrum of spontaneous emission is not only dependent on the imposed helical field, but also modulated sensitively by the electron beam pulse. Under some conditions, the spectrum may have main peaks more than one, showing oscillations, that is, the long pulse effect.     

High-Power Modulated Intense Relativistic Electron Sources with Applications to RF Generation and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Recent advances in the physics and technology of the modulated intense relativistic electron beams (IREB's) are reviewed in this paper. Bunched dense electron beams can be used to construct high-power RF sources, which may critically affect future progress in fusion technology. In this paper a system is described in which electrical energy can be converted from a single pulse of relatively long duration into a series of subpulses of short duration (nanosecond and subnanosecond) and of high power (~1010 W). This electrical system consists of an IREB propagating through passive structures. The mutual interaction between the electron beam and one passive structure modifies the IREB so that power compression and beam modulation occur. When the modified IREB interacts with the next passive structure, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into electrical energy or RF energy. The beam current modulation depends on the injected IREB and the structure parameters. A 100-percent modulation of the current has been achieved. A single-beam source may be used for exciting radiation in a frequency range of 60 MHz to 10 GHz. In the frequency range of 60-750 MHz a modulated beam with power ~1010 W has already been achieved. IREB modulation at a frequency of ~3 GHz was performed and RF energy was extracted from the bunched beam with power output of 5 × 108 W.     

Features of cooling dynamics in a high-voltage electron cooling system of the COSY

An electron cooler designed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics for the Cooler Synchrotron COSY (Juelich, Germany) has been put into operation. The aim of this cooling device is to prevent the beam scattering on an internal target up to the maximal energy of the transmitted beam. The device provides cooling in a strong longitudinal magnetic field generated in a high-voltage area. The motion of electrons in the magnetic field considerably improves the kinetics of electron—ion collisions, because their transverse velocity component (which is very high as a rule) does not participate in the process. First experiments on electron beam cooling on energy 200 MeV were made in 2013. Early in 2014, sessions on electron beam cooling to 200, 350, 580, and 1660 MeV were carried out. In other experiments, deuterium beams were cooled down. Experimental data for the cooling time are compared with the respective theoretical predictions. These results may be used in cooling projects for the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany.     

Coherent control of THz wave generation in ambient air

Our study of THz wave generation in the pulsed laser induced air plasma with individually controlled phase, polarization, and amplitude of the optical fundamental wave (omega) and its second harmonic (2omega) indicates that the third-order nonlinear optical process mixing the omega and 2omega beams in the ionized plasma is the main mechanism of the efficient THz wave generation. The polarity and the strength of the emitted THz field are completely controlled by the relative phase between the omega and 2omega waves. The measured THz field amplitude is proportional to the pulse energy of the fundamental beam and to the square root of the pulse energy of the second-harmonic beam once the total optical pulse energy exceeds the plasma formation threshold. The optimal THz field is achieved when all waves (omega, 2omega, and THz waves) are at the same polarization in the four-wave-mixing process.