Sustainable Green Processing of Grape Pomace Using Micellar Extraction for the Production of Value-Added Hygiene Cosmetics

This study sought to evaluate the possibility of using grape pomace, a waste material from wine production, for the preparation of cosmetic components. Following the existing clear research trend related to improving the safety of cleansing cosmetics, an attempt was made to determine the possibility of preparing model shower gels based on grape pomace extract. A new method for producing cosmetic components named loan chemical extraction (LCE) was developed and is described for the first time in this paper. In the LCE method, an extraction medium consisting only of the components from the final product was used. Thus, there were no additional substances in the cosmetics developed, and the formulation was significantly enriched with compounds isolated from grape pomace. Samples of the model shower gels produced were evaluated in terms of their basic parameters related to functionality (e.g., foaming properties, rheological characteristics, color) and their effect on the skin. The results obtained showed that the extracts based on waste grape pomace contained a number of valuable cosmetic compounds (e.g., organic acids, phenolic compounds, amino acids and sugars), and the model products basis on them provided colorful and safe natural cosmetics.     

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with simultaneous derivatization coupled to fibre optics-based cuvetteless UV-vis micro-spectrophotometry for formaldehyde determination in cosmetic samples

In this work, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction in combination with fibre optics-based cuvetteless UV-vis micro-spectrophotometry has been proposed as a novel method for the determination of formaldehyde in water-based cosmetics such as shampoo, conditioner and shower gel. The use of a powerful cup-horn sonoreactor allows simultaneous extraction and derivatization of the samples without any pre-treatment. The type and volume of organic extractant solvent, need for a disperser solvent, sonication conditions (sonication time and amplitude), ionic strength and centrifuging time have been carefully studied. Matrix effects were also evaluated. The European official method for quantification of formaldehyde in cosmetic products was used for comparison purposes. An important improvement in sensitivity and sample throughput as well as miniaturization was achieved. A limit of detection of 0.02 μg g⁻¹ of formaldehyde and a repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation of 5.9% were obtained.     

Gamma irradiation improves the antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) extracts

Aloe has been widely used in food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics because of its aromatic and therapeutic properties. In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel were gamma-irradiated from 10 to 100 kGy. After gamma irradiation, the color of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel changed to red; this color persisted up to 40 kGy but disappeared above 50 kGy. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the production of a new, unknown compound (m/z=132) after gamma irradiation of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel. The amount of this unknown compound increased with increasing irradiation up to 80 kGy, and it was degraded at 100 kGy. Interestingly, it was found that gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant activity, as measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activity of aloe extract was dramatically increased from 53.9% in the non-irradiated sample to 92.8% in the sample irradiated at 40 kGy. This strong antioxidant activity was retained even at 100 kGy. These results indicate that gamma irradiation of aloe extract can enhance its antioxidant activity through the formation of a new compound. Based on these results, increased antioxidant activity of aloe extracts by gamma rays can be applied to various industries, especially cosmetics, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.     

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Iris tuberosa as Potential Preservative in Cosmetic Products

Biogenic-silver nanoparticles emerge as new nanosilver platforms that allow us to obtain silver nanoparticles via “green chemistry”. In our study, biogenic-silver nanoparticles were obtained from Iris tuberosa leaf extract. Nanoparticles were characterized by a UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamical light scattering technique. The transmission electron microscope revealed spheric and irregular nanoparticles with 5 to 50 nm in diameter. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated against typical microbial contaminants found in cosmetic products, showing high antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, natural moisturizing cream was formulated with biogenic-silver nanoparticles to evaluate the preservative efficiency through a challenge test, indicating its promising use as preservative in cosmetics.     

Residue Analysis of Fluroxypyr-meptyl in Wheat and Soil by GC�CECD

C-Phycocyanin is a natural blue pigment with many commercial applications in foods, cosmetics, and medicines. In this paper we describe the extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The procedure is based on adsorption of impurities with chitosan and activated charcoal then one-step ion-exchange chromatography. The dry algal powder was soaked in potassium phosphate buffer for 2?h to furnish crude phycocyanin extract of purity 0.93. The crude extract was then treated with chitosan and activated charcoal for 5?min, which increased the purity to 2.78. After chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-25, the purity of phycocyanin was improved to 4.3. The identity of the purified phycocyanin was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate?Cpolyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and by spectroscopic measurements (UV?Cvisible spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetry). Compared with conventional methods, this method was simple, inexpensive, and time-saving.     

柱前衍生-萃取阻断反应-高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中游离甲醛

建立了柱前衍生化-萃取阻断反应-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定化妆品中甲醛的方法。化妆品中甲醛检测的难点是: 甲醛缓释剂类防腐剂在衍生过程中释放甲醛,影响游离甲醛的准确测定。以2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)乙腈溶液-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 2)(1:1, v/v)为提取溶液,于室温下快速衍生2 min后,立即加入二氯甲烷萃取,阻断衍生反应,经乙腈稀释后进行HPLC测定。以Agilent C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分离柱,乙腈-水(60:40, v/v)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,于355 nm波长下检测。在洗发水、乳液、膏霜、洗手液、牙膏、指甲油、粉饼中分别添加50、100、500、1000 μg/g 4个浓度水平的甲醛,其回收率为81%～106%,相对标准偏差(n=6)＜5.0%。方法的定量限(以信噪比(S/N)＞10计)为50 μg/g。该方法快速、简便、重现性好,且可以有效避免甲醛缓释剂类防腐剂分解释放甲醛,适用于化妆品中游离甲醛的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定染发剂中对苯二胺等32种染料组分

采用高效液相色谱法对甘肃27个市、州、县地区抽样的50批次染发剂类化妆品进行检验,分析染发类化妆品中使用的染料组分种类、含量情况.试验结果发现对苯二胺、间苯二酚、间氨基苯酚、对氨基苯酚等4种染料组分的使用频率较高.50批染发类化妆品不合格率为50%,其中包括未超规定限量,但产品的批件配方信息与包装标签标识存在问题的染发剂22批次,二批次检出禁用组分,一批次检出苯基甲基吡唑啉酮超规定限量.说明染发类化妆品产品包装标签应进行规范,产品的批件配方信息与包装标签标识的一致性应加强监管.     

Determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetic products by LC–MS–MS

We have developed and validated in-house a liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in cosmetics. The sample is diluted with water and then a C18 clean-up is performed. The average recovery of NDELA is 88.3%, range 48.3-112.7%, and the limit of detection is 22.8 microg kg-1. The repeatability is 7.6%, and the intermediate precision is 8.7%. Surveys were carried out in the Netherlands in September and October 2002 to determine the quantities of NDELA in cosmetics marketed in the Netherlands. The LC-MS-MS method was used to determine the NDELA content of 140 cosmetic products including shower gels, hair oils, shampoos and conditioners, cream and foam baths, mud baths, scrubs, creme and other soaps, and body washes. NDELA at levels ranging from 23 to 992 microg kg-1 was found in 35 cosmetic products.     

同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中的N-亚硝基二乙醇胺

建立了化妆品中N-亚硝基二乙醇胺(NDELA)的同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。水溶性化妆品样品以水为提取溶剂提取,样品提取液经高速离心处理后,上清液过Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化。脂溶性化妆品样品用二氯甲烷和水混合溶剂进行液-液分配萃取。NDELA经Waters Atlantis T3色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm)分离后在多反应监测模式下进行串联质谱定性及定量分析,以d8-NDELA为内标定量。NDELA的方法定量限为50 μg/kg;在50-250 μg/kg的3个添加水平范围内的平均回收率为89.1%～98.2%,日内精密度均小于9%,日间精密度均小于11%。该方法能够满足化妆品中NDELA的检测要求。     

Antioxidant,antimicrobial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities of acetone extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascophyllum nodosum</Emphasis>

The search for new antioxidants of natural origin derived from plants and seaweeds is still very important at present. In our study, the acetone extract of A. nodosum was investigated for its potential use as a natural antioxidant, natural feed additive with antibacterial activity and as a tyrosinase inhibitor. This study could be useful in the context of improved utilization of the A. nodosum extract in the food and cosmetics industry, being not only economically advantageous but also environmentally friendly. Extracts showed antioxidant activity with application of different methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydracil DPPH· radicals scavenging (39 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), β-carotene-linoleic acid antioxidant assay (11 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), O₂· radicals scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 0.43 mg mL⁻¹), OH· radicals scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 1.55 mg mL⁻¹), and iron chelation ability (IC₅₀ 0.56 mg mL⁻¹). The extract showed considerable antibacterial activity being more effective against gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) than against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes). Results of tyrosinase assay for the acetone extract of Ascophyllum nodosum presented 65.6 % inhibition of tyrosinase activity at the IC₅₀ value of 0.1 mg mL⁻¹. The outcomes of our study support potential utilization of this brown seaweed as a source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant activity of the studied seaweed can be apparently explained by the free radicals scavenging activity, particularly related to the mechanisms of O₂⁻· radicals scavenging activity, OH· radicals inactivation, and iron chelation ability.     

微囊藻毒素-RR的纯化及鉴定

将固相萃取和凝胶色谱技术相结合,建立了以野外采集的水华蓝藻为原料提取和纯化微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)的有效方法。用70%的甲醇溶液溶解35 g藻浆,经离心等系列处理,得粗提液,旋转蒸发去除甲醇;粗提液经HLB柱固相萃取后,得到7.5 mL洗脱液,然后将其浓缩至2 mL,再用Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱柱分离纯化,洗脱液分管收集,用紫外分光光度计测定每管洗脱液在238 nm的吸收值,并绘制洗脱曲线。使用高效液相色谱对峰值组分进行鉴定,同时利用紫外分光光度计对毒素的光谱特征进行鉴定。最终获得3.65 mg纯度超过90%的MC-RR样品,产品得率为74.1%。其紫外吸收光谱在238 nm处有特征吸收,证明所纯化的样品为MC-RR。     

Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Talc as a Natural Mineral Filler and a Biodegradable Polymer Matrix in Sodium-Ion Batteries

A gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is used in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The use of biodegradable and water-soluble polymer potentially reduces the negative environmental impact. The other components include sodium salt (NaPF₆), sulfolane (TMS) as a plasticizer and talc. For the first time, natural and abundant talc has been used as an inert filler in a gel polymer electrolyte. The best results were obtained for moderate amounts of filler (1 and 3 wt%). Then, an increase in the conductivity, transference numbers, and thermal stability of the membranes was observed. Moreover, the presence of talc had a positive effect on the cyclability of the hard carbon electrode. The discharge capacity after 50 cycles of HC|1 % T_TMS|Na and HC|3 % T_TMS|Na was 243 and 225 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. The use of talc in gel polymer electrolytes containing sodium ions improves the safety and efficiency of SIBs.     

Functionality and Observed Versus Predicted Gel Points

An ambiguity in use of the term functionality is pointed out. The two most widely used relations (Flory, and Stockmayer and Kahn) connecting extent of reaction at the gel point and functionality are examined. The relations are shown mathematically to lead to the same result when all assumptions and definitions are considered. Measured gel points of polyesters are compared with those predicted by the equation. Deviations were less than 10% of the predicted values.

An ambiguity in definition has been observed for the word functionality which has led to unnecessary confusion of thought. It is believed that this confusion has often occurred and has been seen in the literature quite recently [1,2]. On the one hand, functionality has been used to mean the number of chain ends united at the branch points in a polymer network. Since branch points can unite no fewer than three chain ends, functionality in this sense can take on values of three or greater. Networks are most often three or four functional. If more than one type of branch point is present, the average functionality can be calculated as a fraction with a value above three.     

Antimicrobial Properties of Lyophilized Extracts of Olive Fruit,Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts against Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria and Fungi In Vitro and in Food Matrices

Several novel antimicrobials with different concentrations of olive, pomegranate, and orange fruit pulp extracts were produced from agricultural byproducts and, after lyophilization, their antimicrobial activity and potential synergistic effects were evaluated in vitro and in food samples against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi. The Minimum Inhibitory of the tested bacteria was 7.5% or 10%, while fungi were inhibited at a concentration of 10% or above. The optical density of bacterial and yeast cultures was reduced to a different extent with all tested antimicrobial powders, compared to a control without antimicrobials, and mycelium growth of fungi was also restricted with extracts containing at least 90% olive extract. In food samples with inoculated pathogens and spoilage bacteria and fungi, the 100% olive extract was most inhibitory against E. coli, S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes in fresh burger and cheese spread samples (by 0.6 to 1.8 log cfu/g), except that S. typhimurium was better inhibited by a 90% olive and 10% pomegranate extract in burgers. The latter extract was also the most effective in controlling the growth of inoculated fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) in both yogurt and tomato juice samples, where it reduced fungal growth by 1–2.2 log cfu/g at the end of storage period. The results demonstrate that these novel encapsulated extracts could serve as natural antimicrobials of wide spectrum, in order to replace synthetic preservatives in foods and cosmetics.     

Synergistic Effects of Magnetic Nanomaterials on Post-Digestate for Biogas Production

Digestate is characterized by high water content, and in the water and wastewater treatment settings, necessitates both large storage capacities and a high cost of disposal. By seeding digestate with four magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), this study aimed to recover biogas and boost its methane potential anaerobically. This was carried out via biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests with five 1 L bioreactors, with a working volume of 80% and 20% head space. These were operated under anaerobic conditions at a temperature 40 °C for a 30 d incubation period. The SEM/EDX results revealed that the morphological surface area of the digestate with the MNPs increased as compared to its raw state. Comparatively, the degree of degradation of the bioreactors with MNPs resulted in over 75% decontamination (COD, color, and turbidity) as compared to the control system result of 60% without MNPs. The highest biogas production (400 mL/day) and methane yield (100% CH₄) was attained with 2 g of Fe₂O₄-TiO₂ MNPs as compared to the control biogas production (350 mL/day) and methane yield (65% CH₄). Economically, the highest energy balance achieved was estimated as 320.49 ZAR/kWh, or 22.89 USD/kWh in annual energy savings for this same system. These findings demonstrate that digestate seeded with MNPs has great potential to improve decontamination efficiency, biogas production and circular economy in wastewater management.     

气相色谱法测定化妆品中的 VE 含量

介绍了一种用气相色谱法准确快速测定品中ＶＥ２含量的新方法。该法以ＶＣ作保护剂,用环已烷提取样品,ＳＥＰ－ＰＡＫ ＡＬＵＭ－Ａ小柱净化。以氯氰菊酯内标物,在１？５％ＯＶ＝－１７色谱柱上进行分离,测定化妆口中ＶＥ含量。内标物与样品的分离度为１．５５。平均回收纺为９４．３％～９８．８％,相对标准偏差为１．７％～３．５％（ｎ＝５）。     

Absolute quantification of superoxide dismutase (SOD) using species-specific isotope dilution analysis

Here we report for the first time the use of species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the absolute quantification of a metalloprotein using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GE-LA-ICP-MS). The concept utilises the intrinsic metals of the metalloprotein for labelling of the isotopically labelled spike (⁶⁵Cu, ⁶⁸Zn SOD). The stability of the metal–protein complex under non-denaturing conditions during 1-D PAGE was confirmed and the performance of the method evaluated. Between 4 and 64 μg, SOD was quantified with a recovery rate between 82% and 110% in a standard. The use of the isotopically enriched SOD was utilised to identify the extent of orthogonal diffusion in 1-D gel electrophoresis. Orthogonal diffusion of natural and isotopically enriched SOD in the gel can interfere with the correct determination of the isotope ratios. The matrix effect of a cytosolic liver extract on the non-covalently bound copper and zinc in SOD was evaluated and no significant metal loss from the SOD spike was observed. This study represents the first step necessary for establishing and evaluating the use of a species-specific isotope dilution approach for the absolute quantification of SOD in real samples based on the combination of gel electrophoresis and LA-ICP-MS.     

Enhanced control release of thyme essential oils from electrospun nanofiber/polyamidoamine dendritic polymer for antibacterial platforms

The motive of the present investigation is to probe the role of polyamidoamine dendritic polymer (PAMAM) as a nano‐carrier function on the stepwise‐release rate of thyme oil (TEO) as natural extract with a superior antibacterial property. To represent quantitative and kinetic trends of release from nylon 6 electrospun fiber mats of TEO from mats, single‐sensor gas diagnosis device as an applicable diagnostic tool was tested in a distinct time sheet. All mats were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface tension, contact angle, and antibacterial activity. As an outcome, PAMAM is major responsible for the pretending burst release due to the remarkable branches and cavities of PAMAM which encapsulate TEO. Noticeably, long‐term exposure of TEO was reached compared to the counterpart sample and a higher amount of PAMAM renders further functionality to protect guest molecules and not let them move easily in the atmosphere. It is realized that the essence release of mats with 2 and 10 wt% of PAMAM moieties last up to 9 and 12 days, respectively. Interestingly, all functionalized samples prevent the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and antibacterial value for samples with PAMAM surpassed 100% while decreased around 15 to 50% for mats without PAMAM over a 2‐week period. The results revealed that the functionalized samples were a promising fragrance delivery system with more effective antibacterial activity.     

Collagen Hydrolysate Prepared from Chicken By-Product as a Functional Polymer in Cosmetic Formulation

Chicken stomachs can be processed into collagen hydrolysate usable in cosmetic products. The aim of the study was to verify the effects of a carbopol gel formulation enriched with 1.0% (w/w) chicken hydrolysate on the properties of the skin in the periorbital area after regular application twice a day for eight weeks in volunteers ageed 50 ± 9 years. Skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin elasticity and skin relief were evaluated. Overall, skin hydration increased by 11.82% and 9.45%, TEWL decreased by 25.70% and 17.80% (always reported for the right and left area). Generally, there was an increase in skin elasticity, a decrease in skin roughness, as the resonance times decreased by 85%. The average reduction of wrinkles was 35.40% on the right and 41.20% on the left. For all results, it can be seen that the longer the cosmetic gel formulation is applied, the better the results. Due to the positive effect on the quality and functionality of the skin, it is possible to apply the cosmetic gel formulation in the periorbital area. The advantage of the product with chicken collagen hydrolysate is also the biocompatibility with the skin and the biodegradability of the formulation.     

Novel 2-Hydroxypropyltrimethyl Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives: Synthesis,Characterization, Moisture Absorption and Retention Properties

Recent years have seen a steady increase in interest and demand for the use of humectants based on biodegradable natural polymers in many fields. The aim of this paper is to investigate the moisture absorption and retention properties of 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan derivatives which were modified by anionic compounds via ion exchange. FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate the specific structures of chitosan derivatives. The degrees of substitution for objective products were calculated by the integral ratio of hydrogen atoms according to ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Meanwhile, moisture absorption of specimens was assayed in a desiccator at different relative humidity (RH: 43% and 81%), and all target products exhibited enhanced moisture absorption. Furthermore, moisture retention measurement at different relative humidity (RH: 43%, 81%, and drier silica gel) was estimated, and all target products possessed obviously improved moisture retention property. Specifically, after 48 h later, the moisture retention property of HACBA at 81% RH was 372.34%, which was much higher than HA (180.04%). The present study provided a novel method to synthesize chitosan derivatives with significantly improved moisture absorption and retention properties that would serve as potential humectants in biomedical, food, medicine, and cosmetics fields.