不同透析方式对山区透析患者生活质量的影响及相关因素分析

目的探讨不同透析方式对山区维持性透析患者生活质量的影响及相关因素分析。方法选取进行维持性透析患者90例（腹膜透析和血液透析患者各45例）,使用KDQOL—SFTM量表对两者进行生活质量评价,比较两种透析患者生活质量的差异,并对其临床资料进行分析,探讨其影响因素。结果腹膜透析组患者总体健康、疼痛评分、活力、心理健康总分以及KDTA总分、症状影响、睡眠质量均明显优于血液透析患者（均P〈0．05）。透析年限、文化程度及年龄是36项健康相关生存质量调查（SF-36）的影响因素（P〈0．05或001）,透析年限、文化程度是KDTA的影响因素（P〈0．05）。结论山区终末期肾病患者进行腹膜透析其生活质量明显优于血液透析。     

Analysis of the third European survey on working conditions with composite indicators

A composite indicator Working conditions for comparing European countries is constructed from data of the Third European Survey on Working Conditions. The main findings are as follows: (a) European countries differ with respect to working conditions statistically more significantly than with respect to earnings; it implies a quite accurate discrimination threshold in ranking countries with respect to working conditions, (b) working conditions and earnings positively correlate over the whole of Europe but correlate little within single countries; it indicates at the prevailing role of national determinants over professional or social specificities as contributing to the average working conditions, and (c) earnings play no essential role in subjective estimations, including job satisfaction, which mainly depends on working conditions; consequently, more attention should be paid to improving the latter.     

A diagnostic test for the distribution-free efficiency estimator: An example using U.S. commercial bank data

The distribution-free approach (DFA) to estimating X-efficiency assumes that individual firms exhibit constant inefficiency across time, and that inefficiency can be revealed by estimating a panel cost (or profit or production) function and averaging together the annual residuals for individual firms. However, the existing DFA literature may not pay enough attention to the consequences of including too many, or too few, time series observations in the data panel. This paper derives a test of whether additional annual data improves or worsens estimated X-efficiency, and demonstrates the test using a DFA cost efficiency model and U.S. commercial bank data from 1984 through 1994.     

美国的数学教育

本文是作者为意大利数学家写的一篇报告，作者是美国Center for Mathematical Education，Newton，MA的主任，鉴于其中对美国数学教育作了较全面的介绍，故摘译于此，希望有助于我们改进教学，作者还有另一篇文章讲中学数学教师的数学培训，因未找到，原文中涉及该文处，只好改写，又因为时间关系，没有逐句仔细翻译，但希望大意不错，请读者原谅。     

A note on “quality improvement and setup reduction in the joint economic lot size model”

In a recent paper, Affisco et al. [J.F. Affisco, M.J. Paknejad, F. Nasri, Quality improvement and setup reduction in the joint economic lot size model, European Journal of Operations Research 142 (2002) 497–508] propose a quality-adjusted joint economic lot size model that considers investments in quality improvement and setup cost reduction. In particular, they consider a single-vendor, single-buyer, deterministic demand economic lot-sizing problem, and they investigate the potential impact of economic investments in the vendor’s quality improvement and setup cost reduction efforts on the system-wide costs. However, the particular form of the investment function that they use to represent the cost of investments in quality improvement does not represent actual practice in many industries. Hence, in this note, we develop modified models for quality improvement and simultaneous quality improvement and setup cost reduction using a modified form of the investment function. Our fundamental results and conclusions are substantially different than those in Affisco et al. (2002).     

An economic¯X-chart approach to the joint control of the means of independent quality characteristics

Summary In controlling the mean of a multivariate normally distributed quality characteristic the main disadvantage of the globalT ²-control charts is that they don't indicate the component of the quality characteristic which gives rise to an alarm. To avoid this disadvantage the joint use of¯x-charts is proposed in this paper, where — for the sake of simplicity — the investigations are restricted to the case of independent components and to one-sided¯x-charts. On the basis of an economic objective function an approximation to the optimal design of the¯x-charts procedure is derived and discussed. It turns out that at least in the bivariate case the nearly optimal economic design is very close to the exact solution.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).     

Synthetic indicators of mutual funds’ environmental responsibility: An application of the Reference Point Method

Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) is broadly defined as an investment process that integrates not only financial but also social, environmental, and ethical (SEE) considerations into investment decision making. SRI has grown rapidly around the world in the last decades. In the last years, given the causes of the 2008 financial crisis, ethical, social, environmental and governance concerns have become even more relevant investment decision criteria. However, while a diverse set of models have been developed to support investment decision-making based on financial criteria, models including also social responsibility criteria are rather scarce.     

Build-1: A disaggregate model of the U.S. electric utility industry

We present a linear programming model of the U.S. electric utility industry which explicitly represents each of the nation's 300 electric utilities and the options each has for meeting demand for electric energy. The model has been designed to estimate how the utility industry would respond to changes in policy or energy markets, especially in the present period of slow growth in demand and limited opportunities for expansion. By estimating the use, upgrading, retrofitting, and retirement of individual generating facilities with known geographical coordinates, the model provides the geographically detailed results needed by models of pollutant transport and other regional environmental impacts.     

A new look at forecasting annual corporate earnings in the U.S.A.

In this study, composite earnings per share models are estimated for 35 chemical, food, and utility firms during the 1981–1982 period. Although it is generally held that financial analysts produce superior earnings forecasts when compared to time series model forecasts, the results of this study indicate that analysts fared very poorly in 1982 and the average mean square forecasting error of analyst forecasts may be reduced by 74.2 percent by combining analyst and univariate time series model forecasts. This reduction is very interesting when one finds that the univariate time series model forecasts do not substantially deviate from those produced by random walk drift models, the ARIMA (0, 1, 1) process. Moreover, despite the high degree of correlation existing among analyst and time series forecasts, the ordinary least squares estimation of the composite earnings model is a better forecasting model than the composite earnings models estimated with ridge regression and latent root regression techniques.     

A definition of information,the arrow of information,and its relationship to life

A new definition of information is proposed that is minimalistic and incorporates a lifetime requirement for conditions, (which we define here) applied to anything that can be considered to be information. The definition explicitly treats a state in thermodynamic equilibrium as an effectively zero information state. The definition includes the absolute requirement of selection for achieving information; the selection criterion being that the information directly or indirectly contributes to its own replication. The definition also explicitly incorporates the Laws of Thermodynamics, the Second Law leading to the requirement for replication. Finally, the definition explains the origin of information and predicts the monotonic increase of information with time. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011     

The same tasks,different learning opportunities: An analysis of two exemplary lessons in China and the U.S. from a perspective of variation

This study examined the learning opportunities afforded in two exemplary lessons based on a theory of variation. Implemented in China and the U.S., the two lessons focused on the same topic of patterns in a calendar and were carefully developed through a lesson study approach. Both lessons set similar learning goals but enacted these goals differently. When compared with the U.S. lesson, the Chinese lesson provided more learning opportunities through high cognitively demanding tasks focusing on different identities within patterns. However, the U.S. lesson, which featured fewer tasks and focused on a single pattern identity, may have better supported students in discerning the critical features within the objects of learning. The implications for task design and implementation for effective mathematics teaching are discussed.     

我国加速寿命试验研究的现状与展望

我国加速寿命试验研究的现状与展望．本文对我国在加速寿命试验的统计分析和最优设计方面的研究情况作了概括的总结,并指出了一些可以继续研究的领域     

A Netform System for Resource Planning in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management

We report an effective model and solution procedure for a major resource management problem of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (B.L.M.), enabling large practical applications to be solved 20-300 times faster than previously possible. The resulting system has proved a useful analysis tool, providing model interaction capabilities that are employed routinely by the B.L.M. an average of 700 times a month throughout the U.S.     

A Brief Comparison of the U.S. and Chinese Middle School Mathematics Programs

The U.S. generally has a less intense mathematics curriculum in the middle school grades than China. Some factors contributing to the lower intensity in the U.S. mathematics curriculum are textbooks with extensive drill, repetition of content, lack of challenging problem solving, lower curricular and cultural expectations, and ability grouping. In comparison, China utilizes challenging problem solving, sequential development of content without repetition, expectations of hard work, high values for mathematics by the curriculum and culture, and a common curriculum for all as aspects of mathematics instruction. The U.S. is taking a positive direction in its mathematics curriculum with the use of technology and reform while compulsory education is mandating that the theoretical depth of middle school curriculums in China be lowered for all of its students in grades 1–9.     

A Look at the Stationarity of 14 Quarterly U.S. Economic Time Series

Application of single series time series methods has become very popular, due, in particular, to the short term forecasting abilities of such models. This is particularly true of the Box-Jenkins linear models. In this paper, the relationship between the forecasting ability and the number of data points used in the estimation of Box-Jenkins models, for 14 economic time series, is considered, with the result that in a large number of cases, there is very little gain in analysing long historical records. In fact, it is possible that forecasting ability may be impaired if too many observations are considered.     

价格、需求与总收益——基于美国现房数据实证检验

基于美国现房数据,实证检验价格、需求与总收益之间的关系。研究表明,总收益与价格之间不存在长期均衡关系;总收益与需求之间也不存在长期均衡关系。更加进一步地,还发现总收益的变化量与价格的变化量、需求的变化量、需求价格弹性系数都有关,而总收益的变化率与价格变化率、需求变化率显著相关,但与需求价格弹性系数无关。因此,以总收益最大化为目标的企业,应该重视总收益的变化量或变化率。