子波分析辨识壁湍流猝发事件的能量最大准则

用子波分析的方法，对用热膜测速仪得到的平板湍流边界层中流向脉动速度信号，在时域空间和频域空间同时进行时频双局部化分解．用子波系数研究了壁湍流脉动动能随尺度的分布，提出了确定壁湍流猝发事件时间尺度参数的能量最大准则，用子波逆变换得到了猝发事件对应的速度信号波形     

VISAR测速中的信号丢失及丢失条纹数的确定

论述了ＶＩＳＡＲ测速中信号频率与被测速度增量的关系和光电倍增管、数字示波器所能响应的最高速度增量。分析了信号丢失的原因,给出了丢失条纹数的确定方法。最后对ＶＩＳＡＲ应用中如何正确选择条纹常数提出了建议。     

模式自适应连续小波去除趋势项方法在爆破振动信号分析中的应用

为了更精确提取爆破振动信号峰值速度、能量等重要特征,必须对爆破振动加速度信号时域积分中的趋势项予以去除。通过对实测爆破振动加速度信号进行梯形数值积分,提出以时域积分后的爆破振动速度信号来构造模式自适应小波基的方法,并用此方法去除时域积分后爆破振动速度信号中的趋势项,然后对去除趋势项后的爆破振动速度信号进行能量特征分析。结果表明:模式自适应连续小波法成功去除了时域积分后爆破振动速度信号中的趋势项;与建立在传统Fourier变换基础上的频谱分析相比,小波变换的能量分析具有更精细的频率分辨率,更适合于对频率分辨率要求更高的爆破振动信号进行分析;各频率区间范围划分越宽,爆破振动加速度信号与速度信号各频率区间内能量分布的相关程度越高,反之,相关程度越低。     

具有采样反馈的力控制系统稳定性

基于计算机的数字采样控制对离散信号进行运算并向作动器提供控制输入,是当前的主流控制技术.数字采样控制系统是这样一类控制系统,其控制对象由微分方程(组)描述,而控制律由离散采样信号给出.以采样PD(proportional-derivative)反馈作用下的单自由度力控制系统为例,基于离散系统的稳定性分析方法,研究采样控制律对控制系统稳定性的影响.为了突出采样反馈的作用,将系统取为无刚度、无阻尼的最简单形式.不同于已有研究假设位移采样信号与速度采样信号相互同步,本文研究当位移采样信号与速度采样信号不同步时受控系统的稳定性,发现位移采样信号与速度采样信号的采样周期不同组合对受控系统在增益平面上的稳定性区域有重要影响.结果表明,对所关心的三种数字采样反馈控制律,当位移采样信号滞后于速度采样信号一个采样周期时,受控系统具有最大的稳定性区域且对相同的增益值可以有最好的稳定效果.论文对这种现象进行分析,给出了一种力学解释.     

磁探针速度传感器研究

应用Hopkinson杆装置,对磁探针速度计进行了实验测定。发现对待测自由面速度阶跃,磁探针有两种类型稳定的输出信号,分别对应于不同的速度范围。对某个特定磁探针来说,其初始信号峰值与速度成正比的条件是速度大于某个阈值。实验还测定了间距大小对磁探针输出信号的影响,给出了磁探针对阶跃实验的响应波形。基于实验条件,本文探讨了磁探针原理、测量电路特性以及靶板涡流的穿透深度等理论问题,得到的结果可以定性解释磁探针的两种特征信号以及它们间的转化机理。本文工作表明,磁探针可以用来定量测量自由面速度的初始阶跃幅度,准确测定全时域的速度阶跃时刻,但不足以确定整个速度历史。为使这种传感器更加成熟,其结构和线路有待改进。     

激光干涉测速中信号光纤的模式色散对速度测量的影响

详细分析了测量任意反射面的激光干涉测速系统(VISAR)中信号光纤的模式色散对速度测量的影响,建立了数学分析模型,数值模拟了色散对比度因子与测速系统所使用的条纹常数和被测速度增量之间的关系。研究结果表明:（1）测速时使用的条纹常数越大,信号光纤模式色散的影响越小;（2）被测速度越大,信号光纤模式色散的影响越大;（3）阶跃折射率光纤的色散影响比剃度折射率光纤大得多。通过本项研究,给出了减小信号光纤模式色散的有效措施,对提高VISAR的干涉图对比度及测试精确度具有重要作用。     

Heterodyne Doppler global velocimetry

Doppler Global Velocimetry (DGV) is an imaging flow measurement technique which allows the measurement of the velocity distribution in a plane. In DGV the frequency shift of scattered light from moving particles within the flow is used to determine the local flow velocity. Heterodyne Doppler Global Velocimetry (HDGV) is a new approach which combines the imaging and geometrical characteristics of DGV with the measurement principles of reference beam laser Doppler anemometry. The frequency shifted scattered light from the flow tracers is heterodyned with a reference beam from the same light source. Due to interference the result of this superposition is a harmonic intensity modulated signal. This signal is detected using a smart pixel detector array to obtain the velocity distribution. Two different experiments are presented. The first experiment compares the measured velocity distribution of a rotating disk with its actual velocity. The second experiment demonstrates the capability of the technique to measure a real flow.     

Effective particle size range in laser-Doppler anemometry

The present paper points out that all existing laser-Doppler anemometer systems do not only operate within a finite range of Doppler frequencies but also work within a relatively narrow range of signal amplitudes. It is shown that this corresponds to a finite, and usually to an extremely small, range of particle diameters which contributes to the final LDA measurements. Because of this, the particle size distribution has to be matched to the LDA-system used for measuring particle velocities. If this is not taken into account in particle seeding, low data rates will result in spite of very high particle passage rates through the measuring control volume. This is shown experimentally and is supported by theoretical considerations.The present investigation results in conclusions regarding optimum particle size distributions for laser-Doppler anemometry. If fluid velocity measurements are attempted rather than particle velocity measurements, the particles still have to satisfy well known size requirements that are flow, fluid and particle density dependent.The experimental study employs a combined optical system for simultaneous measurements of particle velocity, particle size and particle concentration. The system is used to measure those particles of a spectrum of oil droplets that contribute to the validated signal output of counter and transient recorder based LDA-electronic signal processing systems.     

Separation between coherent and turbulent fluctuations: what can we learn from the empirical mode decomposition?

The performances of a new data processing technique, namely the empirical mode decomposition, are evaluated on a fully developed turbulent velocity signal perturbed by a numerical forcing which mimics a long-period flapping. First, we introduce a “resemblance” criterion to discriminate between the polluted and the unpolluted modes extracted from the perturbed velocity signal by means of the empirical mode decomposition algorithm. A rejection procedure, playing, somehow, the role of a high-pass filter, is then designed in order to infer the original velocity signal from the perturbed one. The quality of this recovering procedure is extensively evaluated in the case of a single tone perturbation (sine wave) by varying both the amplitude and the frequency of the perturbation. An excellent agreement between the recovered and the reference velocity signals is found, even though some discrepancies are observed when the perturbation frequency overlaps the frequency range corresponding to the energy-containing eddies as emphasized by both the energy spectrum and the structure functions. Finally, our recovering procedure is successfully performed on a non-stationary perturbation (linear chirp) covering a broad range of frequencies.     

基于等效输入的光纤陀螺带宽自主测试方法

针对光纤陀螺频带测试角震动台输入频率低的问题,通过在光纤陀螺反馈阶梯波上叠加正弦信号用于等效外部输入角速度,对陀螺解调输出信号按照幅值进行判断得到陀螺带宽。分析了输入等效正弦波幅值满足条件;针对正弦信号在相位调制器上调制产生的相位差随频率变化的缺点对相位差幅值进行补偿;提出了利用直接数字合成技术生成正弦波信号和极值搜索算法检测信号幅值的带宽检测方案,利用陀螺自身硬件基础实现自主检测。通过建立数字闭环光纤陀螺模型,利用Simulink进行了仿真分析。结果表明该检测算法能实现陀螺频带宽度的全频率范围测量,不受外部输入信号测试频率限制,能够用于光纤陀螺带宽测试。     

硅微陀螺正交误差及其对信号检测的影响

分析了硅微陀螺正交误差在运动方程中的表现,利用Simulink仿真研究了正交误差对信号检测的影响。文中先推导了不等弹性存在的情况下正交误差等效角速度的表达式,随后分析了某型硅微陀螺在角速度输入为0（°）/s和80（°）/s时敏感振动的频谱图,最后仿真分析了正交误差对模拟和数字检测电路的影响。经分析,对于模拟解调电路,正交误差会导致陀螺的零偏和温漂;对于数字解调电路,由于正交误差大大减小了敏感振动的电压幅值对角速度的标度因数,在AD量化噪声及其它电路噪声一定的情况下,会使陀螺零偏稳定性变差,从而限制了数字解调的优势。     

兰姆波测试信号的数字滤波处理

为了增加兰姆波测试信号特征提取的精度,降低噪声的影响,信号的预处理是必要的.本文采用一发一收兰姆波测试技术,在含有人工槽型缺陷的3mm厚铝板上进行了实验.选择带通无限长脉冲响应滤波器对兰姆波信号进行降噪.考虑到兰姆波的激发频率为250kHz,ⅡR滤波器的通带设置为160～330kHz.采用Hilbert变换获取滤波后信号的包络,结果显示,与滤波前兰姆波信号的包络相比,滤波后信号的包络更加平滑和清晰,各个波包的峰值可以唯一确定,为后续兰姆波信号的走时提取提供了方便.在此基础上,根据入射波与S0反射波峰值之间的时间间隔计算S0模式的群速度,结果与理论值较为接近,由此显示了滤波处理在兰姆波测试信号分析中的重要作用.     

Measurement of tonal-noise characteristics and periodic flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil

The characteristics of tonal noise and the variations of flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil in a uniform flow are studied by means of simultaneous measurement of noise and velocity field by particle-image velocimetry to understand the generation mechanism of tonal noise. Measurements are made on the noise characteristics, the phase-averaged velocity field with respect to the noise signal, and the cross-correlation contour of velocity fluctuations and noise signal. These experimental results indicate that the tonal noise is generated from the periodic vortex structure on the pressure surface of the airfoil near the trailing edge of the airfoil. It is found that the vortex structure is highly correlated with the noise signal, which indicates the presence of noise-source distribution on the pressure surface. The vorticity distribution on the pressure surface breaks down near the trailing edge of the airfoil and forms a staggered vortex street in the wake of the airfoil.     

水面舰船尾流电导率信号分布规律的研究

在舰船尾流区与非尾流区之间存在显著的速度差和盐度(或密度)差,利用电导率探头可获得对应于这些差别的尾流电导率信号。在水槽中形成了与海洋环境类似的盐度分层流场,由双螺旋桨自航水面船模产生尾流,分别在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中测量了尾流电导率信号的横向分布,并对盐度分层流场中水面舰船尾流的纵向速度分布进行了数值计算。结果表明:在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中水面舰船尾流的电导率信号沿其横向近似呈高斯分布;尾流速度对其电导率信号的影响比盐度梯度的影响大得多;尾流的无量纲纵向速度亏损的数值计算结果与尾流的相对电导率信号横向分布的实测结果具有很好的一致性。     

Consensus of second-order multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics and time delay

This paper aims at investigating the second-order consensus problem of the multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics. Since it is more difficult to obtain the velocity information compared with the position information in practical application, a very simple sufficient condition for updating the coupling gain of the velocity information exchange between each agent is firstly derived to achieve asymptotic consensus. Furthermore, communication delay of each agent is considered for velocity information exchange. The velocity signal from a virtual leader is introduced to reach the second-order consensus. All the above fundamental consensus criteria are guaranteed base on algebraic graph theory, matrix theory, and Lyapunov stability method. Two simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical results. The results obtained in this paper can be easily applied to various cases, which can facilitate practical designs for the second-order consensus.     

Stability and Hopf bifurcation of the maglev system with delayed position and speed feedback control

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of suspension system of maglev train with time-delayed position and velocity feedback signal is considered with rigid guideway. The stability conditions of the system are obtained with characteristic root method. The Hopf bifurcation direction and stability of the system at the critical point are also investigated. Based on center manifold reduction and Poincaré normal form theory, the general formula for the direction, the estimation formula of period and stability of Hopf bifurcating periodic solution are also given. It is shown that time delays can change the current complicated dynamic behavior. And the condition that the bifurcation may occur is given to restrain the dynamic response and vibration between vehicle and guideway of the system with time-delayed position and velocity signal.     

低速风洞微机控制闭环调速

本文提出一种用于调节低速风洞流速的测量及控制系统。该系统以微计算机为核心,不断采集风洞实验段的流速数据,并根据测量结果与指定值的比较去调节和控制风洞的电机转速,使风洞能准确地按指定风速运行或按予定的程序升速或降速,实现了低速风洞的闭环自动调速。本文给出了该系统的构成原理和性能实验结果。测试结果表明,本系统的超调量小于5％,稳态误差小于0.3％,调节时间小于50秒。     

Acoustic streaming measurements in standing wave resonator using Particle Image Velocimetry

This paper experimentally investigates the measurement of acoustic streaming in a 7 m long-standing wave air-filled acoustic resonator. One can describe the acoustic streaming as a second-order steady flow, which is superimposed on the dominant acoustic velocity. It is induced by the nonlinearities of the acoustic propagation inside the resonator. The exploration of the acoustic velocity field by the synchronized PIV (stands for Particle Image Velocimetry) technique enabled to highlight and quantify these secondary flows. The PIV measurements of the acoustic velocity fields at different phases over the excitation signal period gave information on streaming profiles and the post processing applied allowed plotting the acoustic velocity over time. These results were compared to the outcome of a 2D numerical study performed with the commercial software Fluent, where good agreements were found. It indicates the ability of this method to accurately measure second order steady flow variations of the acoustic velocity field.     

A swinging arm calibration method for low velocity hot-wire probe calibration

This paper describes a swinging arm calibration facility for the calibration of hot-wire probes at low velocities. During the motion of the probe the anemometer signal is recorded digitally using pre-set angle positions for the start and stop of the data acquisition. The evaluation method described in this paper is based on an integral procedure over a fixed, known probe path length. Tests in the velocity range 1 to 6 m/s demonstrated a high degree of repeatability of the calibration results. Furthermore, the test facilities can easily be adjusted for other low velocity ranges.     

Interfacial PIV to resolve flows in the vicinity of curved surfaces

PIV measurements near a wall are generally difficult due to low seeding density, low velocity, high velocity gradient, and strong reflections. Such problems are often compounded by curved boundaries, which are commonly found in many industrial and medical applications. To systematically solve these problems, this paper presents two novel techniques for near-wall measurement, together named Interfacial PIV, which extracts both wall-shear gradient and near-wall tangential velocity profiles at one-pixel resolution. To deal with curved walls, image strips at a curved wall are stretched into rectangles by means of conformal transformation. To extract the maximal spatial information on the near-wall tangential velocity field, a novel 1D correlation function is performed on each horizontal pixel line of the transformed image template to form a “correlation stack”. This 1D correlation function requires that the wall-normal displacement component of the particles be smaller than the particle image diameter in order to produce a correlation signal. Within the image regions satisfying this condition, the correlation function yields peaks that form a tangential velocity profile. To determine this profile robustly, we propose to integrate gradients of tangential velocity outward from the wall, wherein the gradient at each wall-normal position is measured by fitting a straight line to the correlation peaks. The capability of Interfacial PIV was validated against Particle Image Distortion using synthetic image pairs generated from a DNS velocity field over a sinusoidal bed. Different velocity measurement schemes performed on the same correlation stacks were also demonstrated. The results suggest that Interfacial PIV using line fitting and gradient integration provides the best accuracy of all cases in the measurements of velocity gradient and velocity profile near wall surfaces.