Evaluation of CF4 plasma chemistry by power modulation

The dominant chemical reaction kinetics occurring in the plasma environment are studied by small periodic power modulation and analyzed using transfer functions. A CF₄/Ar rf plasma at 500 mTorr was chosen to validate this experimental methodology because the kinetics of the CF, system have been well studied previously.(1) The experimental results demonstrated that the modulation technique can determine dominant reactions in the plasma. The experimental results also confirmed the importance of surface recombination reactions and provided quantitative total sticking coefficients for F, CF₂ and CF: _F=0.02, _CF2=0.05, and CF0.20. The results also indicated that an activated intermediate may be a precursor to the formation of both CF₂ and CF from CF₄. Energetic considerations and excited-.state lifetime calculations suggest that this activated intermediate may be an internally excited CF₃* radical.     

Reasons for Selective C–C Bond Rupture upon Photodegradation of the Long-Lived Perfluoro-2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentyl-3 Radical

A difference in the mechanisms of photoinduced and thermal decomposition of [(CF₃)₂CF]₂C · C₂F₅ radical was demonstrated on the basis of comparison of experimental results and quantum-chemical calculation data. Irradiation with light of < 320 nm resulted in transition of the radical to an excited state followed by the rupture of the CF₂–CF₃ bond having the greatest length in the ground state. In the thermal degradation of this radical (heating up to 373 K), the rupture >CF–CF₃ bonds is more favorable because of low activation barriers for the process (42–54 kJ/mol). The CF₂–CF₃ bond rupture during thermolysis is unlikely, since the corresponding activation barrier is as high as 84–109 kJ/mol.     

Perfluormthyl-Element-Liganden. XVII. Adduktbildung von MenE(CF3)3−n-Liganden mit BX3-Verbindungen (Me = CH3; E = P,As, Sb; n = 0–3; X = H,CH3, Hal)

Perfluoromethyl-Element-Ligands. XVII. Formation of Adducts of Me_nE(CF₃)_3?n Ligands with BX₃ Compounds (Me = CH₃; E = P, As, Sb; n = 0–3; X = H, CH₃, Hal) The ligands Me_nE(CF₃)_3?n (Me = CH₃; E = P, As, Sb; n = 0–3) have been prepared (partly using new methods) and studied by n.m.r. spectroscopy (¹H, ¹⁹F, ³¹P, ¹³C). In order to deduce their relative donor strength their reactions with the Lewis acids “BH₃”, BMe₃, BMe₃, Me₂BBr, and BX₃ (X = F, Cl, Br) have been studied. Control of adduct formation occurs by n.m.r. spectroscopy (¹H, ¹⁹F). The following series of decreasing basicity or acidity are obtained:      

The unusual chemical equilibria F3SSF ⇌ 2 SF2 and CF3SF2SCF3 ⇌ 2CF3SF

In order to understand more about the instability of sulfur difluoride, we have investigated the chemical interrelations between each of the monomers SF₂ and CF₃SF and the corresponding dimers F₃SSF and CF₃SF₂SCF₃. Thus we have found that SF₂ and CF₃SF exist in chemical equilibria with their dimers. These equilibria are unusual because they involve two different bonds (SF and SS). The equilibrium constants and dissociatíon enthalpies have been determined by i.r. and mass spectroscopic measurements.

The equilibrium between F₃SSF and SF₂ is disturbed by a decomposition reaction of these compounds yielding SF₄ and SSF₂. In both systems (1) and (2) the achievement of the equilibrium is comparatively slow at ?30 to 30 °C. The rates for dissociation and decomposition are strongly surface-dependent and the kinetics of the two processes have been studied separately. Under favorable conditions the half-lives at 298 K for the dissociation of F₃SSF and CF₃SF₂SCF₃ are found to be ca. 8.h and ca. 2 h, respectively, and for the decomposition of SF₂ to SF₄ and SSF₂ and CF₃SF to CF₃SF₃ and CF₃SSCF₃ (p?13 mbar) the values are ca. 10 h and 1 year respectively.     

Sodium dithionite initiated addition of 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane to allylaromatics: Facile synthesis of conjugated dienes substituted with terminal CF3 group

Sodium dithionite effectively promotes the addition of 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane to the terminal double bond of allylbenzenes 1. The reactions proceeded in MeCN/H₂O to give a 3:1 mole ratio of diastereoisomers of 1-(2-bromo-4-chloro-5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)benzenes 2 as the main products together with small amounts of its reductive debromination products 3. Total yields of 2 and 3 were dependent on the nature of the aromatic ring substituents in 1. Treatment of adducts 2 with DBU in refluxing hexanes resulted in double dehydrohalogenation affording, in good yields, conjugated dienes 4 (1,1,1-trifluoro-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienes) terminated with the CF₃ group at the one end and the phenyl group at the opposite end. These dienes were found to be sufficiently reactive to undergo Diels-Alder condensation with active dienophiles to give trifluoromethylated carbocycles. The reactions of CF₃CHClBr with allylheterocycles were less successful and lead to low yields of mixtures of hardly separable compounds or to polymeric resins.     

Synthesis of indolizines from pyridinium(trifluoroacetyl)methylide and fluorinated dipolarophiles

Some new fluoroindolizines have been synthesised via 1,3-cycloaddition reactions between pyridinium (trifluoroacetyl)methylide (I) and fluorinated dipolarophiles [CF₃CN→(II); CF₃CCCF₃→(III) (mainly) + (IV) and (V); CF₃CCH→(VI); CF₃CFCF₂→ (VII)] and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate [→(VIII)]. Treatment of (III) with base converted it to (IX).

     

Reaction of benzyl chloride with propylene and trifluoropropene under metallocomplex initiation conditions

The reactions of benzyl chloride with propylene and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene in the presence of Fe(CO)₅ ` + DMF were studied. With propylene, the reaction stops at the addition stage with the simultaneous formation of dibenzyl. In the case of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, a telomerization takes place, whereby the second growing radical C₆H₅CH₂CH₂CH(CF₃)CH₂HCF₃ practically completely isomerizes with a 1,5-migration into the radical C₆H₅HCH₂CH(CF₃)CH₂CH₂CF₃. To confirm the structure of the isolated compounds, chromato-mass-spectrometry and¹³C NMR were used.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1384–1388, June, 1991.     

Novel addition in trifluoromethylation of [70]fullerene

Pyrolytic trifluoromethylation of [70]fullerene with CF₃CO₂Ag at 300 °C results in the addition of up to 12 CF₃ groups to the fullerene cage. Forty-six C₇₀(CF₃)_n derivatives (numbers in parentheses) were separated by two-stage high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) as follows: n = 2(2), 4(16), 6(9), 8(14) 10(5), some being characterised by NMR. The range of derivatives is much greater than for other [70]fullerene reactions, and as with [60]fullerene trifluoromethylation, no single derivative is dominant, indicating that kinetic stability mainly controls product formation. NMR spectra show most derivatives to be unsymmetrical, with combinations of quartets and septets (overlapping quartets) due to contiguous (‘linear’) addend arrays, having significantly different coupling constants of the ‘terminal’ quartets of between 9.1 and 17.7 Hz. These differences, together with those observed previously in trifluoromethylation of [60]fullerene are consistent with addition across both 6:6- and 5:6-ring junctions. Of the two C₇₀(CF₃)₂ isomers, one has either C_s or C₂ symmetry, the other has C₁ symmetry, whilst the C₇₀(CF₃)₄ derivatives fall into four categories: (i) symmetrical compounds (one gives only two singlets in the NMR); (ii) unsymmetrical compounds that show a ‘linear’ coupling sequence; (iii) unsymmetrical compounds having a remote pairs of adjacent groups; (iv) compounds having a coupled array of three CF₃ groups, together with a remote group suggesting sterically-driven migration. The first evaluation of differential NMR couplings across 6:6- and 5:6-bonds in a fullerene has been made using C₆₀F₆ as a model.     

(CF3)2PAsH2 und (CF3)2AsAsH2

(CF₃)₂PAsH₂ and (CF₃)₂AsAsH₂ (CF₃)₂PAsH₂ is obtained in yields between 30 and 60% according to eq. (1) (CF₃)₂AsAsH₂ is formed by the analogous reaction with (CF₃)₂AsI, but is not sufficiently stable to be isolated. Both compounds are decomposed according to eq. (2) (CF₃)₂PAsH₂ can be studied in solution below ?40°C; it is characterized by molar mass determination and by its n.m.r. spectra (¹H, ¹⁹F, ³¹P). Reactions with polar [HBr, (CH₃)₂AsH, (CH₃)₂PN(CH₃)₂] and nonpolar [Br₂, As₂(CH₃)₄] reagents proceed by cleavage of the P? As bond.     

Thermal decomposition of some silver(I) carboxylates under nitrogen atmosphere

The thermal decomposition reactions of CH₃CH₂C(CH₃)₂COOAg (1), (CH₃)₃SiCH₂COOAg (2), CF₃COOAg (3), (CH₃)₃CCOOAg (4), C₂H₅COOAg (5), C₃F₇COOAg (6), C₆F₁₃COOAg (7) and (CF₂)₃(COOAg)₂ (8) were studied in N₂ atmosphere using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Characterized compounds decomposed in one- or multi-step processes with metallic silver formation in the range 215–465 °C. TG-IR studies of gases evolved during thermolysis revealed products of decomposition, such as carboxylic acids, CO₂ and recombination reactions.     

Multinuclear NMR studies on CF3 substituted sulfur,selenium and tellurium compounds

A systematic investigation of thirty-four CF₃Se(II, IV) and eight CF₃Te(II, IV) compounds by ¹³C, ¹⁹F, ⁷⁷Se and ¹²⁵Te NMR spectroscopy resulted in some general features for chemical shifts and coupling constants which agree with the trends of reported ¹⁹F and new ¹³C NMR data of CF₃S(II, IV) compounds. Moreover, the NMR spectra of molecules of the type E=CXY (E = chalcogen, X, Y = halogen) and substances containing a CSe double bond have been studied. From the comparison of these NMR data with those of CF₃ substituted chalcogen compounds, a partial double bond character of the carbon-fluorine and carbon-chalcogen bond in CF₃ substituted chalcogen compounds can be derived:

     

Correlation between structures and thermal properties of hydrated thallium(I) diborates; H2O-Tl2B4O7 phase diagram

Two synthetic hydrated thallium (I) diborates have been found in the liquidsolid equilibria of the 100° isotherm of the ternary system H₂O-B₂O₃-Tl₂O; they were characterized via the powder diagrams, but classical chemical analysis does not lead to the correct degree of hydration. Through TG of the powders, a complex process is found with no explanation. Structural resolution and TG of the monocrystals allow a correct explanation of the thermal dehydration: these thallium (I) diborates are two distinct compounds, Tl₂B₄O₇ · 3H₂O and Tl₂B₄O₇ · 1.5H₂O, which have their own process of dehydration; they contain infinite chains of polyanions and their structural formulae are Tl₂[B₄O₆ (OH)₂] · 2H₂O and Tl₄[B₈O₁₂ (OH)₄]H₂O; the latter polyanion may be considered as the dimer of the first.The H₂O-Tl₂B₄O₇ phase diagram was established by thermal analysis and solubility experiments, both under pressure; it allows the prediction that another hydrated thallium (I) diborate, Tl₂B₄O₇·H₂O, exists, with possible structural formula Tl₆[B₁₂O₁₈ (OH)₆]. Actually, only monocrystals of Tl₄[B₈O₁₂ (OH)₄]·H₂O have been obtained hydrothermally from Tl₂[B₄O₆ (OH)₂] · 2H₂O.

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Zusammenfassung Im ternären System H₂O-B₂O₃-Tl₂O liegen bei 100° bei Einstellung des Gleichgewichtes flüssig-fest zwei hydratisierte Thallium (I) -diborate vor; diese wurden durch Pulverdiagramme charakterisiert, die klassische chemische Analyse ergab jedoch nicht den richtigen Hydratationsgrad. Bei TGA von Pulvern verläuft ein komplexer Prozeß, für den keine mögliche Erklärung gegeben werden kann. Strukturaufklärung und TGA mit Einkristallen ermöglichen eine korrekte Erklärung der thermischen Dehydratisierung: die hydratisierten Thallium (I) -diborate sind zwei verschiedene Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung Tl₂B₄O₇· 3H₂O und Tl₂B₄O₇· 1.5H₂O mit unterschiedlichem Dehydratisierungsverlauf, die Polyanionketten enthalten und durch die Strukturformeln Tl₂[B₄O₆ (OH)₂] · 2H₂O bzw. Tl₄[B₈O₁₂ (OH)₄] · H₂O zu beschreiben sind. Das Polyanion der zweiten Verbindung kann als Dimeres des der ersten angesehen werden. Das Phasendiagram H₂O-Tl₂B₄O₇ wurde durch unter Druck ausgeführte thermische Analyse und Löslichkeitsexperimente aufgestellt. Aus diesem Phasendiagramm kann die Existenz eines anderen hydratisierten Thallium (I) -diborats, Tl₂B₄O₇ · H₂O, mit der möglichen Strukturformel Tl₆[B₁₂O₁₈ (OH)₆] vorausgesagt werden. In Wirklichkeit wurden aber nur Einkristalle von Tl₄[B₈O₁₂ (OH)₄]·H₂O durch hydrothermale Behandlung von Tl₂[B₄O₆ (OH)₂] · 2H₂O erhalten.

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₂-₂₃-l₂ 100° , . , . : l₂₄₇·₂ l₂₄₇·1.5₂, . l₂[₄₆()₂]· 2₂ l₄[₈₁₂()₄]·₂. . ₂-l₂₄₇. , l₂₄₇·₂ l₆[₁₂₁₈()₆]. , l₄[₈₁₂()₄]·₂ l₂[₄O₆()₂]·2₂O.

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Paper presented at the World Conference on Thermal Analysis Amsterdam, 1984.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the pyrolysis of 1-Chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane in the presence of chlorine

The first stage thermal reactions of CF₂CICH₃ in the presence of chlorine have been studied between 554 and 614 K. These are and Rate equations derived from a radical mechanism are shown to fit the experimental results. Values of Arrhenius parameters for the decomposition of the CF₂ClCH₂. radical and its reactions with Cl₂ and Cl are given.     

Kinetic study of gas-phase reactions with CF2Cl2 and CFCl3. Analysis using the transition state theory (TST) of the chlorine atom transfer reactions by CF3 and CH3 radicals from halomethanes

The following gas-phase reactions: were studied by the competitive method with CF₃I as the source of radicals. The kinetic parameters obtained in the temperature range 533–613 K and 503–613 K respectively for chlorine atom transfer reactions are given by: where θ = 2.303 RT (cal mol^?1). The Arrhenius A values were calculated for seven chlorine atom transfer reactions (CF₂Cl₂, CFCl₃, CCl₄ with CF₃ radicals; CF₃Cl, CF₂Cl₂, CFCl₃ and CCl₄ with CH₃ radicals) by using the thermochemical kinetic version of the Transition State Theory (TST).     

Thermolytic reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compounds—XI: Copyrolysis of pentafluorosubstituted derivatives of benzene with sources of difluorocarbene. Formation of perfluoroindan

Copyrolysis of compounds of the type C₆F₅X (X OH, OCH₃, SH, NH₂) with sources of difluorocarbene (CF₂ CF₂, CHClF₂ and others) in a flow system at 600–700° is shown to give perfluoroindan in high yield. Perfluorinated methylindanes, perfluorocoumaran and other compounds are also formed. From pentafluorophenol and hexafluoropropylene oxide at 250° α,α,2,3,4,5,6-heptafluoroanisole is obtained. The participation of the perfluorobenzyl radical in the formation of perfluoroindan is discussed in the reactions investigated.     

Preparation and reactions of trifluoromethyl-sulfur oxide nitride

In the reaction of CF₃SOCl with NaN₃ or (CH₃)₃SiN₃, azide, CF₃SON₃ (I) is formed:

Upon gentle warming to room temperature, (I) decomposes under evolution of N₂ to give CF₃SON (II),

which however oligomerizes instantaneously, The monomeric nitride(II) can be captured in the presence of reactive halogene compounds to yield N-substituted trifluoromethan-imino sulfonyl chlorides. With CH₃CN, a six-membered ring compound is obtained:

     

Cycloaddition reaction of quadricyclane and fluoroolefins

Reaction of quadricyclane (1) with fluoroolefins of different structure results in stereoselective formation of polyfluorinated exo-tricyclo[4.2.1.0^2,5]non-7-enes. The reaction of a mixture of trans/cis CF₃CFCFCF₃ with 1 is stereoselective and the resulting cycloadducts 7a, b preserve the original alkene stereochemistry. The relative rate constants of cycloaddition of a series of fluoroolefins to 1 under pseudo first-order conditions measured by kinetic NMR at 109 °C provide a kinetic scale of reactivities of the fluoroolefins in this reaction.These relative rate constants correlate well with the number of fluoroalkyl groups connected to the double bond, reaching a maximum for the tri-substituted olefin: CF₃CFCF₂:CF₃CFCFCF₃:(CF₃)₂CC(CF₃)₂:(CF₃)₂CCFC₂F₅ = 1:1.2-1.9:4:138.     

The elimination of HF from vibrationally excited fluoroethanes. The decomposition of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane-d0 and d3

The vibrationally excited molecules CF₃CH and CF₃CD have been synthesized by radical combination (produced by ketone photolysis), and HF and DF elimination from them studied as a function of temperature and pressure. Using RRK theory many calculations have recently been made of critical energies for the decomposition of "hot" fluoroethane molecules. Taking CF₃CH as an example, it is concluded that the empiricism involved in such calculations renders results of doubtful significance. The non-equilibrium kinetic isotope effect is k_H/k_D = 3.1 at 470°K. Arrhenius parameters are also presented for radical abstraction reactions from the ketone source molecules.