Numerical Analysis and Simulation Analysis for Space‐Time Data

Spatio temporal dynamics of the positive column of a dc neon glow discharge is studied and investigated experimentally and theoretically. Spatio temporal analysis by means of biorthogonal decomposition method (BOD) gives insights into the mechanism of irregularity and can be employed for characterization of spatio‐ temporal complexity. In the weak nonlinear region, the wave dynamics is approximated by an amplitude equation of the Ginzburg‐Landau equation (CGLE) with complex coefficients and an additional integral term based on a fluid model. In the present work we deal with irregular spatio‐temporal data. A comparison between the numerical analysis of the experimental data and simulation results are studied. A good agreement between the dynamical behaviour for experimental space‐time data and theoretical simulation space‐time results was obtained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Effect of Mass and Charge of Ionic Species on Spatio‐Temporal Evolution of Transient Electric Field in CCP Discharges

The formation of capacitive sheath and existence of the transition electric field between sheath edge and bulk plasma in RF‐CCP discharge is predicted (PRL 89, 265006 2002); such structures are sensitive to the plasma composition. On the basis of semi‐infinite particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation the effect of charge and mass of ionic species on the spatio‐temporal evolution of the transient electric field and phase mixing phenomena in linear and weakly nonlinear regime has been explored. As an important feature, the simulation results predict that the maximum amplitude of the transient electric field decreases with increasing ionic mass and charge; further the sheath width increases with increasing ionic mass while follow opposite trend with increasing ionic charge. The excitation of wave like structures in the transition region and efficient energy transport to the bulk region of CCP discharges in a nonlinear regime has also been predicted. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Radially ingoing and outgoing dispersive and dissipative structures in electron‐ion plasmas in the presence of electron trapping

In this article, non‐linear propagation of ingoing and outgoing electrostatic waves on the ion time scale in an unmagnetized, non‐relativistic electron‐ion (ei) plasma in the presence of warm ions, ion kinematic viscosity, and trapped Maxwellian electrons was examined in a non‐planar geometry. In the weak non‐linearity limit, modified soliton and shock equations were derived with the inclusion of electron trapping in cylindrical and spherical geometries. The finite difference method was used to solve all these equations in the non‐planar geometries using the planar versions of these equations as an initial input. The results were compared with their counterparts with quadratic non‐linearity and the main differences were expounded. It was shown that the spatio‐temporal scales over which the shocks form for the non‐planar trapped Burgers equation are much shorter by comparison with the shocks admitted by the non‐planar trapped Korteweg de Vries Burgers equation. It was also found that unlike their non‐linear shock counterparts, the solitary structures admitted by the non‐planar trapped Korteweg de Vries equation exhibit a phase shift.     

Non‐Locality Effects in Excitation and Spatial Propagation of Surface Plasmon‐Polaritons

This work investigates the influence of non‐locality in the dielectric response on the spatio‐temporal evolution of surface plasmon‐polaritons (SPP). SPP excitations are coherently generated by a quantum scatterer in the vicinity of a flat metal interface. It is demonstrated that the excited non‐equilibrium SPP population eventually splits into two coherent localized wave packets. One packet propagates along the interface and the other is centered in the vicinity of the scatter. The amplitude of both waves slowly decreases due to several relaxation mechanisms, with the Landau damping being the strongest. The non‐locality of the metallic dielectric response considerably influences spatial profiles of the plasmon field intensity, in particular, leading to coherent spatio‐temporal oscillations between the two wave packets.     

Lasing action assisted by long‐range surface plasmons

It is shown that lasing action at subwavelength scales can be achieved in realistic plasmonic systems supporting long‐range surface plasmons (LRSPPs). To this end, a general numerical framework has been developed that is able to accurately account for the full spatio‐temporal lasing dynamics and the vastly different length‐ and time‐scales featured by this class of systems. Starting from a loss compensation regime for propagating LRSPPs, it is shown how the introduction of an optical feedback mechanism induces the formation of a self‐sustained laser oscillation at moderate pump intensities. The simplicity of the proposed subwavelength scale laser offers significant potential as a novel class of planar light sources in complex plasmonic circuits.     

Note on Mechanism for Formation of Bulbs (Structures) in Complex Plasmas with Grains of Different Size

In this note the phenomena of formation of grain bulbs (compact grain structure) in presence of grains with different size is discussed from point of view of grain force balance. The requirement is found showing where in the equilibrium conditions the larger size grains are expelled from the regions of smaller size grains forming dust bulbs containing only the smallest size grains. The experiments where this phenomenon was observed are discussed. It is possible to conclude that these experiments can serve as direct evidence for existence of the non‐linear screening of individual grains and for excitation of collective large scale electric fields that balances the drag forces in domain of structures. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Relationship between Floc Short Range Structure and Sediment Compaction

This paper studies the short and long‐range structure of silica aggregates using the small angle light scattering technique. Silica particles were made to aggregate by the addition of MgCl₂, with and without continuous shear. Two different short‐range structures were observed for different aggregation conditions. The small angle light scattering reveals two different floc structures at different length scales, a very compact floc at short length scale and a loose floc at large length scale. The sediments of these flocs were studied by allowing them to settle under gravity and consolidate at different centrifugal forces. The results show that the floc short‐range structure is important in governing the compaction behaviour of sediment.     

Non‐paraxial polarization spatio‐temporal coupling in ultrafast laser material processing

Two hundred years after Malus' discovery of optical anisotropy, the study of polarization‐driven optical effects is as active as ever, generating interest in new phenomena and potential applications. However, in ultrafast optics, the influence of polarization is frequently overlooked being considered as either detrimental or negligible. Here we demonstrate that spatio‐temporal couplings, which are inherent for ultrafast laser systems with chirped‐pulse amplification, accumulate in multi‐pulse irradiation and lead to a strongly anisotropic light‐matter interaction. Our results identify angular dispersion in the focus as the origin for the polarization dependence in modification, yielding an increase in modification strength. With tight focusing (NA ≥ ∼0.4), this non‐paraxial effect leads to a manifestation of spatio‐temporal couplings in photo‐induced modification. We devise a practical way to control the polarization dependence and exploit it as a new degree of freedom in tailoring laser‐induced modification in transparent material. A near‐focus, non‐paraxial field structure analysis of an optical beam provides insight on the origin of the polarization dependent modification. However, single pulse non‐paraxial corrected calculations are not sufficient to explain the phenomena confirming the experimental observations and exemplifying the need for multi‐pulse analysis.

     

Large scale structures in Rayleigh-Bénard convection at high Rayleigh numbers

Direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a plane layer with periodic boundary conditions at Rayleigh numbers up to 10(7) show that flow structures can be objectively classified as large or small scale structures because of a gap in spatial spectra. The typical size of the large scale structures does not always vary monotonically as a function of the Rayleigh number but broadly increases with increasing Rayleigh number. A mean flow (whose average over horizontal planes differs from zero) is also excited but is weak in comparison with the large scale structures. The large scale circulation observed in experiments should therefore be a manifestation of the large scale structures identified here.     

基于空时域约束模糊核聚类的红外多时相地下目标探测

提出了一种具有空时域约束的模糊核聚类红外多时相浅层地下目标探测算法.首先在经典模糊聚类算法基础上引入空间和时相变化信息,给出时相信息指数;然后根据时相信息指数修正时相权重因子,将空时域约束加入到多时相模糊核聚类中对红外多时相图像进行分类;最后由分类结果给出地下目标的位置及目标大致种类数,并根据地下目标的红外成像机理获得目标的大体物理性质来提高地下目标探测的准确性.结果表明,所提算法对地下浅层目标具有较好探测准确度.     

Cover Picture: Contrib. Plasma Phys. 9/2015

Effect of DC bias on the spatio‐temporal distribution of the electron density for L = 25 mm, V_pp = 150 V at p = 10 Pa with V_DC = 0 V. The color scales are given in units of 10⁹ cm^–3. (Figure 2b of the paper by N.Kh. Bastykova et al.)     

Formation of large‐scale structures in four‐component dusty plasmas

A possibility of self‐organization of magnetized four‐component dusty plasmas to double Beltrami (DB) state is explored. It is found that for a specific set of Beltrami parameters, the four‐component dusty plasma self‐organizes to DB state. The DB state characterized by two scale parameters may represent a paramagnetic or diamagnetic field structure. The impact of Beltrami parameters, charge and densities of dust grains on formation of self‐organized structures has also been investigated. This study has potential relevance to the formation of large‐scale structures in astrophysical plasmas.     

Investigations of Droplet‐Plasma Interaction using Multi‐Dimensional Coupled Model

Recently developed multi‐dimensional coupled fluid‐droplet model is used to investigate the behavior of complex interaction between the liquid precursor droplets and atmospheric pressure plasma (APP). The significance of this droplet‐plasma interaction is not well understood under diverse realm of working conditions in two‐phase flow. In this study, we explain the implication of vaporization of liquid droplets in APP which are subsequently responsible to control major characteristics of surface coating depositions. Coalescence of water droplets is more dominant than Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) droplets because of its sluggish rate of evaporation. A disparity in the performance of evaporation is identified in two independent mediums, such as gas mixture and discharge plasma using HMDSO precursor. The length of evaporation of droplets is amplified by an increment of gas flow rate indicating with a reduction in the gas temperature and electron mean energy. In particular, the spatio‐temporal density distributions of charged particles show a clear pattern in which the typical nitrogen impurity ions are primarily effective as compared to other helium ionic species along the pulse of droplets in APP. Finally, we contrast the behavior of discharge species in the pure helium and He‐N2 gas mixtures revealing the importance of stepwise and Penning ionization processes. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

啁啾脉冲辐照下始于原子迭加态的高次谐波发射

本文研究了一维初态为基态与第一激发态等权线性迭加态的模型原子在不同正啁啾激光脉冲辐照下的高次谐波发射谱。数值结果表明,谐波谱平台的截止位置随啁啾系数的增大大幅度的展宽。采用SMT(simple man’s theory)仔细分析了各啁啾激光场辐照下电子的动力学行为,阐明了谐波谱平台随啁啾系数增大而展宽的机制。     

基于改进时空Moran's I指数的道路交通状态特征分析

定义时空对象代替空间对象作为基本研究单元, 改进传统Moran's I指数为时空Moran's I指数, 以便适于分析道路交通的时空特性; 通过Moran散点图给出时空自相关意义下的交通流时空状态特征分类: 拥堵聚集、畅通聚集、拥堵异质和畅通异质.为说明改进时空Moran's I指数分析法的实际应用价值, 以北京市二环快速路外环方向的车流速度数据为例, 进行时空自相关指标计算, 并从全局与局部自相关两个方面分析时 空自相关指标所反映的交通状态时空分布与演化规律. 关键词： I指数')" href="#">改进Moran's I指数 交通状态 时空自相关 时空分布     

Application of High Current and Current Zero Simulations of High‐Voltage Circuit Breakers

This paper reports on the use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to predict the interruption behaviour of high‐voltage circuit breakers (HV‐CB) using the self‐blast principle. Two different levels of accuracy of the arc model are proven to be sufficiently accurate for simulating the high‐current phase and the period around current zero (CZ). For the high‐current phase, a simplified equivalent model of the arc is implemented to predict the pressure build‐up, and even more important to accurately trace the hot gas from the arcing zone into the exhausts and the heating volume. A detailed analysis of the gas mixing in the heating volume for different arcing times and current amplitudes showed the optimum geometrical design of the heating volume. For the CZ phase, a more detailed arc model is needed including the effects of ohmic heating, radiative energy transfer, and turbulent cooling fully resolved in space and time. The validation with experiments was done and shows good agreement which justifies the use of the implemented model. With it, scaling laws varying only one parameter at a time (pressure and applied current slope) were derived and confirm previously found empirical laws. This is of particular interest, as it is very difficult to derive such scaling laws from experiments where the scatter is always very large and where it is impossible to vary only one parameter at a time. The influence of the most important geometrical parameters of the nozzle on the interruption performance is shown. In addition to previous experimental indications of this, the simulation reveals that turbulent cooling on the arc edge is the main reason for the difference in interruption performance. Moreover, the exact spatio‐temporal build‐up of arc resistance and with it the detailed understanding of the arc interruption process is possible and shown here for the first time. These simulations enable us to predict HV‐CB performance and to minimise the number of development tests and are routinely used in new development projects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Simple devices for measuring complex ultrashort pulses

We describe experimentally simple, accurate, and reliable methods for measuring from very simple to potentially very complex ultrashort laser pulses. With only a few easily aligned components, these methods allow the measurement of a wide range of pulses, including those with time‐bandwidth products greater than 1000 and those with energies of only a few hundred photons. In addition, two new, very simple methods allow the measurement of the complete spatio‐temporal intensity and phase of even complex pulses on a single shot or at a tight focus.     

Nonlinear Waves in Nonuniform Complex Astrocloud

The global nonlinear gravito‐electrostatic eigen‐fluctuation behaviors in large‐scale non‐uniform complex astroclouds in quasi‐neutral hydrodynamic equilibrium are methodologically analyzed. Its composition includes warm lighter electrons, ions; and massive bi‐polar multi‐dust grains (inertial) with partial ionization sourced, via plasma‐contact electrification, in the cloud plasma background. The multi‐fluidic viscous drag effects are conjointly encompassed. The naturalistic equilibrium inhomogeneities, gradient forces and nonlinear convective dynamics are considered without any recourse to the Jeans swindle against the traditional perspective. An inho‐mogeneous multiscale analytical method is meticulously applied to derive a new conjugated non‐integrable coupled (via zeroth‐order factors) pair of variable‐coefficient inhomogeneous Korteweg de‐Vries Burger (i ‐KdVB) equations containing unique form of non‐uniform linear self‐consistent gradient‐driven sinks. A numerical illustrative scheme is procedurally constructed to examine the canonical fluctuations. It is seen that the eigenspectrum coevolves as electrostatic rarefactive damped oscillatory shock‐like structures and self‐gravitational compressive damped oscillatory shock‐like patterns . The irregular damping nature is attributable to the i ‐KdVB sinks. The aperiodicity in the hybrid rapid small downstream wavetrains is speculated to be deep‐rooted in the quasi‐linear gravito‐electrostatic interplay. The phase‐evolutionary dynamics grow as atypical non‐chaotic fixed‐point attractors . We, finally, indicate tentative astronomical applications relevant in large‐scale cosmic structure formation aboard facts and faults. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Spatial Uniformity of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges: A Simulation Study

Spatial uniformity is important in most applications of dielectric barrier discharges operating at atmospheric pressure. However, such uniformity is not easily achieved. Under many conditions, a filamentary structure usually develops. In this paper, we employ a two‐dimensional self‐consistent fluid model to explore the influence of several factors on the evolution of spatial structure of dielectric barrier discharges. In particular, we contrast the behavior of discharges in pure helium and He‐N₂ gas mixture, which represent the reduction in breakdown voltage of gas during the evolvement of uniform glow discharge plasma. The transformation from filamentary to uniform mode of discharge plasma is analyzed by the phenomenon of coalescence of filaments and we investigate the effect of several external discharge parameters, such as driving frequency and effect of overvoltage, and the dielectric constant of the barrier material for the uniform and filamentary discharge plasmas. This simulation study is useful to describe the spatio‐temporal profiles of electron density in different phases of the filamentary, uniform Townsend and glow discharge regimes under various constraints. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

大气压氩气介质阻挡辉光放电的一维仿真研究

为了研究氩气(Ar)中介质阻挡大气压辉光放电(APGD)的放电机理, 通过建立一个一维的多粒子自洽耦合流体模型, 采用有限元方法进行数值计算, 得到了气体间隙压降、介质表面电荷密度、放电电流密度随时间的周期变化波形, 以及电子、离子、亚稳态粒子密度和空间电场强度的时空分布. 仿真计算结果表明：介质表面积聚的电荷对于放电的过程的起始及熄灭具有重要作用;当增大外施电压时, 放电击穿时刻提前, 放电电流密度和介质表面电荷密度峰值增大, 表明放电过程更加剧烈;随着阻挡介质相对介电常数的增大, 放电电流密度也随之增大. 各粒子密度及电场的时空分布表明放电过程在外施电压半个周期中只有一次放电, 且存在明显的阴极位降区、负辉区、等离子体正柱区等辉光放电的典型区域, 为大气压辉光放电(APGD).