Blind carrier frequency offset mitigation in space–time block‐coded multicarrier code division multiple access uplink transmission

In this paper, a novel blind carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation is proposed on the basis of the linearly constrained optimization for the uplink transmission of space–time block‐coded multicarrier code division multiple access systems. First, the full‐dimensional spatial‐and‐temporal data are formed to avoid violation of the second‐order statistics in the conventional receiver design. A set of weight vectors is then provided for acquiring each multipath signal from the desired user while the others get rejected. Finally, the estimated CFO is obtained in accordance with maximizing the well‐defined measurement function, which is formulated by collecting all the output powers of the receiver. A space–time averaging technique is also proposed to enhance the robustness to the finite sample effect. Simulation study confirms that with the proposed CFO estimator used in the preceding, the receiver can successfully achieve the same performance of the optimal receiver working in the absence of CFO. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐entropy‐based joint carrier frequency offset estimation and multiuser detection for multicarrier code division multiple access systems

This paper presents a joint carrier frequency offset estimation and multiuser detection based on a maximum likelihood approach in multicarrier code division multiple access systems. With the definition of a score function based on the log‐likelihood, the joint carrier frequency offset estimation and multiuser detection can be formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem over the joint of a multidimensional real space and a multidimensional discrete space. To reduce the computational complexity required by the joint decision statistic, while still obtaining a desirable performance, a new method using cross‐entropy optimization is proposed to solve the nonlinear optimization problem. Because of the robustness of the cross‐entropy optimization, the joint decision statistic can be efficiently solved, and, as shown by the furnished simulation results, the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory performance in various scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Channel‐power profile estimation for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems

In this work, a channel‐power profile estimation for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems, based on the cyclic prefix (CP), is introduced. By knowing the delay of each path, the time‐dispersion information can be derived. The proposed method, considering long intersymbol interference (ISI) fading channels, requires only the coarse symbol timing information. More specifically, quasi‐stationary fading channels are considered. The basic contribution is to obtain the maximum‐likelihood estimation of the correlation coefficient based on the CP. Subsequently, the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the channel‐tap powers is explored. With the estimate of correlation coefficient, the least‐square solution of the channel‐tap powers can be determined. The proposed method is suitable for both short and long ISI channels. Furthermore, the Cramér–Rao lower bound of the channel‐power profile estimation is analyzed, and simulations confirm the advantages of the proposed estimator. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速相干光正交频分复用系统实现方案研究

相干光正交频分复用系统（Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, CO-OFDM）作为未来高速光通信的重要解决方案,是近年来光传输领域的研究热点。高速CO-OFDM系统需要较高带宽的模数/数模转换器（DAC/ADC）,目前技术水平难以达到。文章改进了正交频带复用技术（Orthogonal Band Multiplexing , OBM）的光域实现方案;结合偏振复用技术和偏振分集接收,提出了基于OBM的100Gb/s高速CO-OFDM系统;并对系统传输性能进行数字仿真。结果表明：基于OBM技术的MIMO CO-OFDM系统可有效降低对DAC/ADC的处理速度要求,在不需任何在线色散补偿和偏振控制器件条件下,通过单模光纤传输800km,系统Q值保持在13dB以上。     

Design and analysis of synchronous dynamic frequency hopping code division multiple access communication system

An optical dynamic frequency hopping code division multiple access communication system is proposed. In this system, an electrically controlled tunable optical filter (TOF) is used to encode the modulated broadband light source. The code depends on the function set to the controller. Two-dimensional code, named functional code, is also proposed based of shifted sine function. The function defines the dynamic coding pattern of the central wavelength of the transmitted narrowband optical signal. Thus, the system will allow for an easy reconfiguration of the transmitter without the need for sophisticated encoder. At the receiver, a synchronized TOF with the same function is used as a decoder. The system is modeled and analyzed taking into account the multiple access interference, phase induced intensity noise, and thermal noise. The performance of this system is shown to be better compared with a fast frequency hopping system and a spectral amplitude coding system that uses either a Hadamard code, a modified quadratic congruence code (MQC), or a modified frequency hopping code (MFH).     

相干光正交频分复用系统中的一阶偏振模色散研究

相干光正交频分复用系统(Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,CO-OFDM)以其较好的色散抑制性能和简单有效的信号处理技术,是近年来光传输领域的研究热点。对于高速CO-OFDM传输系统,偏振模色散(Polarization-mode-dispersion,PMD)带来OFDM信号展宽及输出偏振态的不同,严重影响系统传输性能。文章对一阶PDM影响下CO-OFDM系统(PMD-CO-OFDM)的数学模型和作用机理进行分析,并通过仿真加以验证。结果表明,一阶PMD效应对OFDM信号附加与子载波频率相关的余弦因子,降低系统传输性能,通过信道均衡可有效去除此影响;另外,PMD效应一定程度上减弱子载波相关性,可抑制系统光纤非线性效应,在不考虑色散条件下PMD-CO-OFDM系统以10Gb/s的速率在单模光纤传输240km,差分群时延为50ps时较30ps系统Q值提高约0.2dB。     

Spreading code allocation strategy for downlink multicarrier code division multiple access transmission in a correlated Rayleigh fading channel

In this paper, we address the problem of multiple access interference (MAI) in a downlink multicarrier code division multiple access system. Because in the realistic case of correlated faded subcarriers, MAI greatly depends on the codes assigned to users, one way of improving performance without increasing receiver complexity consists in an appropriate code selection. We propose a code allocation strategy with the following properties: possible use with any code sequence and equalizer, low complexity, and efficient management of load variations. The allocation problem is formulated as a minimization problem of a cost function related to MAI. First, we provide analytical expressions for the channel frequency correlation function after maximum ratio combining, equal gain combining, and minimum mean square error equalization and for the MAI power. Then, by approximating these expressions, we define a simple cost function and build an iterative algorithm on the basis of the minimum maximum criterion to select the spreading codes. Finally, a complete analysis of the allocation efficiency is provided versus key parameters, in particular, the degree of correlation between the faded subcarriers, the system load, and the equalization techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peak-to-average power ratio of selective mapping technology involving a phase generation mechanism based on polar codes for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation systems

In this paper, a novel selective mapping (SLM) method is proposed for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) systems. In the proposed method, polar codes are used to construct the SLM phase generation mechanism. This systematic structural design is superior to conventional methods in which phases are randomly generated. Moreover, polar codes and Reed–Muller codes are selected to protect the input data of the OFDM-IM system. The weight distribution of the Reed–Muller codes is then used to determine the location data of the active subcarriers in the OFDM-IM system, and these data are used to determine the error correction capacity. Simulation results indicated that the PAPR improvement achieved using the proposed method is similar to that achieved with conventional SLM methods. Moreover, linear block codes are used to construct the active subcarrier selection and SLM phase generation mechanisms to ensure that both mechanisms have systematic structural designs.     

Performance analysis of dynamic channel allocation based on the greedy approach for orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access downlink systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of dynamic channel allocation (DCA) based on the greedy approach (GA) for orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access downlink systems over Rayleigh fading channels. The GA‐based DCA achieves its performance improvement using multiuser diversity. We analyze the statistics of the number of allocable users that represents the multiuser diversity order at each allocation process. The derived statistics are then used to analyze the performance of GA‐based DCA. The analysis results show that the number of subcarriers allocated to each user must be equal to achieve the maximum system performance based on outage probability and data throughput. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光正交频分复用技术的原理、应用与发展

由于光正交频分复用具备自适应色散补偿能力,它在大容量、长距离光通信系统中有广阔的应用前景.文章主要介绍光正交频分复用技术的基本原理,跟踪该技术目前在国际上的发展状况,讨论其存在的主要技术问题,并展望它在未来的发展.     

基于雪崩二极管的光正交频分复用系统接收机

提出了一个完整的高灵敏度光正交频分复用(OOFDM)系统,以实现高速长距离传输。实验中,将10Gbit/s的4QAM调制OOFDM信号在光纤中传输了50km,直接探测后得到的星座图和误码率都达到了良好的效果。在此基础上,对比了采用雪崩二极管(APD)和传统的光电二极管(PIN)两种不同的探测方式,结果发现,使用APD探测使得OOFDM系统接收的灵敏度提升了5.2dB。     

Novel spreading codes for multicarrier code division multiple access based cognitive radio networks with sidelobe suppression

The deployment of multicarrier code division multiple access as the transmission scheme of the spectrum overlay based cognitive radio (CR) networks faces two challenging issues: (i) the need for spreading codes with arbitrary length and (ii) the interfering effect of the leaked power (due to spectral sidelobes) to the adjacent spectral band used by the primary system. To meet these challenges, we propose two novel complex spreading code sets. For this purpose, a cost function is defined as the ratio of the power leaked to the adjacent primary band to the power transmitted to the band allowed for CR operation. The cost function is shown to be convertible to a trace ratio problem. The two complex spreading code sets are determined by deploying two different standard solutions. The first is the conventional but approximate solution based on generalized eigenvalue decomposition (GEVD) method, and the other is an iterative algorithm that converges to the optimal solution and hence outperforms the GEVD based solution. Simulation results show that by a slight decrease in number of users, the code set yielded by iterative algorithm suppresses the leaked power to almost zero. The applicability of the proposed code sets in different scenarios is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multi‐access method for BPL based on orthogonal pulse division multiplexing,barker‐code‐based spectrum spreading and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

A highly efficient multi‐access scheme of broadband power line (BPL) communication, named as OFDM‐BPS‐OPDMA, is proposed based on the Orthogonal Pulse Division Multiplexing Access (OPDMA), Barker‐code‐based Spectrum Spreading (BSS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method. The orthogonal pulses are generated by using the eigenvectors of Hermitian matrix. At the same time, a specific pulse will be allocated to every user of the communication system. The transmitting data are first modulated by OFDM. Then, it is processed with OPDMA and BSS. Finally, the data is sent to the power line channel. On the receiving side, the data is processed with BSS demodulation, OPDMA demodulation and OFDM demodulation, and the receiving data for each user is acquired. Because of the orthogonality between these pulses, the multi‐user interference could be eliminated; when BSS is used, the waveform restoration is enhanced. Meanwhile, with the help of OFDM, the multi‐path interference is mitigated. Particularly, all users can share the resources of time and spectrum without interfering with others, and get excellent reliability in the concerned scheme. When OFDM is used, the sub‐carriers may be allocated dynamically, and the legal radio frequency band could be shunned by sharing the common bandwidth with other communication systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of multipath fading and multiple access interference on broadband code division multiple access systems

In this paper, the performance of uncoded uplink transmissions in a broadband code division multiple access (CDMA) system using tapped delay line (TDL) antenna array under multipath conditions is investigated. An expression for broadband CDMA system is derived to calculate the optimal weights of TDL antenna array. Using the derived broadband expression, the performance of TDL antenna array is investigated and compared with that of the already existing narrowband systems. Simulation results show that TDL antenna array can reduce multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). It is shown that if the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) level is maintained at 20 dB and two‐ray channel model is used, two antennas with four taps each can support 30 users with a BER of 10^?3. If three‐ray channel model is used, the same antenna arrangement is not enough to support 30 users. To support these 30 users with BER of 10^?3, the number of taps needs to be increased to eight. Finally, the number of taps needs to be further increased to 16 if four‐ray channel model is used. Not only that, the SNR should also be increased to 25 dB to achieve the same BER. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal resource allocation for multiple network‐coded two‐way relay in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

This paper studies optimal resource allocation for multiple network‐coded two‐way relay in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. All the two‐way relay nodes adopt amplify‐and‐forward and operate with analog network coding protocol. A joint optimization problem considering power allocation, relay selection, and subcarrier pairing to maximize the sum capacity under individual power constraints at each transmitter or total network power constraint is first formulated. By applying dual method, we provide a unified optimization framework to solve this problem. With this framework, we further propose three low‐complexity suboptimal algorithms. The complexity of the proposed optimal resource allocation (ORA) algorithm and three suboptimal algorithms are analyzed, and it is shown that the complexity of ORA is only a polynomial function of the number of subcarriers and relay nodes under both individual and total power constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ORA scheme yields substantial performance improvement over a baseline scheme, and suboptimal algorithms can achieve a trade‐off between performance and complexity. The results also indicate that with the same total network transmit power, the performance of ORA under total power constraint can outperform that under individual power constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Downlink multiple access schemes for transmitted reference pulse cluster UWB systems

Transmitted reference pulse cluster (TRPC) signaling was recently proposed for low data rate ultra‐wideband communications. Compared with the conventional transmitted reference (TR), TRPC has a more compact and uniform spacing for the reference and data pulses and therefore solves the implementation problem posed by the long delay line requirement in the conventional TR. In this paper, downlink multiple access issue is further investigated for TRPC systems. According to the TRPC signaling structure, both code division multiple access (CDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) methods are discussed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that TDMA outperforms CDMA in both bit error rate performance and throughput. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resource allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐based cognitive radio systems with minimum rate constraints

In this paper, resource allocation problem in orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐based cognitive radio (CR) systems to maintain minimum transmission rate constraints of CR users (CRUs) with the specified interference thresholds is investigated. Firstly, a single primary user (PU) CR system is considered, and a suboptimal resource allocation algorithm to maximize the sum transmission rate of all CRUs is proposed. Secondly, the single‐PU scenario is extended to multiple‐PU case, and an asymptotically optimal resource allocation algorithm is proposed using dual methods subject to constraints on both interference thresholds of PUs and total transmit power of all CRUs. Analysis and numerical results show that, in contrast to classical resource allocation algorithms, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher transmission rate and guarantee each CRU's minimum transmission rate in both scenarios. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation in MC‐CDMA systems with a‐MRC receiver over Nakagami‐m fading channels

In this paper, we propose a novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation with good bit error rate (BER) performance for multicarrier code‐division multiple‐access (MC‐CDMA) systems over Nakagami‐m fading channels. We first propose a new receiver called ath‐order‐maximal‐ratio‐combining (a‐MRC) receiver with which the receiver power gain for the nth subcarrier is the ath (a?1) power of the corresponding channel gain. Incorporating the a‐MRC receiver, we then propose a new transmission power adaptation scheme where the transmission power is allocated over all the N subcarriers according to the subchannel gains and the transmitter adapts its power to maintain a constant signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise (SINR) at the receiver. The proposed scheme has a significant performance gain over the nonadaptive transmission scheme over both independent and correlated fading channels. Moreover, the proposed scheme keeps good BER performance while it is much simpler than the previous power control/adaptation schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于OQAM-OFDM的NOMA通信系统设计

针对传统基于正交频分复用（OFDM）调制波形的非正交多址接入（NOMA）通信系统存在的旁瓣衰减较慢问题,提出了一种基于交错正交幅度调制的正交频分复用（OQAM-OFDM）波形的NOMA系统设计方案。所提设计方法通过在典型NOMA系统设计中加入OQAM预调制和滤波器组滤波等处理,有效加快旁瓣衰减,实现了较好的频域聚焦性能。仿真结果表明,提出的设计方法不仅有效提高了系统的频谱利用率,而且在抵抗多径干扰时误码率有所降低。虽然重点研究了通信下行链路,但是所得结论同样适用于上行链路。     

电力线OFDM/OQAM通信系统信道相位预处理均衡算法

针对电力线通信（PLC）正交频分复用（OFDM）系统存在频率掩码和频谱资源利用率低等问题,提出将正交频分复用/偏移正交幅度调制（OFDM/OQAM）技术应用到PLC系统中。该技术通过选用频率选择性较好的滤波器来抑制带外干扰,且不需要循环前缀,但是OFDM/OQAM系统在PLC频域复数信道下会产生严重的自干扰,传统的均衡算法并不能有效地消除OFDM/OQAM系统的固有干扰。针对这种情况提出了一种基于信道相位预处理的均衡算法。该算法的思想是让接收信号乘以一个信道相位调整因子,使等效信道的虚部尽量小,以此来减小接收信号中的干扰分量。仿真结果表明,与传统的均衡算法相比,所提算法在误比特率为1.0×10－6时可以获得0.5dB的性能提升。