Field theory of a traveling wave tube amplifier with a tape helix

A self-consistent relativistic field theory for a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a magnetized pencil beam propagates through a tape helix enclosed with a loss-free well. A linear analysis of the interaction is solved subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. The wave equation for the fields within the electron beam corresponds to the Appleton-Hartree magnetoionic wave modes that are of mixed electrostatic/electromagnetic polarization. Hence, the determinantal dispersion equation that is obtained implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. This dispersion equation includes azimuthal variations and all spatial harmonics of the tape helix. Solutions that correspond to both the extraordinary (X) and ordinary (O ) solutions for the Appleton-Hartree modes are found numerically     

螺旋线行波管注波互作用时域理论

研究了螺旋线行波管中电子注与高频场互作用的时域理论.电子对场的作用由高频场方程和空间电荷场方程模拟,场对电子注的作用由运动方程模拟.在螺旋导电面模型下利用安培环路定理和法拉第电磁感应定律得到了时域高频场方程.利用空间电荷波模型处理空间电荷场,得到了空间电荷场方程.将高频场和空间电荷场代入洛伦兹力方程,得到了运动方程.利用耦合阻抗处理高频场方程的激励源,使得高频场方程的求解能够借助诸如HFSS或HFCS等高频模拟软件来实现,增强了时域理论的灵活性.基于上述理论,编写软件数值模拟某螺旋线行波管,验证了时域理论的可行性.     

A three-dimensional time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes in beam-wave interaction

This paper presents a three-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear theory of helix traveling wave tubes for beamwave interaction.The radio frequency electromagnetic fields are represented as the superposition of azimuthally symmetric waves in a vacuum sheath helix.Coupling impedance is introduced to the electromagnetic field equations’ stimulating sources,which makes the theory easier and more flexible to realize.The space charge fields are calculated by electron beam space-charge waves expressed as the superposition solutions of Helmholtz equations.The focusing forces due to either a solenoidal field or a periodic permanent magnetic field is also included.The dynamical equations of electrons are Lorentz equations associating with electromagnetic fields,focusing fields and space-charge fields.The numerically simulated results of a tube are presented.     

Self-consistent field theory of a lipid monolayer

We present a mean-field theory which is specifically designed to take care of the effects of backfolding in lipid monolayers. Agreement with experiments on DPPC is fair.     

Nonlinear time-dependent simulation of helix traveling wave tubes

A one-dimensional nonlinear time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes is studied. A generalized electromagnetic field is applied to the expression of the radio frequency field. To simulate the variations of the high frequency structure, such as the pitch taper and the effect of harmonics, the spatial average over a wavelength is substituted by a time average over a wave period in the equation of the radio frequency field. Under this assumption, the space charge field of the electron beam can be treated by a space charge wave model along with the space charge coefficient. The effects of the radio frequency and the space charge fields on the electrons are presented by the equations of the electron energy and the electron phase. The time-dependent simulation is compared with the frequency-domain simulation for a helix TWT, which validates the availability of this theory.     

螺旋线行波管返波自激振荡的研究

 在2维小信号模型的基础上，分析了均匀和周期永久聚焦磁场对抑制返波自激振荡的影响。研究结果表明：改变聚焦磁场的幅值或周期来增加起振长度是可能的， 而且不会改变基波的互作用条件。与此同时，对起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随皮尔斯增益参量、空间电荷参量、损耗参量等的变化，以及在超宽带行波管中当存在两个或多个角向非对称空间谐波时,起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随周期永久聚焦磁场的变化进行了研究。优化设计聚焦磁场、电子注和螺旋线慢波系统的参量可以对螺旋线行波管的稳定性分析提供必要的依据。     

螺旋线行波管返波自激振荡的研究

在2维小信号模型的基础上,分析了均匀和周期永久聚焦磁场对抑制返波自激振荡的影响。研究结果表明：改变聚焦磁场的幅值或周期来增加起振长度是可能的, 而且不会改变基波的互作用条件。与此同时,对起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随皮尔斯增益参量、空间电荷参量、损耗参量等的变化,以及在超宽带行波管中当存在两个或多个角向非对称空间谐波时,起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随周期永久聚焦磁场的变化进行了研究。优化设计聚焦磁场、电子注和螺旋线慢波系统的参量可以对螺旋线行波管的稳定性分析提供必要的依据。     

Kinetic theory of traveling wave gyro-peniotron

Using an equilibrium distribution function f_o=f_o(p, p, p_g), where R_g is the radial position of electron guiding center, this paper presents a kinetic theory of TW gyro-peniotron. The dispersion equation obtained in this paper can be used to describe both gyrotron and gyro-peniotron. The influence of beam position is discussed.     

Self-consistent reaction field theory of solvent effects

A quantum-mechanical reaction field theory of solvent effects is proposed. It contains as a limiting case Onsager's model. It leads to an effective, non-linear, hamiltonian for the molecule in solution and hence to a tool for studying changes in charge distributions and molecular properties. Numerical examples are given.     

毫米波沟道梯型慢波结构行波管的线性理论

 在电子通道内引入一薄层空心电子注,对沟道梯型慢波结构行波管进行了线性理论研究,推导出了沟道梯型结构行波管的工作色散方程,计算了沟道梯型行波管的小信号增益和工作相速。计算结果表明：沟道梯型结构行波管每周期的增益高,带宽窄;当沟宽度由零增加到环内径的2倍时,增益减小量不足1%,这表明沟宽度对增益的影响不大;当脊高度增大10%时,增益增加62%,当环内径增大10%,增益减小57%,因此增益与脊高度正相关,与环内径负相关,且相关性十分明显。     

Self-consistent field theory and calculation for gyromonotron

A self consistent field large signal theory of gyromonotron is studied in this paper. The RF field profile function satisfies a wave equation. The field is determined by cavity geometry and AC electron beam current. The RF field not only satisfies the boundary conditions at the ends of the cavity but also obeys conservation of energy for steady state interaction between electron beam and field. The parameters of a particular gyrotron are calculated numerically using present theory. Effect of some factors on gyrotron characteristic is discussed. Comparison is made between the results of the self consistent field calculations with and without conservation of energy.     

螺旋线行波管1维多频非线性理论与模拟

 采用CHRISTINE报告中的1维多信号非线性互作用模型,在其场方程、相位方程和含空间电荷场的运动方程的表达式基础上,增加了切断区域的工作方程组,并考虑了电位下沉带来的影响。基于此非线性互作用工作方程组编写了数值计算程序。为了便于对行波管互作用进行模拟设计时选择最佳工作电压和输入功率,在程序中加入了扫描电压和输入功率的功能。对某行波管注波互作用过程进行了模拟,并分析了谐波和互调的影响。由于计算速度快,模拟结果较好,对螺旋线行波管的初步设计和验证具有较强的指导意义。     

螺旋线行波管1维多频非线性理论与模拟

采用CHRISTINE报告中的1维多信号非线性互作用模型,在其场方程、相位方程和含空间电荷场的运动方程的表达式基础上,增加了切断区域的工作方程组,并考虑了电位下沉带来的影响。基于此非线性互作用工作方程组编写了数值计算程序。为了便于对行波管互作用进行模拟设计时选择最佳工作电压和输入功率,在程序中加入了扫描电压和输入功率的功能。对某行波管注波互作用过程进行了模拟,并分析了谐波和互调的影响。由于计算速度快,模拟结果较好,对螺旋线行波管的初步设计和验证具有较强的指导意义。     

螺旋线行波管三维频域非线性注波互作用的计算

基于行波管中慢电磁行波的周期传输特性和能流坡印廷定理,考虑高频结构的衰减、切断、螺距的渐变与跳变对互作用的影响,建立了螺旋线行波管三维场论非线性自洽工作方程组.通过傅里叶展式将时域中的电流变换为与频率相关的交流电流分量,采用等离子体粒子模拟的方法,求解离散化的亥姆霍兹方程获得空间电荷场的三维数值解.计算三维电子轨迹,得到精确的互作用后的电子能谱结构,为多级降压收集极的设计提供关键参数.计算结果与电子所Ku波段的测试值比较具有较好的一致性,并分析了互作用后的电子能谱结构,与多级降压收集极的实验基本符合. 关键词： 行波管 非线性注波互作用 空间电荷场 等离子体粒子模拟     

Self-consistent field theory of collisions I. Scattering channels

The conventional Hartree and Hartree-Fock approaches for treating many-electron bound systems have been extended recently to positive energy scattering problems, in which both the bound and continuum orbitals are determined by the requirement of full self-consistency. Serious consequences of such a theory are that the target orbitals become energy dependent and the asymptotic boundary conditions are satisfied only approximately, in lowest order. It is important therefore to test the theory for its convergence under configuration mixing. This self-consistent field (SCF) theory for scattering has been tested here for scattering from hydrogenic target as a model where the target function is determined dynamically. Penetration of the projectile inside the bound target orbital is manifest through the SCF for the bound state. Our results show that the theory converges to the correct amplitudes and to the exact boundary conditions as more configurations are added. The use of the amputated functions and the weak asymptotic condition (WAC) upon which the SCF theory is based, is justified as the WAC converges to the correct limit. It is then applied to the positron-helium and electron-helium scattering systems where the helium function is calculated simultaneously together with the scattering function. The resulting phase shifts and the SCF target functions are compared with those obtained with the pre-determined target functions in the conventional approaches. Received 22 September 1999     

Self-consistent hartree description of finite nuclei in a relativistic quantum field theory

Relativistic Hartree equations for spherical nuclei are derived from a relativistic nuclear quantum field theory using a coordinate-space Green function approach. The renormalizable field theory lagrangian includes the interaction of nucleons with σ, ω, ρ and π mesons and the photon. The Hartree equations represent the “mean-field” approximation for a finite nuclear system. Coupling constants and the σ-meson mass are determined from the properties of nuclear matter and the rms charge radius in ⁴⁰Ca, and pionic contributions are absent for static, closed-shell nuclei. Calculated charge densities, neutron densities, rms radii, and single-nucleon energy levels throughout the periodic table are compared with data and with results of non-relativistic calculations. Relativistic Hartree results agree with experiment at a level comparable to that of the most sophisticated non-relativistic calculations to date. It is shown that the Lorentz covariance of the relativistic formalism leads naturally to density-dependent interactions between nucleons. Furthermore, non-relativistic reduction reveals non-central and non-local aspects inherent in the Hartree formalism. The success of this simple relativistic Hartree approach is attributed to these features of the interaction.     

Large-signal theory of gyro traveling wave tubes at cyclotronharmonics

A nonlinear theory of gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) at cyclotron harmonics has been developed taking into account the electron velocity spread and the possibility of operating with significant Doppler frequency up-shift (CARM operation). It is shown that the orbital efficiency of the relativistic gyro-TWT operating at the second cyclotron harmonic with large frequency up-conversion may exceed 60%. It is also shown that the influence of the axial inhomogeneity of the wave field on the relation between amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of the wave causes small changes in the efficiency of gyro-TWTs. The results obtained demonstrate the sensitivity of the harmonic gyro-TWT efficiency with respect to electron velocity spread at different axial wave numbers. The expressions for the gain are derived and discussed,     

Erosive burning of a propellant in the field of a traveling acoustic wave

The response of the propellant burning rate to periodically varied pressure and the tangential mass flow of the combustion products is examined within the framework of the phenomenological theory of unsteady combustion. The effect of an elementary acoustic disturbance, a plane monochromatic traveling acoustic wave, is examined. The analytical and numerical results are obtained for the simplest propellant model with a minimum number of parameters. The roles of the steady and unsteady components of erosion at low and high values of the erosion ratio are established.     

Self-consistent field theory of dilated atomic hamiltonians: Some remarks

The bi-variational SCF scheme for dilated closed shell atomic hamiltonians is studied and discussed. Applications to the Be atom are presented.