Longevity risk,cost of capital and hedging for life insurers under Solvency II

The cost of capital is an important factor determining the premiums charged by life insurers issuing life annuities. This capital cost can be reduced by hedging longevity risk with longevity swaps, a form of reinsurance. We assess the costs of longevity risk management using indemnity based longevity swaps compared to costs of holding capital under Solvency II. We show that, using a reasonable market price of longevity risk, the market cost of hedging longevity risk for earlier ages is lower than the cost of capital required under Solvency II. Longevity swaps covering higher ages, around 90 and above, have higher market hedging costs than the saving in the cost of regulatory capital. The Solvency II capital regulations for longevity risk generates an incentive for life insurers to hold longevity tail risk on their own balance sheets, rather than transferring this to the reinsurance or the capital markets. This aspect of the Solvency II capital requirements is not well understood and raises important policy issues for the management of longevity risk.     

A cardinality constrained stochastic goal programming model with satisfaction functions for venture capital investment decision making

Venture capital has proven to be an essential resource for economic growth, especially in some technological clusters. The focus is on the way the venture capitalist makes the investment decision and the portfolio selection. The aim of this paper is to formulate the venture capital investment problem through the Goal Programming model where the Financial Decision-Maker’s preferences will be explicitly incorporated through the concept of satisfaction functions. The proposed model will be illustrated by using data from an Italian venture capital fund.     

双重网络嵌入对公司IPO后市场表现的影响研究

将社会网络嵌入理论从单一网络拓展至双重网络,分析上市公司同时嵌入风险投资网络和承销商网络对公司IPO上市后市场表现的影响。利用2004～2017年有风险投资支持的IPO公司数据,实证检验结果表明：(1)单独嵌入风险投资网络中心位置、单独嵌入承销商网络中心位置,均会提高公司IPO后市场表现;(2)同时嵌入风险投资网络中心位置和承销商网络中心位置,对公司IPO后短期市场表现的正向影响会相互替代;(3)同时嵌入风险投资网络中心位置和承销商网络中心位置,对公司IPO后长期市场表现的正向影响会互相补充。     

Optimizing venture capital investments in a jump diffusion model

We study two practical optimization problems in relation to venture capital investments and/or Research and Development (R&D) investments. In the first problem, given the amount of the initial investment and the cash flow structure at the initial public offering (IPO), the venture capitalist wants to maximize overall discounted cash flows after subtracting subsequent investments, which keep the invested company solvent. We describe this problem as a mixture of singular stochastic control and optimal stopping problems. The second problem is concerned with optimal dividend policy. Rather than selling the company at an IPO, the investor may want to harvest technological achievements in the form of dividend when it is appropriate. The optimal control policy in this problem is a mixture of singular and impulse controls. E. Bayraktar was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, under grant DMS-0604491.     

关税与汇率政策对资本缺乏的开放经济的影响分析

In this paper, the impact of tariffs and exchange rate on consumption and investment in an open economy of scarcity of capital is analysed, The dynamics and market price4 of capital, and the solution of foreign asset holding of the firm are discussed. Particular attention is also devoted to the social welfare aspects.     

我国大类资产信息溢出机制研究——基于方差分解的网络拓扑分析

采用广义溢出指数法对2011年至2017年我国股票、期货及债券三个市场之间的信息溢出机制进行了研究,结果发现:股市对期市和债市均有收益率溢出影响,而股市和期市对债市均有波动率溢出影响;三个市场的整体溢出指数值偏低,表明我国不同资产市场之间的关联性相对来说较小;时变特征也表明股市大多数情况处于溢出状态,期市方向不明确,债市则大多数情况处于被溢出状态;对溢出值的非对称检验发现,正向波动比负向波动的溢出值更大,但是统计上并不显著。对2015年6月股灾前后三个市场的波动率溢出情况进行分析后发现,股市的极端风险更容易向期市传染,而债市相对更为稳定,不容易被极端风险感染。     

基于熵权的投资评价模型在风险投资中的应用

本着“实用性和现实操作性”原则,本文根据风险投资评价的实际操作,在引入粗糙集信息熵理论,导出基于多指标评价的熵权投资模型的基础上,通过问卷调查的实证研究方法,确定评价指标和权重,并例举实际(经适当简化)案例演算具体运算过程,以验证在实际风险投资中的可操作性。从而试图克服目前相关领域研究文献基本停留在方法研究阶段、所给的证例过于简单、没有实际运用价值的缺陷,也尝试探索粗糙集理论在风险投资管理中的应用。     

CED model for asset returns and fractal market hypothesis

A new general model for asset returns is studied in the framework of the Fractal Market Hypothesis (FMH). To accommodate markets with arbitrage opportunities, it concerns capital market systems in which the Conditionally Exponential Dependence (CED) property can be attached to each investor on the market. Employing the limit theorem for the CED systems, the universal characteristics for the distribution of asset returns are derived. This explains the special role of the Weibull distribution in modeling of global asset returns for market with no arbitrage and the two-power laws property of the density of global returns, evident in the empirical data. Finally, the link with two-parameter Pareto distributions is established.     

A profit sharing scheme for a two-firm joint venture

Consider the scenario when two firms are setting up a joint venture. One firm has a set of technologies and knowhow for a new product while the other contributes the necessary capital for setting up and running the venture. The key issue that the two firms face in negotiating the joint venture is to determine a fair value for the technologies and knowhow. This paper presents an approach by which each firm bids a price for the technology with an objective to maximize their own profits from the joint venture. Provided that their bids satisfy a cooperation condition, the two firms settle on a price using a simple valuation formula. We analyze the impact of various factors on the decision process and provide numerical results to illustrate the bidding strategies. We conclude that in order to maximize their profits, it is often more important for both firms to increase the chance of cooperation than to increase their own shares of the joint venture.     

风险投资联合投资对上市公司盈余管理的影响:基于我国创业板的实证研究

风险投资在中国的经济发展中处于越来越重要的位置,创业板355家上市公司中,近60%的公司有风险投资背景,近40%的公司有联合风投背景.本文首先以2009-2012年创业板355家上市公司为研究对象,实证研究了风险投资个数与盈余管理之间的关系,然后,以132家联合风投背景公司为研究对象,实证研究联合风投内部特征对IPO公司盈余管理的影响,试图探讨能够发挥最佳监督作用的联合投资方式.实证结果显示有风投背景公司的盈余管理程度高于无风投背景的公司,且联合风投个数越多,上市公司盈余管理程度越高.尽管如此,可以通过选择适当的联合投资方式降低联合投资的负面效应,比如:提高联合风投多样化程度、提高主导风投持股比例、选择高声誉主导风投等等.     

基于实物期权的风险投资退出决策模型研究

针对传统NPV方法应用于风险投资退出决策的局限,本文利用实物期权理论,将可观测的利润流作为内生变量,建立了风险投资的最优退出决策模型,通过模型求出了不同退出方式条件下的实物期权价值和退出时机的临界值,并用实例进行了说明,有效地解决了风险投资的退出方式的选择问题,使得风险投资的退出决策过程更具操作性和现实性。     

中国螺纹钢期货市场价格发现功能研究

螺纹钢期货价格发现功能研究对我国钢铁行业提高竞争力,争取钢铁成品和铁矿石定价权,引导螺纹钢期货市场健康发展具有重要作用。本文在向量误差修正模型(VEC)中引入剔除残差相关性的最小二乘算法,构建了用于测度期现货市场价格发现功能的永久短暂PT和信息份额IS共同因子模型,弥补了现有VEC模型由于求得的期现货残差序列相关性较大,导致PT和IS模型测算的信息贡献度存在较大差异的不足。在此基础上,利用2011年1月至2014年11月中国螺纹钢期现货市场933个日交易数据,验证了模型的有效性。     

基于Fourier分析的中国股市波动周期研究

通过对沪深两市波动周期的实证分析 ,揭示了中国股市的周期性波动特征 ,并对两市波动的周期性进行了对比 ,为进一步研究我国资本市场的波动提供了依据 .     

Stochastic differential reinsurance games with capital injections

This paper investigates a class of reinsurance game problems between two insurance companies under the framework of non-zero-sum stochastic differential games. Both insurers can purchase proportional reinsurance contracts from reinsurance markets and have the option of conducting capital injections. We assume the reinsurance premium is calculated under the generalized variance premium principle. The objective of each insurer is to maximize the expected value that synthesizes the discounted utility of his surplus relative to a reference point, the penalties caused by his own capital injection interventions, and the gains brought by capital injections of his competitor. We prove the verification theorem and derive explicit expressions of the Nash equilibrium strategy by solving the corresponding quasi-variational inequalities. Numerical examples are also conducted to illustrate our results.     

Regulatory capital decisions in the Context of consumer loan portfolios

A topic of interest in recent literature is regulatory capital requirements for consumer loan portfolios. Banks are required to hold regulatory capital for unexpected losses, while expected losses are to be covered by either provisions or future income. In this paper, we show the set of efficient operating points in the market share and profit space for a portfolio manager operating under Basel II capital requirement and under capital constraints are a union of single-cutoff-score and double-cutoff-score operating points. For a portfolio manager to increase market-share beyond the maximum allowable under a single-cutoff score policy (eg, with binding capital constraints) requires granting loans to higher than optimal risk applicants. We show this result in greater portfolio risk but without an increase in regulatory capital requirement amount. The increase in forecasted losses is assumed to be absorbed by provisions or future margin income. Given portfolio managers take on higher risk under the same regulatory capital amount, our findings call for greater focus on provision amounts and future margin income under the supervisory review pillar of Basel II. This research raises the issue of whether the design of the regulatory formula for consumer loan portfolios is flawed.     

基于Copula-EVT模型的我国股票市场流动性调整的VaR和ES研究

结合相依结构函数Copula和极值理论EVT,构建了我国股票市场经流动性调整的La-Copula-EVT风险价值模型,并用沪深收益序列的分笔高频数据进行了实证分析,发现我国沪深股市收益序列的上尾和下尾都存在较高相关性,后验测试结果表明构建的模型能够对实际损失进行很好的拟合;然后在该模型的基础上进一步分析了我国沪深股市的风险价值和预期不足在不同置信区间的敏感度差异,确定了适合La-Copula-EVT模型的最优置信度区间。     

基于跳扩散模型的DC型 养老金时间一致最优投资策略的研究

将养老金投资过程分成财富积累阶段和财富给付阶段,建立了DC型养老金在退休前和退休后个人账户积累额变动的连续时间随机模型.该模型考虑了工资的随机风险因素,并用跳-扩散模型刻画风险资产.以均值-方差准则作为优化目标,运用推广的HJB方程分别得到了退休前和退休后的时间一致最优风险资产投资最优解.最后通过算例及敏感性分析研究了各个因素对风险资产投资的影响.在这些因素中缴费比例、死亡力对风险资产投资比例均有负向影响.     

一般均衡下基于产品市场和资本市场的单名CDS定价

次贷危机呼吁新的信用衍生品定价模型, 因此为存在产品市场和资本市场的经济结构建立一般均衡的单名CDS定价模型, 使用最优化求解一般均衡下的商品价格和CDS价格. 可以发现一般均衡的CDS定价具有资本市场和产品市场的因素, 这表示CDS的价格不再是由单纯的资本市场因素决定的, 而是由无风险利率、资本产出弹性、违约率、回收率同时决定的. 通过数量约束用模拟的方式研究多个均衡的动态变化, 发现违约风险的增加使得价格剧烈波动且市场交易萎缩. 在为以中国工商银行为参考资产的CDS定价过程中, 发现各种因素在不同的时期都可能成为定价的主要影响因素. 可以发现, 次贷危机的定价体系存在着信用调整问题和定价与实体经济脱节的问题. 可以认为, 一般均衡下基于产品市场和资本市场的单名CDS定价可以囊括多个市场的交叉影响, 为衍生品定价提供一个新的方向.     

突发公共卫生事件中地方政府与社会公众间的演化博弈研究

近年来,突发公共卫生事件频发,社会公众与地方政府相互配合是及时、高效解决突发公共卫生事件的必然选择。本文以全球抗击新冠肺炎疫情为背景,讨论在突发公共卫生事件中社会公众与地方政府之间的博弈关系,基于有限理性假设,构建演化博弈模型,分析博弈双方决策行为的动态调整过程,得到在不同条件下社会公众和地方政府的演化稳定策略。同时,利用MATLAB进行仿真实验,分析在博弈过程中政府的奖惩、上级部门的处罚等主要因素对博弈双方策略选择的影响。研究结果表明,完善相关的补贴政策,普及疫情防控的相关法律法规,加大对社会公众随意流动、违反疫情相关规章制度的惩罚力度,提高对地方政府宽松防疫的处罚等措施可以有效促进社会公众和地方政府之间的相互协作,最终实现共同积极防疫。     

Asymptotics for risk capital allocations based on Conditional Tail Expectation

An investigation of the limiting behavior of a risk capital allocation rule based on the Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE) risk measure is carried out. More specifically, with the help of general notions of Extreme Value Theory (EVT), the aforementioned risk capital allocation is shown to be asymptotically proportional to the corresponding Value-at-Risk (VaR) risk measure. The existing methodology acquired for VaR can therefore be applied to a somewhat less well-studied CTE. In the context of interest, the EVT approach is seemingly well-motivated by modern regulations, which openly strive for the excessive prudence in determining risk capitals.